FIG.

6-1
Nomenclature
A', B', C', D' = coefficients used in Fig 6-14
A = surface area, ft2
b = ellipse minor radius, ft
Bmax = vapor pressure of liquid at maximum surface temperature, psia
Bmin = vapor pressure of liquid at minimum surface temperature, psia
D = cylinder diameter, ft
f(Zc) = cylinder partial volume factor, dimensionless
f(Ze) = head partial volume factor, dimensionless
H = correction factor for horizontal surfaces
Hn = depth of liquid in cylinder, ft
Hp = height of liquid, ft
HT = height, ft
k = thermal conductivity, Btu/[(hr • sq ft • °F)/in]
K = equilibrium constant, y/x, dimensionless
Kl = head coefficient, dimensionless
L = length, ft
MWi = molecular weight of component i, lb/lb mole
ng = number of moles of vapor
ni = number of moles of component i
P = absolute pressure, psia
Pa = atmospheric pressure, psia
Pc = critical pressure, psia
PR = reduced pressure, dimensionless
Q = heat flow, Btu/sq ft • hr
R = gas constant, 10.73 psia • ft3/(R • lb mole)
DP = design pressure is the pressure at which the most severe condition of coincident pressure and
temperature expected during normal operation is reached. For this condition, the maximum
difference in pressure between the inside and outside of a vessel or between any two chambers
of a combination unit shall be considered. (ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section
VIII)

MAWP = maximum allowable working pressure shall be defined as the maximum positive gauge
pressure permissible at the top of a tank when in operation, which is the basis for the pressure
setting of the safety-relieving devices on the tank. It is synonymous with the nominal pressure
rating for the tank as referred to in API Standards 620 and 650.
 FIG. 6-1
Nomenclature
Rl = cylinder radius, ft
Ri = thermal resistance of insulation (X/k), (hr • sq ft • °F)/Btu
T = temperature, °R
Ta = ambient air temperature, °F
Tc = critical temperature, °R or °F
Tf = temperature drop through surface air film, °F
Th = hot face temperature, °F
Ti = temperature drop through insulation, °F
Tm = mean temperature of insulation, °F
Tmax = maximum average temperature, °F
Tmin = minimum average temperature, °F
TR = reduced temperature, dimensionless
Ts = outside surface temperature, °F
V = volume, ft3
W = width, ft
xi = mole fraction of component i in the liquid phase
X = insulation thickness, in.
yi = mole fraction of component i in the vapor phase
Z = compressibility factor
Greek
α = radians
Δ = absolute internal tank pressure at which vacuum vent opens, psia
π = 3.14159…
φ = required storage pressure, psia
Σ = summation
OP = operating pressure is the pressure at which a vessel normally operates. It shall not exceed the maximum allowable
working pressure of the vessel. A suitable margin should be allowed between the pressure normally existing in
the gas or vapor space and the pressure at which the relief valves are set, so as to allow for the increases in
pressure caused by variations in the temperature or gravity of the liquid contents of the tank and other factors
affecting the pressure in the gas or vapor space. (API Standard 620)

RVP = Reid Vapor Pressure is a vapor pressure for liquid products as determined by ASTM test procedure D-323. The
Reid vapor pressure is defined as pounds per sq in. at 100 °F. The RVP is always less than the true vapor pressure
at 100 °F

TVP = true vapor pressure is the pressure at which the gas and liquid in a closed container are in equilibrium at a given
temperature.
Example 6-4 -- A rectangular duct is operating at 450 °F. The duct is finished with a silicone coated fabric. The ambient
temperature is 80 °F. It is desired to maintain a surface temperature of 130 °F. What thickness of cellular glass foam is require
What is the heat loss?

Given Data:
Hot Face Temperature Th = 450 °F
Ambient Temperature Ta = 80 °F
Surface Temperature Ts = 130 °F

Data from Fig 6-15 Based on Cellular Glass Foam Insulating Materials
A' = 3.488E-01
B' = 5.038E-04
C' = 1.144E-07
D' = 7.172E-10

To determine Thermal Conductivity

k = A'+B'T+C'T2+D'T3

To determine Insulation Thickness

X = Ri • k

Intermediate Calculations (not shown)

ΔTi = 450-130

ΔTf = 130-80

Tm = (450-130)/2

Using Fig 6-16a

Q

Using Fig 6-16b

Ri

k = 0.3488+(5.038e-4 • 290)+(1.144e-7 • 2902)+(7.172e-10 • 2903)

X = 3.3 • 0.522
The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Ass

While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of s

The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchan

In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising f

These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an “Operational level” of accuracy calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, com
d fabric. The ambient Example 6-4 -- A rectangular duct is operating at T h °F. The duct is fin
ellular glass foam is required? The ambient temperature is Ta °F. It is desired to maintain a surface tem
thickness of insulation is required? What is the heat loss?

Given Data:
Hot Face Temperature Th =
Ambient Temperature Ta =
Surface Temperature Ts =

A' =
B' =
C' =
D' =

To determine Thermal Conductivity

Fig 6-14 k =

To determine Insulation Thickness

X =

Intermediate Calculations (not shown)

= 320 °F ΔTi =

= 50 °F ΔTf =

= 290 °F Tm =

Using Fig 6-16a

= 98 Btu/(hr • sqft) Q

Using Fig 6-16b

= 3.3 (h • sqft • °F)/Btu Ri

= 0.52 Btu/[(hr • sqft • °F)/in] k =

= 1.7 in X =
shed by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association

ata Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any spe

ptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.

lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or no

not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties,
 r duct is operating at Th °F. The duct is finished with thermal insulation.
Ta °F. It is desired to maintain a surface temperature of T s °F. What
uired? What is the heat loss?

450 °F See Fig 6-15 for temp limits by material

80 °F
130 °F

3.488E-01 From Fig 6-15 for insulation material

5.038E-04 From Fig 6-15 for insulation material
1.144E-07 From Fig 6-15 for insulation material
7.172E-10 From Fig 6-15 for insulation material

A'+B'T+C'T2+D'T3 Fig 6-14

Ri • k Type 3-5% max from surface for economic

consideration
(not shown)

Th - Ts = 320 °F

T s - Ta = 50 °F

(Th-Ts)/2 = 290 °F

= 98 Btu/(hr • sqft)

= 3.3 (h • sqft • °F)/Btu

A'+B'T+C'T2+D'T3 = 0.52 Btu/[(hr • sqft • °F)/in]

Ri • k = 1.7 in
mpiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

cy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not c

warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.

ing taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
d service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Example 6-6 -- Assume the same conditions as Example 6-4 except that the surface to be insulated is a 4"O.D.
duct.

Given Data:

Outer Diameter of Duct ODduct = 4 in

Hot Face Temperature Th = 450 °F
Ambient Temperature Ta = 80 °F
Surface Temperature Ts = 130 °F

Data from Fig 6-14 Based on Cellular Glass Foam Insulating Materials
A' = 0.3488
B' = 5.038E-04
C' = 1.144E-07
D' = 7.172E-10

Calculated Data from Example 6-4

ΔTi = 320
ΔTf = 50
Tm = 290
Q = 98
Ri = 3.3
k = 0.52
X = 1.7

After determining the required thickness of 1.7 inches for a flat surface, go to Fig. 6-16c. Project horizontally from 1.7" for a fl
to the line representing a 4" O.D. duct then vertically to an actual thickness of 1.35". The heat loss of 98 Btu/hr • sq ft of outsid
surface remains the same. *

To determine Heat Loss per Linear Foot of Outside Duct Surface

Heat Loss per Linear Foot = [(π • OD)/12] • Q

Intermediate Calculations (not shown)

Using Fig 6-16c and knowing X=1.723

Actual X =

OD = 4+2 • 1.35 =

Heat Loss per Linear Foot = [(π • 6.7)/12] • 98 =

The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Ass

While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of s
and/or GPSA.

The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchan

In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising f

These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an “Operational level” of accuracy calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, com
ulated is a 4"O.D. Example 6-6 -- Assume the same conditions as Example 6-4 except that the sur
insulated is a 4"O.D. duct.

Given Data:

Outer Diameter of Duct ODduct = 4

Hot Face Temperature Th = 450
Ambient Temperature Ta = 80
Surface Temperature Ts = 130

Data from Fig 6-14 Based on Cellular Glass Foam Insulating Materials
A' = 0.3488
B' = 5.038E-04
C' = 1.144E-07
D' = 7.172E-10

Calculated Data from Example 6-4

ΔTi = 320
ΔTf = 50
Tm = 290
Q = 98
Ri = 3.3
k = 0.52
X = 1.7

ject horizontally from 1.7" for a flat surface After determining the required thickness of 1.7 inches for a flat surface, go to Fi
t loss of 98 Btu/hr • sq ft of outside insulation for a flat surface to the line representing a 4" O.D. duct then vertically to an actu
98 Btu/hr • sq ft of outside insulation surface remains the same. *

To determine Heat Loss per Linear Foot of Outside Duct Surface

Heat Loss per Linear Foot = [(π • ODduct

Intermediate Calculations (not shown)

Using Fig 6-15c and knowing X=1.723

1.35 in Actual X Xact (from graph)

6.7 in ODinsul = ODduct+2 • X

171.9 (Btu/hr)/linear ft Heat Loss per Linear Foot = [(π • ODinsul

k as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors A

neering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein t

fic assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.

st profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whe

ding but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid p
s Example 6-4 except that the surface to be

in
°F
°F
°F

am Insulating Materials

inches for a flat surface, go to Fig. 6-16c. Project horizontally from 1.7"
.D. duct then vertically to an actual thickness of 1.35". The heat loss of
emains the same. *

side Duct Surface

[(π • ODduct)/12] • Q

Xact (from graph) = 1.35 in

ODduct+2 • Xact = 6.7 in

[(π • ODinsul)/12] • Q = 171.9 (Btu/hr)/linear ft

d and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

imeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constit

nty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.

king into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA
Example 6-7 -- A furnace is operating at 1100 °F. The outside surface is stainless steel. The ambient temperature is 75 °F. It
desired to limit the heat loss to 150 Btu/hr • sq ft. What thickness of mineral wool and cellular glass foam is required? What is
surface temperature?

Given Data:

Hot Face Temperature Th = 1100 °F

Ambient Temperature Ta = 75 °F
Heat Flow Q = 150 Btu/hr • sq ft

Data from Fig 6-14 Based on Cellular Glass Foam Insulating Materials
A' = 0.3488
B' = 5.038E-04
C' = 1.144E-07
D' = 7.172E-10

Data from Fig 6-14 Based on Metallic Slag Block, 18 lb/ft 3 Mineral Wool
A' = 0.3190
B' = 8.870E-05 (18 lb/ft3 selected due to operating temp
C' = 2.174E-07
D' =

To determine Temperature Drop through Insulation

ΔTi = Th-Ts

To determine Outside Surface Temperature

ΔTf = Ts-Ta

To determine Minimum Average Temperature

Tm = (Th+Ts)/2

To determine Thermal Conductivity

k = A'+B'T+C'T2+D'T3

To determine Insulation Thickness

X = Ri • k

Intermediate Calculations (not shown)

Using Fig 6-15a
ΔTf

Ts = 105+75

Using Fig 6-14

The cellular glass foam has a limiting temperature Tlimit

For Mineral Wool

ΔTi = 1100-500

Tm = (1100+500)/2

k = 0.3190+(8.870E-5 • 800)+(2.174E-7 • 8002)

For Cellular Glass Foam

ΔTi = 500-180

Tm = (500+180)/2

k = 0.3488+(5.038E-4 • 320)+(1.144E-7 • 3202)+(7.172E-10 • 3203)

Using Fig 6-15b at ΔTi = 600 °F for Mineral Wool

Ri

Using Fig 6-15b at ΔTi = 320 °F for Cellular Glass Foam

Ri

Ts = 105+75

Xmineral Wool = 0.53 • 4

Round up

Xcellular glass foam = 0.56 • 2.2

Round up
The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Engineering Data Bo

While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Eng

The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scien

In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, those resulting from lo

These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an “Operational level” of accuracy calculation based on rather broad assumptions (incl
t temperature is 75 °F. It is Example 6-7 -- A furnace is operating at 1100 °F. The outside s
oam is required? What is the to limit the heat loss to 150 Btu/hr • sq ft. What thickness of mi
temperature?

Given Data:

Hot Face Temperature Th =

Ambient Temperature Ta =
Heat Flow Q =

Data from Fig 6-14 Based on Cellular Glass Foam Insulating Ma

A' =
B' =
C' =
D' =

Data from Fig 6-14 Based on Metallic Slag Block, 18 lb/ft 3 Min
A' =
ted due to operating temp) B' =
C' =
D' =

To determine Temperature Drop through Insulation

ΔTi =

To determine Outside Surface Temperature

ΔTf =

To determine Minimum Average Temperature

Tm =

To determine Thermal Conductivity

Fig 6-14 k =

To determine Insulation Thickness

X =

Intermediate Calculations (not shown)

 Using Fig 6-15a
= 105 °F ΔTf

= 180 °F Ts =

Using Fig 6-14

= 500 °F The cellular glass foam has a limiting temperature

For Mineral Wool

= 600 °F ΔTi =

= 800 °F Tm =

= 0.53 Btu/[(hr • sqft • °F)/in] k =

For Cellular Glass Foam

= 320 °F ΔTi =

= 340 °F Tm =

= 0.56 Btu/[(hr • sqft • °F)/in] k =

Using Fig 6-15b at ΔTi = 600 °F for Mineral Wool

= 4 (hr • sqft • °F)/Btu Ri

Using Fig 6-15b at ΔTi = 320 °F for Cellular Glass Foam

= 2.2 (hr • sqft • °F)/Btu Ri

= 180 °F Ts =

= 2.12 in Xmineral Wool =

= 2.5 in

= 1.24 in Xcellular glass foam =

= 1.50 in
s published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edite

spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness

cy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.

without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contra

ased on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into a
perating at 1100 °F. The outside surface is stainless steel. The ambient temperature is 75 °F. It is desired
u/hr • sq ft. What thickness of mineral wool and cellular glass foam is required? What is the surface

1100 °F
75 °F
150 Btu/hr • sq ft

Cellular Glass Foam Insulating Materials

0.3488
5.038E-04
1.144E-07
7.172E-10

Metallic Slag Block, 18 lb/ft 3 Mineral Wool

0.3190
8.870E-05
2.174E-07
0.000E+00

op through Insulation

Th-Ts

Temperature

Ts-Ta

age Temperature

(Th+Ts)/2

ctivity

A'+B'T+C'T2+D'T3

Ri • k

not shown)
 = 105

ΔTf+Ta = 180

imiting temperature Tlimit = 500

Th - Tlimit = 600

(Th + Tlimit) / 2 = 800

A'+B'Tm+C'Tm2+D'Tm3 = 0.53

Tlimit-Ts = 320

(Tlimit+Ts) / 2 = 340

A'+B'ΔTi+C'ΔTi2+D'ΔTi3 = 0.56

F for Mineral Wool

= 4

F for Cellular Glass Foam

= 2.2

ΔTi+Ta = 180

ki • Ri = 2.12
Round up = 2.50

ki • Ri = 1.24
Round up = 1.50
nd calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

e the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark m

ual property.

thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.

ailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
Fig 6-14
°F

°F

°F

°F

°F

Btu/[(hr • sqft • °F)/in]

°F

°F

Btu/[(hr • sqft • °F)/in]

(hr • sqft • °F)/Btu

(hr • sqft • °F)/Btu

°F

in
in

in
in
process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.

ntrol set-point dead-band limitations.

GPA and/or GPSA.
Example 6-8 -- Determine three points of data used to plot Fig 6-18.

Given Data:

Volume = 1000 gal

MWC2 = 30.07 lb/lb mol
MWC3 = 44.096 lb/lb mol
MWiC4 = 58.123 lb/lb mol
C2 x = 0.03 Liquid portion
C3 x = 0.95 Liquid portion
iC4 x = 0.02 Liquid portion

Bubble Point Pressures (Points of Data from Fig 6-18)

= 42 psia
= 114 psia
= 255 psia
Bubble Point Temperatures (Points of Data from Fig 6-18)
= 0 °F = 459.67 °R
= 60 °F = 519.67 °R
= 120 °F = 579.67 °R

Critical Temperatures (from Section 23)

C2 = 89.924 °F
C3 = 205.92 °F
iC4 = 274.41 °F

Critical Pressures (from Section 23)

C2 = 706.6 psia
C3 = 615.5 psia
iC4 = 527.9 psia

To determine Composition of Vapor

K = y/x

Rearranging,

y = K•x

To determine pseudo critical temperature

Tpc = ΣyiTci + 459.67

To determine pseudo critical pressure

 Ppc = ΣyiPci

To determine Number of Moles of Vapor

ng = PV/ZRT

To determine Number of Moles of Component i

ni = ng • y i

Intermediate Calculations (not shown)

Using Charts in Section 25

Bubble-point Pressures
0 °F, 60 °F, 114 120 °F,
Component Composition 42 psia psia 255 psia
x K K K
C2 0.03 4.35 3.15 2.55
C3 0.95 0.909 0.945 0.962
iC4 0.02 0.309 0.398 0.493
1.00

Finding Composition of Vapor

Bubble-point Pressures

Component Composition 0 °F, 42 psia 60 °F, 114 psia 120 °F, 255 psia
x K y K y K
C2 0.03 4.35 0.1305 3.15 0.095 2.550
C3 0.95 0.909 0.8636 0.945 0.898 0.962
iC4 0.02 0.309 0.0062 0.398 0.008 0.493
1.00 1.000 1.000

Finding Compressibility Factor

Vapor Average MW, Σ(yiMWi) = 42.362 42.891 43.173

Pseudo Tc, °R = 651 655 657
Pseudo Pc, psia = 627 624 622
TR = 0.706 0.793 0.882
PR = 0.067 0.183 0.410
Z (from Section 23) = 0.913 0.855 0.730

V = 1000 gal • (1ft3/7.481 gal) = 133.7 ft3

To calculate moles of vapor per 1000 gal of vapor
Component ng ni
0 °F, 60 °F, 114 120 °F, 0 °F, 60 °F, 114 120 °F,
42 psia psia 255 psia 42 psia psia 255 psia
C2 1.2467 3.1963 7.5072 0.1627 0.3021 0.5743
C3 1.2467 3.1963 7.5072 1.0766 2.8695 6.8608
iC4 1.2467 3.1963 7.5072 0.0077 0.0254 0.0740
ng = Σni 1.2470 3.1970 7.5091

To Calculate Liquid Equivalent Gallons per 1000 gallons of vapor

Liquid Equivalent, Gal

(From Sect 23) 0 °F, 60 °F, 114 120 °F,
Component gal/mole 42 psia psia 255 psia
C2 10.119 1.646 3.056 5.811
C3 10.424 11.223 29.912 71.517
iC4 12.384 0.095 0.315 0.917
Total 12.964 33.283 78.245

The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Ass

While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of s
recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.

The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchan

In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising f

These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an “Operational level” of accuracy calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, com
Example 6-8 -- Determine three points of data used to plot Fig 6-18.

Given Data:

Volume = 1000 gal

MWC2 = 30.07 lb/lb mol
MWC3 = 44.096 lb/lb mol
MWiC4 = 58.123 lb/lb mol
C2 x = 0.03 Liquid portion
C3 x = 0.95 Liquid portion
iC4 x = 0.02 Liquid portion

Bubble Point Pressures (Points of Data from Fig 6-18)

= 42 psia
= 114 psia
= 255 psia
Bubble Point Temperatures (Points of Data from Fig 6-18)
= 0 °F
= 60 °F
= 120 °F

Critical Temperatures (from Section 23)

C2 = 89.924 °F
C3 = 205.92 °F
iC4 = 274.41 °F

Critical Pressures (from Section 23)

C2 = 706.6 psia
C3 = 615.5 psia
iC4 = 527.9 psia

To determine Composition of Vapor

K = y/x

Rearranging,

y = K•x

To determine pseudo critical temperature

Tpc = ΣyiTci + 459.67

To determine pseudo critical pressure

 Ppc = ΣyiPci

To determine Number of Moles of Vapor

ng = PV/ZRT

To determine Number of Moles of Component i

ni = ng • yi

Intermediate Calculations (not shown)

Using Charts in Section 25

Bubble-point Pressures
0 °F, 42 60 °F,
Component Composition psia 114 psia
x K K
C2 0.03 4.35 3.15
C3 0.95 0.909 0.945
iC4 0.02 0.309 0.398
1.00

Finding Composition of Vapor

Bubble-point Pressure

120 °F, 255 psia Component Composition 0 °F, 42 psia

y x K y
0.077 C2 0.03 4.35 0.1305
0.914 C3 0.95 0.909 0.8636
0.010 iC4 0.02 0.309 0.0062
1.000 1.00 1.000

Finding Compressibility Factor

43.173 Vapor Average MW, Σ(yiMWi) = 42.362

657 Pseudo Tc, °R = 651
622 Pseudo Pc, psia = 627
0.882 TR = 0.706
0.410 PR = 0.067
0.730 Z (from Section 23) = 0.913

V = 1000 gal • (1ft3/7.481 gal)

 To calculate moles of vapor per 1000 gal of vapor
Component ng
0 °F, 42 60 °F, 114 120 °F,
psia psia 255 psia
C2 1.2467 3.1963 7.5072
C3 1.2467 3.1963 7.5072
iC4 1.2467 3.1963 7.5072
ng = Σni

To Calculate Liquid Equivalent Gallons per 1000 gallons of vapor

Liquid Equivalent, Gal

(From Sect 23) 0 °F, 42 60 °F,
Component gal/mole psia 114 psia
C2 10.119 1.646 3.056
C3 10.424 11.223 29.912
iC4 12.384 0.095 0.315
Total 12.964 33.283

d by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GP

Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific

ns, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.

data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not ad

mited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equ
Liquid portion
Liquid portion
Liquid portion

= 459.67 °R
= 519.67 °R
= 579.67 °R
point Pressures
120 °F,
255 psia
K
2.55
0.962
0.493

Bubble-point Pressures

60 °F, 114 psia 120 °F, 255 psia

K y K y
3.15 0.095 2.550 0.077
0.945 0.898 0.962 0.914
0.398 0.008 0.493 0.010
1.000 1.000

42.891 43.173
655 657
624 622
0.793 0.882
0.183 0.410
0.855 0.730

= 133.7 ft3
 ni
0 °F, 60 °F, 114 120 °F,
42 psia psia 255 psia
0.1627 0.3021 0.5743
1.0766 2.8695 6.8608
0.0077 0.0254 0.0740
1.2470 3.1970 7.5091

Equivalent, Gal
120 °F,
255 psia
5.811
71.517
0.917
78.245

in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

f such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply

t, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.

count actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
ufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement,
LIMITS

Example 6-4
Temperature range of -300 to 500oF for cellular glass foam (FIG. 6-15).
Surface temperature typically maximum of 150oF for personnel.
Typical 3-5% maximum heat loss from surface for economic consideration.
From FIG. 6-16a, Q limited to between 30 and 1000 BTU/square foot per hour.
From FIG. 6-16b, Ri limited to between 0.5 to 20.

Example 6-6
From FIG. 6-16c, OD limited to between 0.25" to 96".

Example 6-7
From FIG. 6-16a, Q limited to between 30 and 1000 BTU/square foot per hour.
Temperature range of -300 to 500oF for cellular glass foam (FIG. 6-15).
Temperature range of 0 to 600 up to 1200oF for mineral wool depending on density (FIG. 6-15).
In case of multiple layer construction FIG. 6-16c should not be used to convert to a circular section.