Chapter 8 – Revision of Chapters 1–7

Solutions to technology-free questions

1 a Domain = R \ {0}; Range = R \ {2} f −1 (x) − 2
3 =x
f −1 (x) + 1
2
b 3x − 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥
3! ∴ f −1 (x) − 2 = x( f −1 (x) + 1)
2 ∴ f −1 (x) − x f −1 (x) = x + 2
The endpoint is , 3
3
2  ∴ f −1 (x)(1 − x) = x + 2
Domain = , ∞ ; Range = (−∞, 3]
3 x+2
∴ f −1 (x) =
1−x
c Domain = R \ {2}; Range = (3, ∞) The domain of f −1 = range of f =
R \ {1}
d Domain = R \ {2}; Range = R \ {4}
Hence,
x+2
e x−2≥0⇒ x≥0 f −1 : R \ {1} → R, f −1 (x) =
1−x
The endpoint is (2, −5)
Domain = [2, ∞); Range = (−5, ∞] −1
4 a 2e f (x)
−1= x
−1 x+1
∴ ef (x)
=
q
2 f −1 (x) − 2 + 4 = x 2
x+1
q !
∴ f −1 (x) − 2 = x − 4 ∴ f (x) = loge
−1
2
1  x + 1
∴ f −1 (x) − 2 = (x − 4)2 f −1 (x) = loge ,
3 2
∴ f −1 (x) = (x − 4)2 + 2 dom f −1 = (−1, ∞)
The domain of f −1 = range of f = [4, ∞)
Hence, b y
f −1 : [4, ∞) → R, f −1 (x) = (x − 4)2 + 2
y y = 2e3x−1

1 y = 1 loge x + 1
3 2
x
−1 0 1
6 y = √x − 2 + 4 −1
4
y = (x − 4)2 + 2
x
0 4 6

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 c y e2x =
9
4 !
y =x 9
2x = loge
4 !
1
1 9 3
x x = loge = loge
0 1 2 4 2

(−1, −1)
9 a When x = 0, f (0) = 2 loge 2
d y When f (x) = 0

y=x 2 loge (x + 2) = 0
1 loge (x + 2)t = 0
x x + 2 = e0
0 1
x = −1
∴ a = −1 and b = 2 loge 2
e y = 2x
b y
5 2 log10 5 + 3 log10 2 − log10 20
= log10 25 + log10 8 − log10 20
200 (0, 2loge2)
= log10
20 x
−2 (−1, 0) 0
= log10 10
=1

6 3 loga x = 3 + loga 12
10 24x − 5 × 22x + 4 = 0
loga x − loga 12 = 3
3
Let a = 22x
x3
!
loga =3 a2 − 5a + 4 = 0
12
(a − 4)(a − 1) = 0
x3
= a3 a = 4 or a = 1
12
x3 = 12a3 ∴ 22x = 4 or 22x = 1
√3
x = 12a ∴ x = 0 or x = 1

7 2−x = 29
!
3x 1
11 sin =
x = −9 2 2
3x 7π π 5π
=− , ,
2 6 6 6
8 4e2x = 9

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 7π π 5π −x + y = 2
x=− or x = or x =
9 9 9
2x − 2y = −4
The lines coincide and there are
12 a Range = [2, 8]; Period = 6 infinitely many solutions.
 π 1
b cos 2x + =
6 2 a
14 y = 2 + b
π π 5π x
2x + = , When x = 1, y = −1
6 3 3 1
π 2π 10π When x = −2, y =
2x + = , 2
6 6 6 a + b = −1 . . . (1)
π 9π
2x = , a 1
6 6 + b = . . . (2)
π 3π 4 2
x= or x =
12 4 Equation (1) − Equation (2)
3a 3
=−
13 Consider the gradients of the two lines 4 2
Gradient `1 = −m ∴ a = −2 and b = 1
2
and Gradient `2 = −
m−1
If the gradients are equal 15 ∆ = m2 − 8
2 √
−m = − a ∆ = 0 ⇒ m = ±2 2
m−1
√ √
2 b ∆ > 0 ⇒ m > 2 2 or m < −2 2
m=
m−1 √ √
2
m − m − 20 c ∆ < 0 ⇒ −2 2 < m < 2 2

(m − 2)(m + 1) = 0
a+3
m = 2 or m = −1 16 a i = 0, ∴ a = −3
2
√
a Therefore a unique soluton when the
p
ii (a − 3)2 + (−2 − 1)2 = 13
lines are not parallel, m ∈ R \ {−1, 2}
a2 − 6a + 9 + 9 = 13
b If m = 2 a2 − 6a + 5 = 0
2x + y = 2
(a − 5)(a − 1) = 0
2x + y = −4
a = 5 or a = 1
The lines are parallel but do not
coincide. 3 1
iii =
There is no solution. 3−a 2
m = −1 is checked in the next part. 6=3−a
a = −3
c If m = −1

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 3 103
b If a = −2 the gradient of the line is f x=
5 2
The equation of the line is
3 g x<1
y − 1 = (x − 3)
5
or 5y − 3x + 4 = 0
The angle the line makes with the 19 a i f ◦ g(x) = 4x2 + 8x − 3
positive
 3 direction of the x-axis is ii g ◦ f (x) = 16x2 − 16x + 3
tan−1 .
5 1 2
iii g ◦ f −1 (x) = (x + 14x + 33)
16
17 a Odd
r b Dilation of factor 41 from the y-axis,
x then translation 34 units to the right
b f −1 (x) = 3

2
c Translation 1 unit to the left and
c i 2 1 unit down
ii −1
π
20 x = 2nπ ± , n ∈ Z
iii f −1 (x) = f (x) 6
r
3 x
= 2x3 21 Aek = 4 . . . (1)
2
x
= 8x9 Ae2k = 10 . . . (2)
2
Equation (2) ÷ Equation (1)
x − 16x9 = 0
5
x(1 − 16x8 ) = 0 ek =
2
5
!1
1 8 k = loge
x = 0 or x = 2
16 8 5
1 1 A = and k = loge
x = 0 or x = 2− 2 or x = −2− 2 5 2

18 a 4 22 a 2x3 − 3x2 − 11x + 6 ≥ 0

√ ⇔ (2x − 1)(x − 3)(x + 2) ≥ 0
b 5 1
⇔ −2 ≤ x ≤ or x ≥ 3
2
c 2 − 2a
√ b −x3 + x2 − 4x > 0
d 2a − 5
⇔ x(x2 − x + 4) < 0
e x = −8 ⇔x<0

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 Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 D Domain = [−1, 3) since −1 is 9 B f g(x) = (2x2 + 1)(3x + 2)
included and 3 is excluded. = 6x3 + 4x2 + 3x + 2
2 A For each value of x > 0, the rule 10 C Require 4 − x2 ≥ 0, i.e.
x = 2y2 , x ≥ 0 gives two value for y, (2 − x) (2 + x) ≥ 0
so is not a function. −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
Implied domain = [−2, 2]
3 B Require 2 − x > 0, i.e. x < 2. Implied
domain = (−∞2) 11 C Reflect the graph of y = f (x) in the
1 line y = x.
 1 − Then the endpoint (4, −2) reflects to
4 E f − = a
a 1 (−2, 4).
− −1
a Only the third graph fits.
−1
= 12 B
−1 − a
1
= 13 A For x < 2, the straight line has
a+1
 3π   3π   3π  gradient | and the y-intercept is
5 E ( f + g) = f +g (0, −3); the equations is y = x − 3
2 2 2 for x < 2. For x ≥ 2, the curve has
 3π 
= sin(3π) + 2 sin equation y = (x − 2)2 .
2
= −2 14 E f (2) = 0, f (3) = 2 so
dom f −1 = ram f = [0, 2]. For
6 C f g(3) = f (18)


f, y = 2x − 4. For f −1 , interchange x
= 56 and y and solve for y.

7 A dom f = [0, 6]; dom g x = 2y − 4

= (−∞, 2] x + 4 = 2y
dom ( f + g) = dom f ∩ dom g x+4
y=
2
= [0, 2]
Hence:
8 A For x ≤ 0, the gradient is −2 and the x+4
f −1 : [0, 2] → R, f −1 (x) =
y intercept is (0, −2); the equation is 2
y = −2x − 2 for x ≤ 0. For x > 0, the 15 D Require a subset of R so that f is
gradient is 1 and the y intercept is one-to-one. Either x ≥ 0 or x ≤ 0
(0, −2); the equation is y = x − 2 for would do. Only the fourth option fits.
x > 0.
16 C The graph of y = h(x) has its vertex
at (1, 1), so for an inverse function to

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 exist, x ≥ 1. Hence a = 1. 22
4 4
C y= x − 4 = (x − 5)
17 E For f, y = 3x − 2 5 5
For f −1 , interchange x and y and x − axis intcept is (5, 0)
solve for y. y − as is intercept is (0, −4).
x = 3y − 2
1
x + 2 = 3y area OAB = (OA)(OB)
2
1 1
y = (x + 2) = (5)(4)
3 2
3x = 10 square units
18 C 2x = −4
2
23 D 2x − 3y = 12
1
3x
2x − = −4
2 3x − 2y = 13
2
x 2 − 1 gives:
= −4
2 x+y=1
x = −8 (Note: in this case, you do not
need to solve for x and y explicitly,
19 B The straight line has gradient 2 and y although it is not wrong to do so.)
intercept (0, −2).
Hence y = 2x − 2 24 D
7x − 6y = 20
1
2(x − 1) x + 4 5 3x + 4y = 2
20 D − =
2
3 2 6
4(x − 1) − 3(x + 4) 5 3× 2 + 2 × (i) gives :
=
6 6 9x + 14x = 6 + 40
4x − 4 − 3x − 12 = 5 23x = 46
x − 16 = 5 x=2
x = 21
25 E The graph is that of a hyperbola with
0−3 3 1 asymptotes x = 1 and y = −3.
21 C m = =− =−
4 − (−2) 6 2 The equation is of the form
a
Use y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) y= −3
x−1
a
1 x = 0, y = −4: −4 = −3
y − 0 = − (x − 4) −1
2
1 −4 = −a − 3
y=− x+2
2 a=1
2y = −x + 6 y=
1
−3
x−1
2y + x = 4 4
(Check: x = , y = 0 as expected.)
3
26 A As x → ±∞, y = f (x) → −2

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 y = −2 is an asymptote So the range 33 A 3(1)2 + k(1) + 1 = k + 4
is R\{−2} =0
27 D Vertex at (2, 3) means k = −4
y = a(x − 2)2 + 3.
34 A (x − 5)(x + 7) = 0
Only the fourth option in which
x2 + 2x − 35 = 0
a = 1 fits.
35 E Let P(x) = x3 − 5x2 + x + k.
28 D Require f (−x) = f (x) for any value
P(x) is divisible by x + 1, so
of x.
P(−1) = 0.
If f (x) = −x2 , then
f (−x) = −(−x)2 (−1)3 − 5(−1)2 + (−1) + k = 0
= −x2 −1 − 5 − 1 + k = 0
= f (x) k=7
So f (x) = −x2 is an even function
36 C The graph could be a cubic with
of x.
minimum turning point at (−2, 0) and
(A quick check reveals that none of
another x - intercept at (2, 0).
the other functions is even.)
Equation is y = a(x + 2)2 (x − 2)
29 A The factor ‘x + 2’ indicates a x = 0, y > 0: = 8a > 0
translation of 2 units to the left. a<0
So (x, y) → (x − 2, y). Only the third option fits.
The factor ‘3’ indicates a dilation of
factor 3 from the x-axis. 37 D The graph could be a cubic with
a Stationary points of inflexion as
30 E Require x − 2 ≥ 0, i.e. x ≥ 2. (−1, 2).
Maximal domain = [2, ∞) Equation is y = a(x + 1)3 + 2.
Only the fourth option fits.
31 D The graph has endpoint (3, 1) so its 1
y = − (x + 1)3 + 2, then when x = 0
equation 2
√ must be of the form (Check: If
y=a x−3+1 √
x = 4, y = 0:0 = a 1 + 1 1
y=− +2
2
a = −1 1
√ =1
y=− x−3+1 2
3 which is consistent with the graph.)
32 E > 0 for any x , 2.
(x − 2)2
3 38 C P(−1) = −1 + 2 + 5 − 6 = 0
So + 4 > 4 for any x , 2.
(x − 2)2 So (x + 1) is a factor.
The range is (4, ∞). Option B expanded has a constant
term of +6.
Option C expanded has constant

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 term of −6. For the graph the y intercept is
Option D expanded has constant posture so a > 0
term of +6 Only the third alternative fits.
Only option C fits.
(Alternatively, divide the cubic by 43 D As x → ∞, f (x) → 1,
(x + 1) and factorise the resulting Since e−x > 0 for all x, f (x) > 1 for
quadratic.) all x.
Hence the range of f is (1, ∞) and
39 E For f.y = mx + 3 this is the domain of f −1
For f −1 , interchange x
and y and solve for y. 44 B For f , y = 2 loge x + 1
for f −1 , interchange x and y and
x=my+3 solve for y.
x−3=my
x = 2 loge y + 1
1
y = (x − 3) x − 1 = loge y
m
1 3 1
= x− loge y = (x − 1)
m m 2
1
1
Hence a = , b = −
3 y = e 2 (x−1)
m m 1
So f −1 (x) = e 2 (x−1)
40 B Remainder is given by P(2)
P(2) = 2(2)3 − 2(2)2 + 3(2) + 1 45 B loge (−1 + 2) = loge 1 = 0, so range
= 16 − 8 + 6 + 1 of g = (0, ∞)R+
e−0 = 1 and as x → ∞, e−x → 0
= 15
Hence the range of the function with
41 B Let P(x) = x3 + 2x2 + ax − 4 rule y = f (g(x)) is (0, 1).
Given P(−1) = 1
46 E For f , y = e x − 1
(−1)3 + 2(−1)2 + a(−1) − 4 = 1
For f −1 , interchange x and y and
−1 + 2 − a − 4 = 1 solve for y.
−a − 3 = 1 x = ey − 1
a = −4 x + 1 = eg
42 C The graph could be a y = loge (x + 1)
quartic with minimum tun- So f −1 (x) = loge (x + 1).
ing point at (−2, 0) and (2, 0).
Equation is y = a(x + 2)2 (x − 2)2 47 A f (4) = loge (4 − 3) = loge 1 = 0, so
f has range [0, ∞)
= a (x + 2)(x − 2) 2


and this is the domain of the inverse.
= a(x2 − 4)2
When x = 0, y = a × (−4)2 = 16a 48 C For f , y = e x−1

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 For f −1 , interchange x and y and log2 x + 3 + log2 x + 1 = 6
solve for y. 2 log2 x = 2
log2 x = 1
x = ey−1
x=2
loge x = y − 1 Method 2
y = 1 + loge x log2 8x − log2 2x = 6

So f −1 (x) = 1 + loge x log2 (8x × 2x) = 6

log2 (16x2 ) = 6
x
49 D For f , y = loge
2 16x2 = 26
For f −1 , interchange x and y and
= 64
solve for y.
y x2 = 4
x = loge
2
y x = ±2
ex = But x > 0, so x = 2.
2
y = 2e x 53 A log10 x = y(log10 3) + 1
So f (x) = 2e .
−1 x
= log10 3y + log10 10
50 B Require 3x − 2 > 0, i.e. = log10 10(3y )

3x > 2 x = 10(3y )
2
x> 54 B Graph has gradient −2 and
3  y intercept (0, 2).
2 
So f is defined for x ∈ , ∞ . Equation is loge N = −2t + 2
3
51 C The Graph of f has asymptote N = e2−2t
x = −2. 55 A As x → −∞, y → 1, so the rule must
Reflecting it in the line y = x means involve e x , and e−x.
its inverse has asymptote y = −2. When x = 0, y = 0.
Only the third option fits. Only the first option fits both of
these.
52 C Method 1
log2 8x = log2 8 + log2 x 56 B x = −2 is a vertical asymptote and
= log2 2 + log2 x
3 the domain is (−2, ∞), so only
the second and fourth options are
= 3 log2 2 + log2 x
possible.
= log2 x + 3 The graph through (0, 0).
log2 2x = log2 2 + log2 x 1
B: loge (0 + 2) = loge 1 = 0
2
= log2 x + 1 1 1
E: loge (0 + 2) = loge (2) , 0
So the equation becomes 2 2

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 So the second option fits. 62 D The minimum value of f is −3.
The maximum value of f is 3.
5π  π  8π 2π
57 D Period = − − = = The range of f is [−3, 3]
12 4 12 3
Range = [−4, 0] so amplitude = 2
63 B P(x) = 0 ⇒ x − 2a = 0 or
and there is a vertical translation of
2 units down. x + a = 0 or x2 a = 0.
these rule out options A and B. So x = 2a or x = a or x2 = −a.
π
When θ = , y = 0. But α > 0 so x2 = −a has no
4
In the third and fifth options, when solutions.
π
θ = − , y = −4; in the fourth option: The equation has 2 decimal real
4  π π
solutions.
y = 2 cos 3 − + −2
4 4
64 D The gradient of the given straight
2 cos 0 − 2
live is −2.
=2−2 For perpendicular lines, m1 m2 = −1.
=0 1
So −2m2 = −1, going m2 = .
So the fourth option fits. 2
65 B Sine x and y are interchanged for the
58 D The minimum value of f is
inverse, there must be an asymptote
2 − 3 = −1
will equation x = 6 for the inverse
The maximum value of f is 2 + 3 = 5.
function.
The range of f is [-1, 5]
So the inverse has vertical asymptote
√ with equation x = 6.
59 D 2 sin θ + 3 = 0
√ 2π
2 sin θ = − 3 66 E Period =
√ 6
3
sin θ = − 67 C f (18) = 32 = 25 , f (34) = 64 = 26 .
2
θ is in the third or fourth quadrants.
π π g(25 ) = log2 25 = 5
θ = π + or 2π −
3 3 g(26 ) = log2 26 = 6
4π 5π The range of g ◦ f is [5, 6]
θ= or
3 3
π 68 C Interchange x & y: x = y2 − 4y + 5
60 A When x = , y = 0. Only options A
2 Solve for y: x = (y − 2)2 + 1
and C satisfy this.
π 7π (y − 2)2 = x − 1
When < x < , y > 0. √
6 6
This is true for option A but false for y=2± x−1
option C.
69 B
2π
61 A Amplitude 3, period = =π 70 C
2

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 Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a The graph is of the form
y = ax2 + b
The vertex is at (0, 9).
Therefore b = 9
The width of the arch is
20m.
Therefore the x-axis
intercepts are at (10, 0)
and (−10, 0)
When x = 10, y = 0.
Hence b = 9
and 0 = a × 100 + 9
−9
∴ a= = −0.09
100
−9 2
b The equation of the curve is y = x +9
100
−9
When x = −7 y = × 49 + 9 = 4.59
100
The man is 1.8 m high.
∴ E is (4.56 − 1.8) m = 2.79 m above the man’s head.
c OH is 6.3 m
∴ Consider y = 6.3
−9 2
6.3 = x +9
100
−2.7
× 100 = x2
−9
∴ 30 = x√2

∴ x = ± 30 √
The length of the bar is 2 30 m ≈ 10.95 m.
2 a Let P(x) = 2x3 + ax2 − 72x − 18
By the Remainder Theorem
P(−5) = 17
i.e. 2 × (−5)3 + a(−5)2 − (72 × −5) − 18 = 17
250 + 25a + 360 − 18 = 17
∴ 25a = −75
a = −3

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 b 2x3 = x2 + 5x + 2
Let P(x) = 2x3 − x2 − 5x − 2
P(−1) = −2 − 1 + 5 − 2 = 0
∴ By the Factor Theorem x + 1 is a factor.
Dividing P(x) by x + 1
P(x) = (x + 1) (2x2 − 3x − 2)
For P(x) = 0
x = −1 or 2x2 − 3x − 2 = 0
and 2x2 − 3x − 2 = 0
implies (2x + 1)(x − 2) = 0
1
∴ x = − or x = 2
2
1
i.e. x = − , x = 2 and x = −1 are solutions to the equation 2x3 = x2 + 5x + 2
2
c x2 − 5x + 7 leaves the same remainder when divided by x − b or x − c
By the Remainder Theorem
b2 − 5b + 7 = c2 − 5c + 7
⇔ b2 − c2 = 5(b − c)
⇔ (b − c)(b + c) = 5(b − c)
⇔ b + c = 5 as b , c
∴ b=5−c
and if 4bc = 21
4(5 − c)c = 21
20c − 4c2 − 21 = 0
∴ 4c2 − 20c + 21 = 0
(2c − 3)(2c − 7) = 0
which implies
3 7
c = or c =
2 2
3 3
If c = , 4 × b × = 21
2 2
7
∴ b=
2
7 3
If c = , b =
2 2
7 3
As b > c the required values are b = , c =
2 2

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 3 a x = −4 sin πt
b i When t = 0, x = −4 sin 0 = 0
1 π
ii When t = , x = −4 sin = −4
2 2
iii When t = 1, x = −4 sin π = 0

c When x = 2
2 = −4 sin πt
1
∴ − = sin(πt)
2
7π
i.e. = πt
6
7
∴ t=
6
2π 2π
d Period = = = 2 seconds
n π
4 a y = −1.25 cos(2πt) + 1.25
i When t = 0
y = −1.25 cos(0) + 1.25
=0

1
ii When t =
2
y = −1.25 cos(π) + 1.25
= 1.25 + 1.25
= 2.5

iii When t = 1
y = −1.25 cos 2π + 1.25
=0

2π 2π
b Period = = =1
n 2π
One revolution of the rope takes 1 second.

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 c

d 2 = −1.25 cos(2πt) + 1.25

0.75
= cos(2πt)
−1.25
−0.6 = cos(2πt)
∴ 2πt = cos−1 (−0.6) (only first solution required)
1
t= cos−1 (−0.6)
2π
≈ 0.3524
It is 2 metres above the ground after 0.35 seconds.

5 P(t) = 150 × 106 ekt

a From section 5.8, chapter 5 of EMM Units 3 & 4, k = 0.0296 (i.e. 2.96% as a
decimal).

b P(0) = 150 × 106 e0

∴ Population on lst Jan 1950 is 150 × 106

c P(50) = 150 × 106 × e0.0296 × 50

= 150 × 106 × 4.3929
= 658941852.1
≈ 6.589418521 × 108
Population is approximately 6.589 × 108 on January 1st 2000.

When P = 300 × 106

d 300 × 106 = 150 × 106 e0.0296t
∴ 2 = e0.0296t
Taking logarithms of both sides of the equation
1
loge 2 = t
0.0296
∴ t ≈ 23.417 years
The population is 300 × 106 after 23.417 years.

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 6 a T = Ae−kt + 15, there 0 ≤ t ≤ 10
When t = 0, T = 95
95 = A + 15
∴ A = 80
When t = 2, T = 55
55 = 80e−2k + 15
∴ 0.5 = e−2k
Taking logarithms both sides
1
− loge 5 = k
2
1
∴ k = log e(2 2 )
k ≈ 0.3466

b At midnight t = 0
1
∴ T = 80e(− loge (2 2 ))×10
−5
= 80eloge 2 + 15
1
= 80 × + 15
32
= 17.5
The temperature is 17.5◦ C at midnight.

c Graph is decreasing
When T = 24◦
1
24 = 80e− loge (2 2 )t + 15
1
9
= e− loge (2 2 )t
80
 90  1
loge = − loge (2 2 )t
80
9
loge
80
1
=t
− loge (2 2 )
∴ t = 6.304

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 This is 6 hours 18 minutes and 14 seconds after
2:00 pm, i.e. 8:18:14 pm.
Jenny first recorded a temperature less than 24◦ at
9:00 p.m. (Note: temperature is recorded on the hour)
1
d T = 80e− loge (2 2 )t + 15

7 a If V = 25 and α = 45◦
252 sin 90
x=
10
625
=
10
= 62.5
The distance the ball is kicked is 62.5 m.
b For V = 20
400 sin 2α
x=
10
= 40 sin 2α
Period = 180◦ ; amplitude = 40

c If x = 30 and V = 20
400 sin 2α
30 =
10
3
= sin 2α
4
3 3
∴ 2α = Sin−1 or 180◦ − sin−1
4 4
1  3  1 3
α = Sin−1 or 90◦ − sin−1
2 4 2 4
≈ 24.3◦ or 65.7◦
The angle projection is 24.3◦ or 65.7◦
 1 x
8 a Area = 0.02 0.92 10
x
= 0.02(0.92) 10

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 5
b When x =
3
 5 
Area = (0.02) (0.92) 30
 1
= (0.02) (0.92) 6

= 0.0197
5
Area is 0.0197 mm2 when x =
3

c load = strength × cross-sectional area

x
= (0.92)10−3x × (0.02) × (0.92) 10
x
= (0.92)10−3x+ 10 × 0.02
100−29x
= (0.92) 10 × 0.02 = 0.02(0.92)10 − 2.9x

d If load = 0.02 × (0.92)2.5

100−29x
0.02 × (0.92)2.5 = (0.92) 10 × 0.02
100−29x
(0.92)2.5 = (0.92) 10
100 − 29x
∴ = 2.5
10
i.e. 100 − 29x = 25
∴ 75 = 29x
and x ≈ 2.59
Therefore the cable cannot exceed 2.59 m in length.

9 a The period of the function

2π π
= = 2π÷ = = 12
b 6
i Therefore length of OR is 12 units

ii Q is at the minimum value

∴ OQ = h − k
R is at the maximum value
∴ OR = h + k

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 b

c From a h + k = 16.5 and h − k = 7.5

Consider as simultaneous equations
h + k = 16.5 1
h − k = 7.5 2
Add 1 and 2
2h = 24
h = 12
and from h1 ik = 4.5

10 a For Carriage A
Stop 1 Illumination = 0.83I
Stop 2 Illumination = (0.83)2 I
Stop n Illumination = (0.83)n I
For Carriage B
Stop 1 Illumination = 0.89 × 0.66I
Stop 2 Illumination = (0.89)2 × 0.66I
Stop n Illumination = (0.89)n × 0.66I

b Illuminations equal implies

(0.83)n I = (0.89)n × 0.66I
 0.83 n
∴ = 0.66
0.89
Taking logarithms of both sides
0.83 
n loge = loge (0.66)
0.89
loge (0.66)
n=  0.83 
loge
0.89
≈ 5.95
The illumination is approximately equal after the sixth stop.

11 a i y = 1 − a(x − 3)2
When y = 0

326

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 1 − a(x − 3)2 = 0
∴ 1 = a(x − 3)2
1
∴ (x − 3)2 =
ra
1
∴ x=3±
r a r
 1   1 
3+ , 0 and 3 − ,0
a r a
1
ii AB has length 2
a
C has coordinates (3, 1) r
1 1
Therefore the area = × 2 ×1
2 a
1
= √ square units
a

b i

4 3
ii − a +a=0
27
4 2 
∴ a − a +1 =0
27 r
27
∴ a = 0 or a = ±
√ 4
3 3
=±
2 √
3 3
But a > 0. Therefore a =
2
4 3
iii − a +a<0
27
4
⇔ − a2 + 1 < 0 (as a > 0)
27
27
⇔a >2
4√
3 3
⇔a> (as a > 0)
2

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 4 3
iv − a + a = −1
27
−4a3 + 27a + 27 = 0
Using a CAS calculator yields a = 3 is a solution.
Consider
(a − 3)(−4a2 − 12a − 9) = 0
i.e. (a − 3)(4a2 + 12a + 9) = 0
and 4a2 + 12a + 9 > 0 for all a
∴ a = 3 is the only solution.
4 3
v − a +a=1
27
−4a3 + 27a − 27 = 0
3
Using a graphics calculator yields a = is a solution.
2
∴ −4a3 + 27a − 27 = (2a − 3)(−2a2 − 3a + 9)
and −2a2 − 3a + 9 = 0
implies 2a2 + 3a − 9 = 0
∴ (2a − 3)(a + 3) = 0
3
∴ a= or a = −3
2
3
a = is the only solution.
2
vi

Graphic calculator techniques for 12b

b i In a Graphs page enter
f 1(x) = (x − 1)2 (x − 2) + 1,
f 2(x) = (x − 2)2 (x − 4) + 2 an
d f 3(x) = (x − 3)2 (x − 6) + 3
Set an appropriate window to show key
points.

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 b ii – v In a Calculator page, use the Solve
command. Note the domain restrictions.

b vi Plot in a Graphs page.

4 3
 
c i a, − a + a
27
 4 
ii PS = a − − a3 + a
27
4 3
= a
27
5a
SQ = −a
3
2a
=
3
1
iii Area = × S Q × PS
2
1 2a 4
= × × a3
2 3 27
4
4a
=
81

329

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 4a4
iv =4
81
∴ a4 = 81
∴ a=3 (since a > 0)

4a4
v = 1500
81
81 × 1500
∴ a4 =
4
∴ a = 81 × 375
4

√4
a = 3 375 (since a > 0)

12 a D = at2 + bt + c
When t = 0, D = 1.8
Therefore c = 1.8
When t = 1, D = 1.6
Therefore
1.6 = a + b + 1.8 and rearranging gives,
−0.2 = a + b
1
When t = 3, D = 1.5
Therefore
1.5 = 9a + 3b + 1.8 and rearranging gives,
−0.3 = 9a + 3b
Dividing both sides of the equation by 3 gives
−0.1 = 3a + b 2
Subtract
1 from 2
0.1 = 2a
Therefore a = 0.05. Substituting in (1) gives that b − 0.25
D = 0.05t2 − 0.25t + 1.8

b When t = 8, D = 0.05 × 64 − 0.25 × 8 + 1.8 = 3

The deficit is 3 000 000 Ningteak dollars
Graphic calculator techniques for question

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 In a Calculator page use:
b>Algebra>Solve System of
Equations>Solve System of
Equations and enter as shown
opposite.

Substitute t = 8 into equation.

13 R = at2 + bt + c
When t = 0, R = 7.5
Therefore c = 7.5
When t = 4, R = 9
Therefore 9 = 16a + 4b + 7.5
and 1.5 = 16a + 4b
Diving both sides by 4 gives
3
= 4a + b 1
8
When t = 6, R = 8
8 = 36a + 6b + 7.5
0.5 = 36a + 6b
Divide both sides by 6
1
= 6a + b 2
12
Subtract
2 from 1
3 1
− = −2a
8 12
7 23
Therefore a = − and substituting in 1 gives b =
48 24
7 2 23 15
Thus R = − t + t +
48 24 2
35 35
When t = 8, R = . The rate is mm/h at 12:00 noon.
6 6
−b 23 7 23
The rainfall is greatest when t = − =− ÷− =
2a 24 24 7
The rainfall was heaviest at 7: 17 am.

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 c
14 n = t≥0
1 + ae−bt
5790
n= for c = 5790, a = 4 and b = 0.03
1 + 4e−0.03t
a i n = 5790 is the horizontal asymptote
5790
ii when t = 0, n = = 1158
5
iii

5790
iv 4000 =
1 + 4e−0.03t
579
∴ 1 + 4e−0.03t =
400
179
∴ 4e−0.03t =
400
179
∴ e−0.03t =
1600
!
100 179
∴ t=− loge
3 1600
100  1600 
= loge
3 179
b i Enter the data in a Lists
& Spreadsheet page.
Plot the data in a Data &
Statistics page.
Determine the logistic
regression using
b>Analyze>Regression>Show
Logistic (d=0)
The result is as shown.

332

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 ii

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