CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Concrete is reinforced for it to acquire extra strength; without reinforcement,

many concrete buildings wouldn’t be possible. Reinforced concrete can

encompass many types of structures and components, including slabs, walls,

beams, columns, mats, frames and more. There are multiple ways of reinforcing

concrete; the two main methods are conventional reinforcement

(nonprestressed) and prestressing.

Reinforced concrete is two materials merged together; plain concrete is

characterized by having high compressive strength but low tensile strength; and

steel bars are embedded in concrete to provide the needed strength in tension.

The structural system of a building has to resist seismic loads as a whole as

well as each structural element of system should be provided with sufficient

stiffness, stability and strength to ensure an uninterrupted and safe transfer of

seismic loads down to the foundation and soil. In this respect, it is essential that

floor systems possess sufficient stiffness and strength to ensure the safe transfer

of lateral seismic loads between the elements of the structural system.

Apartment type buildings generally have higher earthquake performance

than the other buildings as they should remain intact after the anticipated

earthquake. For this reason, buildings of that kind are directly subject to broad

evaluation. Within the scope of broadened evaluation, the examinations of the

building materials are of a special point of interest. The objectives of the four

examinations of these building materials are not for only quality control. It is also

important to determine the carbonation of concrete, oxidation of the

reinforcement and if applicable, to detect related weaknesses and damages, to

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verify if concrete layers and reinforcement configurations are implemented

according to the official requirements.

Much of the focus on reinforcing concrete is placed on floor systems.

Designing and implementing the most efficient floor system is the key to creating

optimal structures. Small changes in the design of a floor system can have

significant impact on material costs, construction schedule, and ultimate strength,

operating costs, occupancy levels and end use of a building.

Structural Design Framework

PRINCIPLE AND
THEORY OF
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
DESIGN

Requirements and
Specifications Under
American Concrete
Institute(ACI) and
National Structural CALCULATIONS
Code of the BY PROGRAMME
Philippines AND MANUAL
STRUCTURAL
METHODS
(NSCP-2001 edition) ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN OF A
THREE – STOREY
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
APARTMENT
BUILDING

Figure 1

Paradigm of the Study

The primary design code used for reinforced concrete structures in this

study was the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP-2001 edition).

The study contains the principles and theories in design requirements, criteria

and specifications. The said code served as the basis and pattern for the

computations of design loads, the required longitudinal reinforcement based on

moment and axial for demands, the required transverse reinforcement from the

shear and torsional moment demands. Calculations were made by manual

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methods and program. The output of the design code and calculation methods

was the reinforced concrete building.

Objectives

This Structural Analysis and Design of a Three – Storey Reinforced

Concrete Apartment Building is a piece of work brought up by the hard work after

studying and learning of years in this institution, University of Batangas.

The main objective and purpose of this study was to apply and practice the

knowledge gained by author in the theoretical analysis of Structural Design

Principles of a Reinforced Concrete.

This study specifically aims the following:

 To developed and enhanced the skills and ability of the designer to create

an economical yet first – class and high quality design of structural

building to prepare himself in the competitive and demanding world of the

Civil Engineering Profession.

 To configure a workable and economical structural system. This involves

the selection of the appropriate structural types and laying out the

locations and arrangement of structural elements such as columns and

beams.

 To determine the required reinforcement, both longitudinal and transverse.

Significant of the study

 The structural analysis and design played a significant role in determining

the adequacy of the certain structure.

 A structure must always be designed to serve its intended function as

specified by project requirements. Constructability is a major part of the

functional requirement. A structural design must be practical and

economical to build.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS

ADMIXTURE – Material other than water, aggregate or hydraulic cement used

as an ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during mixing to
modify its properties.

AGGREGATE – Insert materials that are mixed with hydraulic cement and
water to produce concrete.

BASE – It is the level, which the earthquake motions are considered to be

imparted to the structures as a dynamic vibrator is supported.

BEAM - A structural member that is subject to transverse load and

accordingly, must be designed to withstand shear and moment.

BRACED FRAME – A truss system or its equivalent, which is provided to

resist lateral in frame system and in which members are subjected primarily to
axial stress.

COLUMN – Member with ratio of height to least lateral dimension of three or

more, use primarily to support compressive load.

CONCRETE – Mixture of Portland cement or any hydraulic cement, fine

aggregates, coarse aggregates and water with or without mixture.

DEAD LOAD – The dead load acting on the structures consists of the weight
of the structure itself and of any immovable load is constant in magnitude and
permanently attached to the structure.

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH – Length of embedded reinforcement required to

develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section.

EFFECTIVE DEPTH LENGTH – Distance measure from extreme compression

fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement.

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GIRDER – A special name applied to a large size beam that is usually
necessary to consider live load; i.e. loads that vary in position. It is sometimes
convenient to classify live loads into movable loads and moving loads.

LOAD FACTOR – Load multiply by appropriate load factor, used to

proportionate members and defined by general building code as strength
design method of this code.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY – Ratio of normal stress below the proportional

limit materials.

MOMENT RESISTING SPACE FRAME – A vertical load carrying space frame

in which the numbers and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by
flexure.

PLAIN CONCRETE – Concrete does not conform to definition of deformed

reinforcement.

REINFORCEMENT – Steel bars used in concrete to resist tension force.

SERVICE CONCRETE – Concrete containing reinforcement, design on the

assumption that two materials act together resisting force.

SERVICE LOAD – The calculated dead weight supported by members.

SPACE FRAME – A three-dimensional structure system without bearing walls

composed of inter-connected members laterally supported so as to function as
a complete self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms
or floor bracing system.

SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE – The unit is in

MPa, for metric, whenever this quality is in radical sign, square foot numerical
value only is intended and result pounds rather than Mega Pascal.

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STIRRUP – Reinforced used to resist shear and torsion in structural members,
typically bars. Wires and welded fabric bent into U, regular or I shape and
located perpendicularly bar at the angle to longitudinal reinforcement.

STRENGTH OF CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE – (f’c) specified compressive

strength is determined by the test of standard ( 6” x 12” ) cylinders made and
tested in accordance with ASTM ( American Society for Testing Materials )
specification of 28 days or such ages as the concrete is to receive its full
service load or maximum stress.

STRENGTH NOMINAL - Strength of members or cross-section calculated in

accordance with the provision and assumption of the strength design of this
load.

STRENGTH REQUIRED – Strength of member or cross-section required

resisting factored load or related internal moment and forced in such
combination as are stipulated in this code.

STRESS – Intensity force per unit area.

TIE – Hoop reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement.

VERTICAL LOAD – Carrying space frame is a space frame designed to carry

all vertical loads.

WALL – Elements usually used to enclosed or separate spaces and as

structural members.

WALL FOOTING – Usually supports continuous concrete or masonry walls

around the perimeters of the building; interior partition all may also rest on
continuous wall footing.

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 NOTATIONS
a – depth of equivalent rectangular stress block.

ab – area of individual bar.

Ac – area of concrete section considered.

Ag – gross area of section.

As – area of non-prestressed tension reinforcement.

A’s – area of compression reinforcement.

Ast – total area of longitudinal reinforcement.

b – width of compression face of member; effective compression flange width

of structural member.

bo – perimeter of critical section for slab footing.

bw – web width.

c – distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis.

d – distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression

reinforcement.

d’ – distance from extreme tension fiber to neutral axis.

D – dead load; related moment or forces.

E – load effects of earthquake; related moment or forces.

Ec – modulus of elasticity of concrete.

f’c – specified compressive strength of concrete.

f’s – calculate stress in reinforcement at service load permissible tensile stress in

reinforcement.

fy – specified yield strength of non-prestress reinforcement.

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I – moment of inertia of section resisting externally applied factored loads.

Ig – moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centriodal axis.

l – span length of beam of one-way slab.

ln – length of clear span in long direction two way construction, measured face
to face supports in slabs without beams and face to face of beams or other
supports in other cases.

L – liveloads; or related internal moment of forces.

M – design moments.

Mc – factored moments to be used for design of compression members.

Mn – nominal moment strength at section.

Mu – factored moment strength at section.

n – modular ratio for elasticity, Es/Ec.

Pn – nominal axial load strength at given eccentricity.

Po – nominal axial load strength at zero eccentricity.

Pu – factored axial load of Pn.

r – radius of gyration of cross section of a compressive member.

S – spacing of stirrups or ties.

V – design shear strength.

U – required strength to resist factored loads or related internal moments and

forces.

Ø – strength reduction factor.