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Prehistory: Prehistory of The Philippines

Early evidence of hominins in the Philippines dates back 709,000 years with the discovery of stone tools and animal remains in Rizal, Kalinga. However, the earliest archaeological evidence of human settlement is the 67,000-year-old Callao Man and Angono Petroglyphs. Continued excavations at Callao Cave revealed bones from three individuals identified as a new species, Homo luzonensis. There are several theories about the origins of ancient Filipinos, including local evolution or migration from Sundaland around 48,000-5000 BC. The Negritos were early settlers but their arrival is not reliably dated. They were later followed by Austronesian speakers beginning around

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283 views2 pages

Prehistory: Prehistory of The Philippines

Early evidence of hominins in the Philippines dates back 709,000 years with the discovery of stone tools and animal remains in Rizal, Kalinga. However, the earliest archaeological evidence of human settlement is the 67,000-year-old Callao Man and Angono Petroglyphs. Continued excavations at Callao Cave revealed bones from three individuals identified as a new species, Homo luzonensis. There are several theories about the origins of ancient Filipinos, including local evolution or migration from Sundaland around 48,000-5000 BC. The Negritos were early settlers but their arrival is not reliably dated. They were later followed by Austronesian speakers beginning around

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rohandane alfonso
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Prehistory[edit]

Main article: Prehistory of the Philippines

Docking station and entrance to the Tabon Cave Complex Site in Palawan, where one of the oldest human
remains was located.

Discovery in 2018 of stone tools and fossils of butchered animal remains in Rizal, Kalinga has
pushed back evidence of early hominins in the country to as early as 709,000 years. [16] Still, the
earliest archeological evidence for humans in the archipelago is the 67,000-year-old Callao
Man of Cagayan and the Angono Petroglyphs in Rizal, both of whom appear to suggest the
presence of human settlement prior to the arrival of the Negritos and Austronesian speaking people.
[17][18][19][20][21]
 Continued excavations in Callao Cave revealed 12 bones from three hominin individuals
identified as a new species named Homo luzonensis.[22]
There are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos. F. Landa
Jocano theorizes that the ancestors of the Filipinos evolved locally.[citation needed] Wilhelm Solheim's Island
Origin Theory[23] postulates that the peopling of the archipelago transpired via trade networks
originating in the Sundaland area around 48,000 to 5000 BC rather than by wide-scale migration.
The Austronesian Expansion Theory states that Malayo-Polynesians coming from Taiwan began
migrating to the Philippines around 4000 BC, displacing earlier arrivals. [24][25]
The Negritos were early settlers, but their appearance in the Philippines has not been reliably dated.
[26]
 They were followed by speakers of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, a branch of
the Austronesian language family, who began to arrive in successive waves beginning about 4000
BC, displacing the earlier arrivals.[27][28] Before the expansion out of Taiwan, archaeological, linguistic
and genetic evidence had linked Austronesian speakers in Insular Southeast Asia to cultures such
as the Hemudu, its successor the Liangzhu[29][30] and Dapenkeng in Neolithic China.[31][32][33][34][35] During
this neolithic period, a "jade culture" is said to have existed as evidenced by tens of thousands of
exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found in the Philippines dated to 2000 BC. [36][37] The jade is said to
have originated nearby in Taiwan and is also found in many other areas in insular and mainland
Southeast Asia. These artifacts are said to be evidence of long range communication between
prehistoric Southeast Asian societies. [38]
The Ifugao/Igorot people utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over
2000 years ago.

By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago had developed into four distinct kinds of
peoples: tribal groups, such as the Aetas, Hanunoo, Ilongots and the Mangyan who depended
on hunter-gathering and were concentrated in forests; warrior societies, such as
the Isneg and Kalinga who practiced social ranking and ritualized warfare and roamed the plains; the
petty plutocracy of the Ifugao Cordillera Highlanders, who occupied the mountain ranges of Luzon;
and the harbor principalities of the estuarine civilizations that grew along rivers and seashores while
participating in trans-island maritime trade.[39] It was also during the first millennium BC that early
metallurgy was said to have reached the archipelagos of maritime Southeast Asia via trade with
India[40][41]
Around 300–700 AD, the seafaring peoples of the islands traveling in balangays began to trade with
the Indianized kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago and the nearby East Asian principalities, adopting
influences from both Buddhism and Hinduism.[42]

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