Sixth Term Examination Papers 9470

MATHEMATICS 2 Morning
Monday 17 June 2019 Time: 3 hours


  
   

Additional Material: Answer Booklet

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INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

There are 12 questions in this paper.

Each question is marked out of 20. There is no restriction of choice.

All questions attempted will be marked.

Your final mark will be based on the six questions for which you gain the highest marks.

You are advised to concentrate on no more than six questions. Little credit will be given
for fragmentary answers.

There is NO Mathematical Formulae Booklet.

Calculators are not permitted.

Wait to be told you may begin before turning this page.

______________________________________________________________________

This question paper consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.

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Section A: Pure Mathematics

1 Let f(x) = (x − p)g(x), where g is a polynomial. Show that the tangent to the curve y = f(x)
at the point with x = a, where a = p, passes through the point (p, 0) if and only if g (a) = 0.
The curve C has equation
y = A(x − p)(x − q)(x − r),
where p, q and r are constants with p < q < r, and A is a non-zero constant.

(i) The tangent to C at the point with x = a, where a = p, passes through the point (p, 0).
Show that 2a = q + r and find an expression for the gradient of this tangent in terms
of A, q and r.

(ii) The tangent to C at the point with x = c, where c = r, passes through the point (r, 0).
Show that this tangent is parallel to the tangent in part (i) if and only if the tangent
to C at the point with x = q does not meet the curve again.

2 The function f satisfies f(0) = 0 and f  (t) > 0 for t > 0 . Show by means of a sketch that,
for x > 0,
 x  f(x)
f(t) dt + f −1 (y) dy = xf(x).
0 0

(i) The (real) function g is defined, for all t, by

 3
g(t) + g(t) = t.

Prove that g(0) = 0 , and that g (t) > 0 for all t.

 2
Evaluate g(t) dt.
0

(ii) The (real) function h is defined, for all t, by

 3
h(t) + h(t) = t + 2.
 8
Evaluate h(t) dt .
0

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3 For any two real numbers x1 and x2 , show that

|x1 + x2 |  |x1 | + |x2 |.

Show further that, for any real numbers x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ,

|x1 + x2 + · · · + xn |  |x1 | + |x2 | + · · · + |xn |.

(i) The polynomial f is defined by

f(x) = 1 + a1 x + a2 x2 + · · · + an−1 xn−1 + xn

where the coefficients are real and satisfy |ai |  A for i = 1, 2, . . . , n − 1, where A  1 .

(a) If |x| < 1, show that

A|x|
|f(x) − 1|  .
1 − |x|

(b) Let ω be a real root of f, so that f(ω) = 0 . In the case |ω| < 1, show that
1
 |ω|  1 + A. (∗)
1+A

(c) Show further that the inequalities (∗) also hold if |ω|  1.

(ii) Find the integer root or roots of the quintic equation

135x5 − 135x4 − 100x3 − 91x2 − 126x + 135 = 0.

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4 You are not required to consider issues of convergence in this question.
n

For any sequence of numbers a1 , a2 , . . . , am , . . . , an , the notation ai denotes the
i=m
product am am+1 · · · an .

(i) Use the identity 2 cos x sin x = sin(2x) to evaluate the product cos( π9 ) cos( 2π 4π
9 ) cos( 9 ).

(ii) Simplify the expression

n
 x
cos (0 < x < 12 π).
2k
k=0

Using differentiation, or otherwise, show that, for 0 < x < 12 π,

n
 1 x 1 x
tan = cot − 2 cot(2x).
2k 2k 2n 2n
k=0

sin θ tan θ
(iii) Using the results lim = 1 and lim = 1 , show that
θ→0 θ θ→0 θ

∞
  x  sin x
cos =
2k x
k=1

and evaluate
∞
 1 π
tan .
2j−2 2j
j=2

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5 The sequence u0 , u1 , . . . is said to be a constant sequence if un = un+1 for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
The sequence is said to be a sequence of period 2 if un = un+2 for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . and the
sequence is not constant.

(i) A sequence of real numbers is defined by u0 = a and un+1 = f(un ) for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,

where
f(x) = p + (x − p)x,
and p is a given real number.
Find the values of a for which the sequence is constant.
Show that the sequence has period 2 for some value of a if and only if p > 3 or p < −1 .

(ii) A sequence of real numbers is defined by u0 = a and un+1 = f(un ) for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,

where
f(x) = q + (x − p)x,
and p and q are given real numbers.
Show that there is no value of a for which the sequence is constant if and only if
f(x) > x for all x.
Deduce that, if there is no value of a for which the sequence is constant, then there is
no value of a for which the sequence has period 2.
Is it true that, if there is no value of a for which the sequence has period 2, then there
is no value of a for which the sequence is constant?

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6 Note: You may assume that if the functions y1 (x) and y2 (x) both satisfy one of the differ-
ential equations in this question, then the curves y = y1 (x) and y = y2 (x) do not intersect.

(i) Find the solution of the differential equation

dy
=y+x+1
dx
that has the form y = mx + c, where m and c are constants.
Let y3 (x) be the solution of this differential equation with y3 (0) = k. Show that any
stationary point on the curve y = y3 (x) lies on the line y = −x − 1. Deduce that
solution curves with k < −2 cannot have any stationary points.
Show further that any stationary point on the solution curve is a local minimum.
Use the substitution Y = y + x to solve the differential equation, and sketch, on the
same axes, the solutions with k = 0, k = −2 and k = −3.

(ii) Find the two solutions of the differential equation

dy
= x2 + y 2 − 2xy − 4x + 4y + 3
dx
that have the form y = mx + c.
Let y4 (x) be the solution of this differential equation with y4 (0) = −2. (Do not attempt
to find this solution.)
Show that any stationary point on the curve y = y4 (x) lies on one of two lines that you
should identify. What can be said about the gradient of the curve at points between
these lines?
Sketch the curve y = y4 (x). You should include on your sketch the two straight line
solutions and the two lines of stationary points.

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7 (i) The points A, B and C have position vectors a, b and c, respectively. Each of these
vectors is a unit vector (so a . a = 1 , for example) and

a + b + c = 0.

Show that a . b = − 12 . What can be said about the triangle ABC? You should justify
your answer.

(ii) The four distinct points Ai (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) have unit position vectors ai and
4

ai = 0.
i=1

Show that a1 . a2 = a3 . a4 .

(a) Given that the four points lie in a plane, determine the shape of the quadrilateral
with vertices A1 , A2 , A3 and A4 .

(b) Given instead that the four points are the vertices of a regular tetrahedron, find
the length of the sides of this tetrahedron.

8 The domain of the function f is the set of all 2 × 2 matrices and its range is the set of real
numbers. Thus, if M is a 2 × 2 matrix, then f(M) ∈ R.
The function f has the property that f(MN) = f(M)f(N) for any 2 × 2 matrices M and N.

(i) You are given that there is a matrix M such that f(M) = 0. Let I be the 2 × 2 identity
matrix. By considering f(MI), show that f(I) = 1.

0 1
(ii) Let J = . You are given that f(J) = 1. By considering J2 , evaluate f(J).
1 0
Using J, show that, for any real numbers a, b, c and d,




a b c d d c
f = −f =f .
c d a b b a

1 0
(iii) Let K = where k ∈ R. Use K to show that, if the second row of the
0 k
matrix A is a multiple of the first row, then f(A) = 0.

1 1
(iv) Let P = . By considering the matrices P2 , P−1 , and K−1 PK for suitable
0 1
values of k, evaluate f(P).

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Section B: Mechanics

9 A particle P is projected from a point O on horizontal ground with speed u and angle of
projection α, where 0 < α < 12 π.
√
2 2
(i) Show that if sin α < , then the distance OP is increasing throughout the flight.
3
√
2 2
Show also that if sin α > , then OP will be decreasing at some time before the
3
particle lands.

(ii) At the same time as P is projected, a particle Q is projected horizontally from O

with speed v along the ground in the opposite direction from the trajectory of P . The
ground is smooth. Show that if
√ √
2 2v > (sin α − 2 2 cos α)u,

then QP is increasing throughout the flight of P .

10 A small light ring is attached to the end A of a uniform rod AB of weight W and length 2a.
The ring can slide on a rough horizontal rail.
One end of a light inextensible string of length 2a is attached to the rod at B and the other
end is attached to a point C on the rail so that the rod makes an angle of θ with the rail,
where 0 < θ < 90◦ . The rod hangs in the same vertical plane as the rail.
A force of kW acts vertically downwards on the rod at B and the rod is in equilibrium.

(i) You are given that the string will break if the tension T is greater than W . Show that
(assuming that the ring does not slip) the string will break if

2k + 1 > 4 sin θ.

(ii) Show that (assuming that the string does not break) the ring will slip if

2k + 1 > (2k + 3)μ tan θ,

where μ is the coefficient of friction between the rail and the ring.

(iii) You are now given that μ tan θ < 1.

Show that, when k is increased gradually from zero, the ring will slip before the string
breaks if
2 cos θ
μ< .
1 + 2 sin θ

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Section C: Probability and Statistics

11 (i) The three integers n1 , n2 and n3 satisfy 0 < n1 < n2 < n3 and n1 + n2 > n3 . Find
the number of ways of choosing the pair of numbers n1 and n2 in the cases n3 = 9 and
n3 = 10.
Given that n3 = 2n + 1, where n is a positive integer, write down an expression (which
you need not prove is correct) for the number of ways of choosing the pair of numbers
n1 and n2 . Simplify your expression.
Write down and simplify the corresponding expression when n3 = 2n , where n is a
positive integer.

(ii) You have N rods, of lengths 1, 2, 3, . . . , N (one rod of each length). You take the
rod of length N , and choose two more rods at random from the remainder, each choice
of two being equally likely. Show that, in the case N = 2n + 1 where n is a positive
integer, the probability that these three rods can form a triangle (of non-zero area) is
n−1
.
2n − 1

Find the corresponding probability in the case N = 2n, where n is a positive integer.

(iii) You have 2M +1 rods, of lengths 1, 2, 3, . . . , 2M +1 (one rod of each length), where M
is a positive integer. You choose three at random, each choice of three being equally
likely. Show that the probability that the rods can form a triangle (of non-zero area)
is
(4M + 1)(M − 1)
.
2(2M + 1)(2M − 1)


K
Note: k 2 = 16 K(K + 1)(2K + 1).
k=1

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12 The random variable X has the probability density function on the interval [0, 1]:
⎧
⎨nxn−1 0  x  1,
f(x) =
⎩0 elsewhere,

where n is an integer greater than 1.

(i) Let μ = E(X). Find an expression for μ in terms of n, and show that the variance, σ 2 ,
of X is given by
n
σ2 = .
(n + 1)2 (n + 2)

(ii) In the case n = 2, show without using decimal approximations that the interquartile
range is less than 2σ.

(iii) Write down the first three terms and the (k + 1)th term (where 0  k  n) of the
binomial expansion of (1 + x)n in ascending powers of x.
1
By setting x = , show that μ is less than the median and greater than the lower
n
quartile.
Note: You may assume that
1 1 1
1+ + + + · · · < 4.
1! 2! 3!

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