Courses Jessica Chresstella

Engineering Economy 41618110044

PR Pertemuan 8 Chapter 13 Breakeven and Payback Analysis

A design-to-cost approach to product pricing involves determining the selling price of the product and
then fi guring out if it can be made at a cost lower than that. Banner Engineering’s QT50R radar-based
sensor features frequency-modulated technology to accurately monitor or detect objects up to 15 miles
away while resisting rain, wind, humidity, and extreme temperatures. It has a list price of $589, and the
variable cost of manufacturing the unit is $340.

(a) What could the company’s fi xed cost per year be in order for Banner to break even with sales of
9000 units per year?

(b) If Banner’s fi xed cost is actually $750,000 per year, what is the profi t at a sales level of 7000 units
per year?

Solution :

(a) 0 = -FC + (589 – 340)9000

FC = $2,241,000 per year

(b) P = -750,000 + (589 – 340)(7000)

= $993,000 per year

Problem 13.12

Handheld fi ber-optic meters with white light polarization interferometry are useful for measuring
temperature, pressure, and strain in electrically noisy environments. The fi xed costs associated with
manufacturing are $800,000 per year. If a base unit sells for $2950 and its variable cost is $2075,

( a ) how many units must be sold each year for breakeven and

( b ) what will the profi t be for sales of 3000 units per year?

Solution :

(a) QBE = 800,000/(2950 – 2075)

= 914 units per year

(b) P = (2950 – 2075)(3000) – 800,000

= $1,825,000 per year

A metallurgical engineer has estimated that the capital investment cost for recovering valuable metals
(nickel, silver, platinum, gold, etc.) from the copper refi nery’s wastewater stream will be $12 million.
The equipment will have a useful life of 15 years with no salvage value. Its operating cost is represented
by the relation ($2,600,000) E1.9 , where E is the effi ciency of the metal recovery operation (in decimal
form). The amount of metal currently discharged is 2880 pounds per year prior to recovery operations,
and the effi ciency of recovery is estimated at 71%. What must the average selling price per pound be
for the precious metals that are recovered and sold in order for the company to break even at its MARR
of 15% per year?

Solution :

Let r = selling price per pound of recovered metals

= -12,000,000(A/P,15%,15) – (2,600,000)0.711.9 + 2,880(0.71)r

= -12,000,000(0.17102) – (2,600,000)0.522 + 2044.8r r

= $1667 per pound

Problems 13.4 through 13.7 are based on the following information.

Hambry Enterprises produces a component for recycling uranium used as a nuclear fuel in power plant
generators in France and the United States. Use the following cost and revenue fi gures, quoted in U.S.
dollars per hundredweight (cwt), recorded for this year to calculate the answers for each plant.

Problem 13.14

Determine the breakeven point for each plant.

Solution :

France: QBE = 3.5 million/(8500-3900)

= 761 hwt

US: QBE = 2.65 million/(12,500-9,900)

= 1019 hwt
Problem 13.5

Estimate the minimum revenue per hundredweight required for next year if breakeven values and
variable costs remain constant, but fi xed costs increase by 10%.

Solution :

France: QBE = 761 = 3.5million (1.10)/(r - 3900)

r = 3.85 million/761 + 3900

= $8959 per hwt

US: QBE = 1019 = 2.65million (1.10)/(r - 9900)

r = 2.915 million/1019 + 9900

= $12,761 per hwt

Problem 13.16

During this year, the French plant sold 950 units in Europe, and the U.S. plant sold 850 units. Determine
the year’s profi t (loss) for each plant.

Solution :

France: Profit = 8500(950) – 3,500,000 – 3900(950)

= $870,000

US: Profit = 12,500(850) – 2,650,00 – 9900(850)

= $-440,000 (loss)

Problem 13.17

Hambry’s president has a goal of $1 million profi t next year at each plant with no revenue or fi xed cost
increases. Determine the decreases in dollar amounts and percentages in variable cost necessary to
meet this goal, if the number of units sold is the same as this year

Solution :

France: Profit = 1,000,000 = 8500(950) – 3,500,000 –v(950)

v = 3,575,000/950

= $3763 per hwt

Reduction from $3900 is $137 or 3.5%

V = 6,975,000/850

= $8205 per hwt

Reduction from $9900 is $1695 or 17.1%

Problem 13.15

For the last 2 years, The Health Company has experienced a fi xed cost of $850,000 per year and an ( r
v ) value of $1.25 per unit for its multivitamin line of products. International competition has become
severe enough that some fi nancial changes must be made to keep market share at the current level.

(a) Perform a spreadsheet-based graphical analysis to estimate the effect on the breakeven point if the
difference between revenue and variable cost per unit increases somewhere between 1% and 15% of its
current value.

(b) If fi xed costs and revenue per unit remain at their current values, what type of change must take
place to make the breakeven point go down?

Solution :

Calculate QBE = FC/(r-v) for (r-v) increases of 1% through 15% and plot.

The breakeven point decreases linearly from 680,000 currently to 591,304 if a 15% increase in (r-v) is
experienced.

If r and FC are constant, this means all the reduction must take place in a lower variable cost per unit.
Problem 13.16

(This is an extension of Problem 13.15) Expand the analysis performed in Problem 13.15 by changing the
variable cost per unit. The fi nancial manager estimates that fi xed costs will fall to $750,000 when the
required production rate to break even is at or below 600,000 units. What happens to the breakeven
points over the ( r v ) range of 1% to 15% increase as evaluated previously?

Solution :

Rework the spreadsheet above to include an IF statement for the computation of QBE for the reduced
FC of $750,000. The breakeven point falls substantially to 521,739 when the lower FC is in effect.

Note: To guarantee that the cell computations in column C correctly track when the breakeven point
falls below 600,000, the same IF statement is used in all cells. With this feature, sensitivity analysis on
the 600,000 estimate may also be performed.

Problem 13.23

A junior mechanical engineering student is cooping this semester at Regency Aircraft, which customizes
the interiors of private and corporate jets. Her fi rst assignment is to develop the specifi - cations for a
new machine to cut, shape, and sew leather or vinyl covers and trims. The fi rst cost is not easy to
estimate due to many options, but the annual revenue and M&O costs should net out at $15,000 per
year over a 10-year life. Salvage is expected to be 20% of the fi rst cost. Determine the breakeven fi rst
cost of the machine to just recover its fi rst cost and a return of 8% per year under two scenarios:

I: No outside revenue will be developed by the machine.

Solution :

Develop PW = 0 relation and solve for first cost P.

I: PW = -P + 0.2P(P/F,8%,10) + 15,000(P/A,8%,10)

= -P + 0.2P(0.4632) + 15,000(6.7101)

P = $110,928

II: PW = -P + 0.2P(P/F,8%,10) + 25,000(P/A,8%,10) + 5000(P/G,8%,10) 0

= -P + 0.2P(0.4632) + 25,000(6.7101) + 5000(25.9768)

P = $328,025

Spreadsheet solution uses Goal Seek to find P for each scenario.

Problem 13.32

ABB purchased fi eldbus communication equipment for a project in South Africa for $3.15 million. The
net cash fl ow is estimated at $500,000 per year, and a salvage value of $400,000 is anticipated
regardless of when it is sold. Determine the number of years the equipment must be used to obtain
payback at MARR values of

( a ) 0% and 8% per year and

( b ) 15% and 16% per year.

Solution :

(a) Set PW = 0 at given interest rates and solve for np

0 = -3,150,000 + 500,000(P/A,i%,np) + 400,000(P/F,i%,np)

i = 0%, n = 5: PW = -3,150,000 + 500,000(5) + 400,000

= $-250,000

i = 0%, n = 6: PW = -3,150,000 + 500,000(6) + 400,000

= $250,000

np = 5.5 years (interpolation)

i = 8%, n = 8: PW = -3,150,000 + 500,000(5.7466) + 400,000(0.5403)

= $-60,580

i = 8%, n = 9: PW = -3,150,000 + 500,000(6.2469) + 400,000(0.5002)

= $173,530

np = 8.2 years (interpolation)

(b) i = 15%, n = 19: PW = -3,150,000 + 500,000(6.1982) + 400,000(0.0703)

= $-22,780

i = 15%, n = 20: PW = -3,150,000 + 500,000(6.2593) + 400,000(0.0611)

= $4090

np = 19.8 years (interpolation)

i = 16%, n = 60: PW = -3,150,000 + 500,000(6.2492) + 400,000(0.0001)

= $-25,360

Np > 60 years (beyond tabulated n values)

(Note: As n → ∞, P/A goes to 6.25 and P/F goes to zero. Therefore, a 16% return is not possible, no
matter how long the equipment is used.)
Spreadsheet shows nonlinear increase in payback as MARR increases. Note that at 16%, the payback
cannot be calculate by the NPER function; it is too large for the function. (See note above.)

Problem 13.35

Laura’s grandparents helped her purchase a small self-serve laundry business to make extra money
during her 5 college years. When she completed her engineering management degree, she sold the
business and her grandparents told her to keep the money as a graduation present. For the net cash fl
ows listed below, determine the following:

(a) The percentage of the investment recovered during the 5 years

(b) The actual rate of return over the 5-year period

(c) How long it took to pay back the $75,000 investment in year 0, plus a 7% per year return

Solution :

(a) Cash flows sum to $139,100, which exceeds the $75,000 first cost by 85%.

(b) Solve PW = 0 relation for i*

PW = -75,000 -10,500(P/F,i*,1) + … + 105,000(P/F,i *,5) = 0

Calculate PW at 7% by year to determine when PW turns positive. Start with n = 3 years.

n = 3: PW = -75,000 -10,500(P/F,7%,1) +18,600(P/F,7%,2) -2000(P/F,7%,3)

= -75,000 -10,500(0.9346) +18,600(0.8734) -2000(0.8163)

= $-70,201

n = 4: PW = -70,201 +28,000(P/F,7%,4)

= $-48,840

n = 5: PW = -48,840 +105,000(P/F,7%,5)

= $26,025

Investment is paid back plus 7% during year 5, in part due to large cash flow at sale time.

A spreadsheet solution for all three parts follows.

Problem 13.41

Benjamin used regression analysis to fi t quadratic relations to monthly revenue and cost data with the
following results

Plot R and TC. Estimate the quantity Qp at which the maximum profi t should occur. Estimate the
amount of profi t at this quantity.
The profi t relation P R - TC and calculus can be used to determine the quantity Qp at which the
maximum profi t will occur and the amount of the profi t. The equations are

Use these relations to confi rm the graphical estimates you made in ( a ).

(Your instructor may ask you to derive the relations above.)

Solution :

Plot shows maximum quantity at about 1350 units. Profit estimate is $20,175

(b) Profit = R – TC = (-.007-.004) Q2 + (32-2.2)Q - 8

= -.011Q2 + 29.8Q - 8

Qp = -b/2a = -29.8/2(-.011)

= 1355 units

Profit = -b2 /4a + c = -29.82 / 4(-.011) - 8

= $20,175

Problem 13.42

The National Potato Cooperative purchased a deskinning machine last year for $150,000. Revenue for
the fi rst year was $50,000. Over the total estimated life of 8 years, what must the remaining equivalent
annual revenues (years 2 through 8) equal to break even by recovering the investment and a return of
10% per year? Costs are expected to be constant at $42,000 per year, and a salvage value of $20,000 is
anticipated.
 Solution :

Let R = revenue for years 2 through 8. Set up PW = 0 relation.

PW = Revenue – costs

0 = 50,000(P/F,10%,1) + R(P/A,10%,7)(P/F,10%,1)

-150,000 + 20,000(P/F,10%,8) – 42,000(P/A,10%,8)

R = -50,000(0.9091) + 150,000 - 20,000(0.4665) + 42,000(5.3349)

(4.8684)(0.9091)

= $319,281/ 4.4259

= $72,140 per year

Spreadsheet solution uses Goal Seek to find R = $72,141 with remaining revenue cells set equal to this
value.

Problems 13.43 and 13.44 are based on the following information.

Wilson Partners manufactures thermocouples for electronics applications. The current system has a fi
xed cost of $300,000 per year and a variable cost of $10 per unit. Wilson sells the units for $14 each. A
newly proposed process will add onboard features that allow the revenue to increase to $16 per unit,
but the fi xed cost will now be $500,000 per year. The variable cost of the new system will be based
on a $48 per hour rate with 0.2 hour required to produce each unit.

Problem 13.44
Plot the two profi t relations and estimate graphically the breakeven quantity between the two
alternatives.

Solution :

Current: Profit = 14Q - 300,000 - 10Q = 4Q -300,000

New: Profit = 16Q - 500,000 - 9.60Q = 6.4Q - 500,000

Problems 13.45 through 13.48 are based on the following information.

Mid-Valley Industrial Extension Service, a state- sponsored agency, provides water quality
sampling services to all business and industrial fi rms in a 10-county region. Just last month, the
service purchased all necessary lab equipment for full in-house testing and analysis. Now an
outsourcing agency has offered to take over this function on a per sample basis. Data and quotes
for the two options have been collected. The MARR for government projects is 5% per year, and
a study period of 8 years is chosen. In-house: Equipment and supplies initially cost $125,000 for a
life of 8 years, an AOC of $15,000, and annual salaries of $175,000. Sample costs average $25
each. There is no signifi cant market value for the equipment and supplies currently owned.
Outsourced: Contractors quote sample cost averages of $100 for the fi rst 5 years, increasing to
$125 per sample for years 6 through 8.

Problem 13.45

Determine the breakeven number of tests between the two options

Solution :
Solve the relation AWI = AWO for N = number of tests per year

-125,000(A/P,5%,8) – 190,000 -25N = -100N – 25N(F/A,5%,3)(A/F,5%,8)

[75 + 25(3.1525)(0.10472)]N = 125,000(0.15472) + 190,000

83.25N = 209,340

N = 2514 tests per year

Problem 13.46

Use a spreadsheet to graph the AW curves for both options for test loads between 0 and 4000 per year
in increments of 1000 tests. What is the estimated breakeven quantity?

Solution :

Spreadsheet used to calculate AW values for each N value; recorded in columns G and H using ‘Paste
Values’ function and then plotted.

18. Problem 13.47

The service director has asked the outsource company to reduce the per sample costs by 25% across the
board over the 8-year study period. What will this do to the breakeven point? ( Hint: Look carefully at
your graph from Problem 13.46 before answering.)

Solution :
It will raise the breakeven point. Outsourcing will cost $75, increasing to $93.75 in years 6- 8. Resolve for
N.

-125,000(A/P,5%,8) – 190,000 -25N = -75N – 18.75N(F/A,5%,3)(A/F,5%,8)

[50 + 18.75(3.1525)(0.10472)]N = 125,000(0.15472) + 190,000

56.19N = 209,340 N = 3726 tests per year

19. Problem 13.48

Assume the Extension Service can reduce its annual salaries from $175,000 to $100,000 per year and the
per sample cost from $25 to $20. What will this do to the breakeven point? ( Hint: Again, look carefully
at your graph from the previous problem before answering.) What is the new annual breakeven test
quantity?

Solution :

It will decrease the breakeven point. Resolve for N.

-125,000(A/P,5%,8) – 115,000 -20N = -100N – 25N(F/A,5%,3)(A/F,5%,8)

[80 + 25(3.1525)(0.10472)]N = 125,000(0.15472) + 115,000

88.25N = 134,340 N = 1522 tests per year