1

CSEC Mathematics

How can you be competent in Mathematics?

Kerwin Springer

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=wjWCLTeHynY

https://sites.google.com/a/pcc.edu.jm/csec-
mathematics/
SECTION 1 – Number Theory and
Computation

Number Theory

What is a number?

A number is an arithmetical value, expressed by

a word, symbol, or figure, representing a
particular quantity and used in counting and
making calculations.

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Numbers are a fascinating part of our lives. They

are much more a part of our everyday life than
we might realize and would affect many things
you might not realize.

Consider your daily routine.

What would life be without numbers?
How would you be affected if no numbers
existed?

Types of Numbers

real numbers, factors, even numbers, prime

numbers, complex numbers, whole numbers,
irrational numbers, natural numbers,
rational numbers, odd numbers, integers,
multiples, composite numbers

Exercise

Use the list of words or phrases above to fill in

the blanks for each question below. You are
allowed to use each only once.
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1. The set of ____________ is another name

given to the set of counting numbers. It is
represented by the symbol N.

N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}.

2. The set of ______________ is the set of

natural or counting numbers and zero. It is
represented by the symbol W.

W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …}.

3. The set of _______________is the set of

numbers that is exactly divisible by two. For
example, {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, …}.

4. The set of ______________is the set of

numbers which cannot be exactly divided by two.
For example, {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, …}.

5. The set of _______________ is the set of

numbers which have only two factors, one and
itself. For example,

{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, …}

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6. The set of ________________ is the set of

numbers which have more than two factors. For

example, {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, …}.

7. The set of __________ of a number is the set

of numbers which can divide another number

without leaving a remainder. For example, the set

of factors of 15 is {1, 3, 5, 15} and the set of
factors of 18 is {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18}.

Note: Factors can be negative or positive.

8. The set of _____________ of a number is the

set of numbers which can be divided by another

number without leaving a remainder. For

example, the set of multiples of 3 is

{3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, …} and the set of multiples

of 7 is {7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, …}.

9. The set of ______________ consist of zero,

positive and negative natural numbers. It is
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represented by the symbol Z.

Z = {…, - 6, - 5, - 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}.

10. The set of ________________ is the set of

numbers which can be written as a fraction. For
3 1 3 2
example, ,  , ,  . It is represented by the
4 2 9 7

symbol Q.

11. The set of _______________ is the set of

numbers that cannot be written as a fraction,
recurring or a terminating number. For example,

5 2
3, 
4
,  7,
9
,  and e. It is represented

by the symbol Q1 or I.

12. The set of ____ is the set of both the rational

and irrational numbers. It is represented by the

symbol R.

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Below is a diagram of the real number system.

We note N  W  Z  Q  R and Q1  R.
So R = Q  Q1. The Venn diagram representing
the set of real numbers is as follows:
U=R

N W Z Q

Q1 = I

Exercise
Place a tick to state the categories each number belongs.

Numbers Whole Natural Integers Rational Irrational

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Numbers Numbers Numbers Numbers

219
– 6048
0
6
11

3
π

15.97
2.718
3

8

Square Numbers

Square numbers are as follows: 12, 22, 32, 42, 52,

62, 72, 82, 92, 102, 112, 122, …

That is, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121,
144, 169, 225, …

NOTE: Square roots

1  1, 4  2, 9  3, 16  4, 25  5, 36  6 , and so on.

Cube Numbers

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Cube numbers: 13, 23, 33, 43, 53, 63, 73, 83, 93,
103, 113, 123, … That is,

1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, …

NOTE: Cube roots

3
1  1, 3
8  2, 3
27  3, 3
64  4, 3
125  5, 3
216  6

and so.

Order of Operation

 Work out the expression in the bracket

first, if there is any

 Apply power or index e.g. squaring or

cubing the number

 Multiplication or division is done before

addition or subtraction, in the order they
appear from left to right.

 In the case of a fraction work out the

numerator first then the denominator
accordingly.

Exercise

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Simplify the following without the use of a

calculator. Hint: a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)

1. 172 – 122 Ans: 145 2. 142 – 92 Ans: 115

3. 162 - 132 Ans: 87 4. 112 – 102 Ans: 21
5. 82 – 52 Ans: 39 6. 212 - 192 Ans: 80

7. 452 - 432 Ans: 176

Finding Square Roots and Cube Roots of a

Number

We can find the square root or cube root of a

number by first rewriting the number in
exponent/index form, then simplify.
1 1
NOTE: (i) a  a 2 (ii) 3
a a 3

n n
(iii) a a
n 2 (iv) 3 a n  a 3 (v) (ax)y = axy

Exercise

Simplify each of the following, without using

calculator.

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a. 4 b. 9 c. 3
8 d. 3
27 e. 25

f. 3
64 g. 64

h. 3
1000 i. 49 j. 81 k. 3
125 l. 3
216

m. 3
343

n. 3
642 o. 813 p. 3
84 q. 1003

r. 3
1252 s. 4
163 t. 5
323

ANSWERS: a. 2 b. 3 c. 2 d. 3 e. 5 f. 4
g. 8 h. 10 i. 7 j. 9 k. 5

l. 6 m. 7 n. 16 o. 729 p. 16 q.
1000 r. 25 s. 8 t. 8

Number Systems

The Place Value Chart for the base 10 system

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

dec.pl. dec.pl. d.p. d.p. d.p.

Ten Thousandth
Ten Million

Hundred Thousand

Ten Thousand

Hundred Thousandth
Thousands
Hundreds
Tens
Units/Ones
Million


Thousandth
Hundredth-
Tenth

Decimal
point
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000

10,000
1,000
100
10
1

1 1 1 1 1

10 100 1000 10000 100000

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Face Value, Place Value and Value

The face value of a digit is the actual digit that is

identified. For example, the face value of

the digit 7 in 2074.931 is 7.

The place value of a digit is the position of the

digit in the place value chart. For example, the
place value of the digit 7 in 2074.931 is tens.

The value of a digit is the product of the face and

place value of the digit. For example, the

value of the digit 7 in 2074.931 is 7 tens or 70.

The Decimal/Denary System (Base 10)

In counting the number of things we always use

groups. The base of a number is the size

of the group used. Our normal counting system is

base ten. The group sizes used are

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multiples of ten. Hence, our counting system is

called the denary system or the decimal

system.

In the denary system we use the ten digits, 0, 1,

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Each digit has a place
value which is a multiple of ten.

Consider 9734.65810 or 9734.658

Face value 9 7 3 4 . 6 5 8

Place Value 103 102 101 100=1 Decimal 10– 1 10– 2 10– 3

point
Value 9  103=9000 700 30 4 0.6 0.05 0.008

9734.65810 = (9x103)+(7x102)+(3x101)+(4x100)+
(6x10– 1)+(5x10– 2)+(8x10– 3)

The Binary System/Base Two System/Bicimal

System

In the binary or bicimal system, we count in

base two. We use the digits 0 and 1. Each

digit in a number has a place value in terms of

powers of two. The largest digit in base
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two is 1, whereas the smallest digit is 0.

Consider 11101.01012
Face Value 1 1 1 0 1 . 0 1 0 1

Place Value 24 23 22 21 20=1 Decimal 2– 1 2– 2 2– 3 2– 4

point

Value 1  24 1  23 1  22 0  21 1 1 0  2–1

Base Four Numbers

In the base four system, we count in base four.
We use the digits 0, 1, 2 and 3. Each digit

in a number has a place value in terms of powers

of four. The largest digit in base four is 3,

whereas the smallest digit is 0.

Consider 1320.13214
Face 1 3 2 0 . 1 3 2 1
Value
Place 43 42 41 40=1 Decimal 4– 1 4– 2 4– 3 4– 4
Value
place
Value

1320.13214 =

Base Eight Numbers

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In the base eight system, we count in base eight.

We use the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Each
digit in a number has a place value in terms of
powers of eight. The largest digit in base eight is
7, whereas the smallest digit is 0.

Consider 5720.34618
Digit 5 7 2 0 . 3 4 6 1
Place 83 82 81 80=1 Decimal 8– 1 8– 2 8– 3 8– 4
Value
place
Value

5720.34618 =

Base Five (Quinary) Numbers

In the base five system, we count in base five.
We use the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Each digit

in a number has a place value in terms of powers

of five. The largest digit in base five is 4,

whereas the smallest digit is 0.

Consider 1420.34215
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Digit 1 4 2 0 . 3 4 2 1
Place 53 52 51 50=1 Decimal 5– 1 5– 2 5– 3 5– 4
Value
place
Value

1420.34215 =

1a) How many digits are there in a:

i. Base 3 system

ii. Base 6 system

iii. Base 7 system

iv. Base 9 system

Copy and complete the table below, for the

highlighted digit.
Number Face Value Place Value Value
a) 3465.987 3 Thousand 3000

b) 6.0142 0 tenth 0

c) 11.01112 1 2– 2 1  2– 2

d) 4213.1025 4 53 4  53

1) 15.369

2) 0.2579

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3) 347.901

4) 8501.69

5) 23.04125

6) 111011.012

7) 260.75418

Counting In Different Number Systems

Exercise

Copy and complete the table below.

Base Base Base Base Bas Bas Bas Base Base Base
10 9 8 7 e6 e5 e4 3 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 10
4 4 4 4 11
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 10
8 8 10
9 10
10 11
11 12
12 13

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Converting a Number to Base Ten

When converting a number from its number base
to base ten, we use the fact that each place value
is a power of its base number.

Exercise

Convert each of the following numbers to the

denary system (base 10) and vice-versa.

a. 1011012 b. 110two c. 3210four

d. 7058 e. 412five

f. 1203 g. 5302six

ANSWERS: a. 45 b. 6 c. 228

d. 453 e. 107 f. 15 g. 1190

Converting a Number from Base Ten to

Another Base

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When converting from a base ten number to

another base, we write down the remainders from
bottom to top obtained after dividing by the
indicated base.

Convert each of the following base ten numbers

to the number base indicated and vice-versa.

a. 14 to base 3 Ans: 1113

b. 1910 to base 5 Ans: 345

c. 15ten to base 2 Ans: 11112

d. 30 to base 4 Ans: 1324

e. 45 to base 6 f. 210 to base 9 g. 40010 to

base 8

ANSWERS: a. 1123 b. 345 c. 11112

d. 1324 e. 1136 f. 2539 g. 6208

Adding Binary Numbers

The following rules apply when adding binary
numbers:

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02 + 02 = 02; 12 + 02 = 12 ; 12 + 12 = 102;
102 + 12 = 112; 112 + 12 = 1002

For example, 1112 + 1012

+ 0 1
1 1 12 0 0 1
+1 0 12 1 1 10
11 0 02

Exercise

Add the following binary (base two) numbers.

a. 11012 + 1112 ANS: 101002
b. 101012 + 10112 ANS: 1000002
c. 11112 + 11112 ANS: 111102
d. 100112 + 110112 ANS: 1011102
e. 1012 + 1112 + 1102 ANS: 100102
f. 10102 + 10112 + 11012 ANS: 1000102
g. 1011012 + 110112 + 110012 + 1112
ANS: 11010002

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Subtracting Binary Numbers

The following rules apply when subtracting
binary numbers:

02 - 02 = 02; 12 - 02 = 12 ; 12 - 12 = 02; 102

– 12 = 12; 112 – 12 = 102; 1002 – 12 = 112

For example, 1112 - 1012

1 1 12
-1 0 12
1 02
Exercise

Compute the following.

a. 110112 - 10102 ANS: 100012

b. 101002 -10102ANS: 10102

c. 1010112 - 111112 ANS: 11002

d. 100102 - 11112 ANS: 112

e. 100002 – 10102 ANS: 1102

f. 10101012 - 1101102 ANS: 111112

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Converting from Base 5 to Base 10

1. Convert each of the following numbers to base
10.
a. 32045 ANS: 429
b. 4105 ANS: 105
c. 13045 ANS: 204
d. 23405 ANS: 345

2. Convert each of the following to base 5.

a. 429 ANS: 32045
b. 105 ANS: 4105
c. 269 ANS: 20345
d. 108 ANS: 4135

Adding Quinary (Base Five) Numbers

The following rules apply when adding base
five numbers:

+ 0 1 2 3 4
0 0 1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 4 10
2 2 3 4 10 11
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3 3 4 10 11 12
4 4 10 11 12 13

For example, 4325 + 1045

4 3 25
+ 1 0 45
1 0 4 15

Exercise

Add the following base five numbers

a) 435 + 345 ANS: 1325

b) 43215 + 34125 ANS: 132335

c) 21345 + 10325 ANS: 32215

d) 401235 + 234105 ANS: 1140335

e) 10245 + 13425 + 40145 ANS: 114405

f) 2415 + 1035 + 4105 + 2345 ANS: 20435

g) 402135 + 24135 + 14025 ANS: 1000335

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Subtracting Quinary (Base Five) Numbers

For example, 34125 - 2035

3 4 1 25
- 2 0 35
3 2 0 45

Exercise

Subtract the following base five numbers.

a) 3215 – 425 ANS: 2245

b) 41325 – 34325 ANS: 2005

c) 30445 – 23415 ANS: 2035

d) 40125 – 31425 ANS: 3205

e) 102435 – 43125 ANS: 4315

f) 3001425 – 132445 ANS: 2313435

g) 124305 – 42035 ANS: 32225

Exercise

Compute the following.

a. 12304 + 23124 ANS: 102024

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b. 30124 – 21304 ANS: 2224

c. 1256 + 3026 + 1306 ANS: 10016

d. 26347 – 15267 ANS: 11057

e. 3218 + 20738 + 1368 ANS: 25528

f. 10223 – 2213 ANS: 1013

g. 120324 + 213014 ANS: 333334

Express One Quantity as a Fraction of

Another.

Note: We must ensure that both quantities have

the same unit before we express one

quantity as a fraction of another.

Exercise

Express the first quantity as a fraction of the

second quantity.

1. 20 cents, $3.00 (100 cents = $1)

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2. 5 days, 4 weeks

3. 9 months, 5 years

4. 17 cm, 6 m (1 m = 100 cm)

5. 25 kg, 8 tonnes (1 tonne = 1000 kg)

Sequences of Numbers – Page 28 R. Toolsie’s,

textbook

A sequence of numbers is a set of numbers that

follows a mathematical rule. Each

number in the sequence is called a term and is

given a value according to its position.

Exercise
Identify the rule for each of the following
sequence and fill in the blanks.
a. 3, 15, 75, ____

b. 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, ____

c. 7, 6, 8, 7, 9, ____

d. 1, 4, 9, ____, 25

e. 3, 12, 48, ___, ____, 3072

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f. - 9, - 6, - 3, 0, 3, _____

g. - 8, - 4, - 2, - 1, ____

h. 5, 6, 9, 14, 21, ____

i. 8, 10, 14, ____, 28, ____

j. 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, ____, 8, 13, ____

k. 0, 1, 8, 27, ___, 125, ____

Commutative Law

The commutative law for an arithmetic operation

deals with the order in which the

operation is performed, does not affect the result.

Thus: 2 + 6 + 9 = 9 + 2 + 6 = 17 and

2  3  5 = 5  2  3 = 30.

Hence, addition of numbers and the

multiplication of numbers are both commutative.

Now 7 – 2  2 – 7, that is, 5  – 5.

2 1
Also, 8  2 2  8, that is 4  or . Hence,
8 4

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subtraction of numbers and division of numbers

are both non-commutative.

Associative Law

The associative law for an arithmetic operation

deals with grouping the numbers and

the result remains unchanged. Thus,

3 + 4 + 7 = (3 + 4) + 7 = 3 + (4 + 7) = 14 and

2  4  5 = (2  4)  5 = 2  (4  5) = 40. Hence, the

addition of numbers and the multiplication

of numbers are both associative.

Now 9 – 5 – 2 = (9 – 5) – 2  9 – (5 – 2),

that is 2 = 2  6 and

8  4  2= (8  4)  2  8  (4  2), that is 1  4. Hence,

the subtraction of numbers and the division of
numbers are both non-associative.

Distributive Law

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The distributive law for an arithmetic operation

deals with the multiplication of

numbers in brackets.

3  (4 + 7) = 3  4 + 43  7 = 12 + 21 = 33 and

4  (8 – 3) = 4  8 – 4  3 = 32 – 12 = 20. Hence,
multiplication is distributive with

respect to addition of numbers and the

subtraction of numbers.

Activity

Answer the following.

1. 5×6 + 5×3 is the same as:

A. 5×6

B. 6+3

C. 5×9

D. 5+9

2. 7×5 – 7×2 is the same as:

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A. 7×3

B. 5 – 2

C. 7 – 3

D. 5×7

3. 12×8 – 12×3 is the same as:

A. 12×3

B. 12×5

C. 8 – 3

D. 12 – 5

Identity Element for Addition

The identity for an operation leaves the original

number unchanged under the operation.

If zero is added to any number, then the sum is

the original number. Thus:

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i. 4 + 0 = 4 ii. 0 + 3 = 3 iii. – 4 + 0 = – 4
iv. 0 + (– 3) = – 3

Zero is the identity element for the addition of

numbers.

Identity Element for Multiplication

If any number is multiplied by 1, then the

product is the original number. Thus:

i. 8  1 = 8 ii. 1  9=9
iii. – 8  1 = – 8 iv. 1  (– 9) = – 9

One is the identity element for the multiplication

of numbers.

Inverse for Numbers under Addition

The inverse of a number for a given operation

combines with the number under the operation to
give the identity. Thus:

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The inverse of 5 under addition is – 5, since

5 + ( – 5) = 0 (identity).

The inverse of – 3 under addition is 3, since

– 3 + 3 = 0 (identity).

Inverse for Numbers under Multiplication

The definition for the inverse was stated above.

Thus:

1
The inverse of 6 under multiplication is , since
6

1
6 = 1 (identity)
6

1
The inverse of – 7 under multiplication is  ,
7

 1

since – 7  7  = 1 (identity)


Multiplication by Zero

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If any number is multiplied by zero, the product

is always zero. Thus:

i. 8  0 = 0 ii. 0  7 = 0

iii. – 3  0 = 0 iv. 0  ( – 1) = 0

Division by Zero

If any number is divided by zero, the result is

infinity. Thus:

3  4
i. = ii.  
0 0

The following table gives the Divisibility Rules

for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
Divisibilty Rules
A number is divisible by
2 If last digit is zero or even
3 If the sum of the digits is a multiple of 3
4 If the last two digits is a multiple of 4
5 If the last digit is 0 or 5
6 If the number is a multiple of 2 and 3
7 Cross off last digit, double it and subtract. Repeat if you want. If
new number is a multiple of 7, the original number is a multiple of
7
8 If the last 3 digits is a multiple of 8
9 If the sum of the digits is a multiple of 9
10 If the last digit is 0
11 Subtract the last digit from the number formed by the remaining
digits. If new number is a multiple of 11, the original number is a
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multiple of 11
12 If the number is divisible by 3 and 4

Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.)

The H.C.F. of a set of numbers is the highest
number which can divide each of the set of
numbers without leaving a remainder.

Exercise
Find the H.C.F. for the following set of
numbers.
1. 56, 28, 40 ANS: 4
2. 30, 45, 60 ANS: 15
3. 65, 70, 80 ANS: 5
4. 54, 192, 96 ANS: 6
5. 240, 160, 340 ANS: 20
Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M.)
The L.C.M. of a set of numbers is the
lowest number for which each of the
set of numbers can go into without
leaving a remainder.
Exercise
Find the L.C.M. for the following
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set of numbers.
1. 2, 5, 6 ANS: 30
2. 4, 8, 12 ANS: 24
3. 5, 9, 6 ANS: 90
4. 7, 8, 14 ANS: 56
5. 3, 7, 9 ANS: 63
Arranging Fractions in Ascending or
Descending order
Note: Express each set of fractions with a
common denominator. Then compare
for the order of size.
OR
Express each fraction as a percentage. Then
compare for the order of size.
Exercise
Arrange the following fractions in ascending
order (smallest to the largest).
3 4 2 1 3 1 2 4
1. , , , ANS: , , ,
8 5 3 2 8 2 3 5
2 4 1 7 7 1 2 4
2. , , , ANS: , , ,
3 5 2 30 30 2 3 5
7 1 13 27 1 13 27 7
3. , , ,
11 2 22 44
ANS: , , ,
2 22 44 11
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5 1 7 3 1 7 3 5
4. , , ,
6 2 12 4
ANS: , , ,
2 12 4 6
7 2 1 3 1 3 2 7
5. , , , ANS: , , ,
10 3 2 5 2 5 3 10

Arrange the following fractions in descending

order.
7 2 1 3 7 2 3 1
1. , , , ANS: , , ,
10 3 2 5 10 3 5 2
3 7 3 5 7 3 5 3
2. , , , ANS: , , ,
4 9 7 8 9 4 8 7
5 1 7 3 5 3 1 7
3. , , , ANS: , , ,
6 2 12 4 6 4 2 12
2 4 1 7 4 2 1 7
4. , , , ANS: , , ,
3 5 2 30 5 3 2 30
3 4 2 1 4 2 1 3
5. , , , ANS: , , ,
8 5 3 2 5 3 2 8

Computation

Approximation

An approximation is a stated value of a number

that it is close to, but not equal to.

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The Place Value Chart

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

d.p. d.p. d.p. d.p. d.p.

Ten Thousandth

Hundred Thousandth


Thousandth
Thousands

Units/Ones

Hundredth
Hundreds

Tenth
Tens

Decima
l point

Rounding off to the nearest whole number

When correcting a number to the nearest whole

number, we examine the digit value of the first
decimal place. If the digit value in the first
decimal place is 5 or more, we add 1to the whole
number part and leave out the decimal part.
However, if the digit value in the first decimal
place is less than 5, we do not add 1 but leave out
the decimal part.

Example

Write each of the following numbers correct to

the nearest whole number.

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a. 174.573 Ans. 175

b. 2.999 Ans. 3

c. 25.47 Ans. 25

d. 0.068 Ans. 0

1. 348.379

2. 70.817

3. 19.635

4. 28.15

5. 6999.749

Rounding off to the Nearest Tens

When correcting a number to the nearest ten, we

examine the digit value of the units/ones place. If
the digit value in the units place is 5 or more, we
add 1to the digit value of the tens and leave out
the decimal part. However, if the digit value in
the units place is less than 5, we do not add 1 but

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just leave out the decimal part and place zero at

the unit place as a place holder.

Example

Write each of the following numbers correct to

the nearest tens.

a. 25.36 Ans. 30

b. 12.958 Ans. 10

c. 348.5036 Ans. 350

d. 1,292.36 Ans. 1290

1. 3,456.214

2. 6.528

3. 72.369

4. 1699.852

5. 102.598

6. 4.925

7. 7.673
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Approximation – Decimal Places

When rounding off a number to the specified

number of decimal places, we look at the digit
value that follows, reading from left to right. If
the digit value that follows is 5 or more, we add
1to the specified decimal digit, keep the whole
number part and leave out the decimal part that
comes after it. However, if the digit value of the
specified decimal place is less than 5, we do not
add 1 but just leave out the decimal part that
follows after it and keep the whole number part.

Example

Express each of the following numbers to the

number of decimal places indicated in the
bracket.

a. 6.07 (1 d.p.) Ans. 6.1

b. 124.06981 (3 d.p.) Ans. 124.070

c. 0.021458 (2 d.p.) Ans 0.02

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1. 17.823 (1 d.p.)

2. 6987.245601 (3 d.p.)

3. 180.50361 (2 d.p.)

4. 8.1973 (1 dec. pl.)

5. 0.09876 (2 dec. pl.)

Approximation – Significant Figures

When rounding off a number correct to a

specified number of significant figures, we
examine the digit value of the number that comes
after it. If the digit value is 5 or more, we add 1to
the specified number digit value. However, if the
digit value that comes after the specified number
of significant figure is less than 5, we do not add
1.

NOTE: The first significant figure cannot be

zero. The first significant figure of a number is

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the first non-zero (not zero) digit that occurs in

the number, reading from left to right.

Example

Express the number 195.8024 correct to the

number of significant figure(s) stated.

a. 6 s.f. Ans. 195.802

b. 5 s.f. Ans. 195.80

c. 4 s.f. Ans. 195.8

d. 3 s.f. Ans. 196

e. 2 s.f. Ans. 200

f. 1 s.f. Ans. 200

Express the number 0.00206398457 correct to

the number of significant figure(s) stated.

a. 6 s.f. Ans. 0.00206398

b. 5 s.f. Ans. 0.0020640

c. 4 s.f. Ans. 0.002064

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d. 3 s.f. Ans. 0.00206

e. 2 s.f. Ans. 0.0021

f. 1 s.f. Ans. 0.002

Standard Form or Scientific Notation

A number which is written in the form a x 10n,

where 1 ≤ a < 10 and n  Z is said to be written
in standard form or scientific notation.

We move the decimal point in the given number

to obtain a number between 0 and 10.

The exponent or index or power n is the number

of places the decimal point was moved.

n is positive if the given number is greater than

10 and negative if the given number is between 0
and 1. Otherwise, n = 0.

Example

Express each of the following numbers in

standard form (scientific notation).
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a. 841902 Ans. 8.41902 x 105

b. 0.00047935 Ans. 4.7935 x 10 – 4

c. 7495 (correct to 1 d.p.) Ans 7.5 x 103

d. 0.057849 (correct to 2 d.p.) Ans.5.78 x 10 – 2

Activity

1. Calculate 2.01  0.015, giving your answer:

a. exactly

b. correct to 3 sig. fig.

c. correct to 2 dec. pl.

d. in standard form

e. to the nearest whole number

2. Calculate 47.021  3.6, giving your answer:

a. exactly

b. correct to 2 sig. fig.

c. 3 dec. pl.
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d. nearest hundreds

e. in standard form

3. Compute 1718.052  67.8, giving your

answer:

a. exactly

b. correct to 3 sig. fig.

c. 1 dec. pl.

d. nearest tens

e. in standard form

4. Evaluate 0.0074375  1.7, giving your

answer:

a. exactly

b. 4 dec. pl.

c. nearest thousandth

d. 3 sig. fig.
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e. in standard form

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Computation – Fractions and Decimals

Fractions
A fraction is part of a whole. The whole is
represented as 100%. A whole is considered as a
quantity when the numerator and the denominator
are the same. In a fraction, the number at the top is
called the numerator and the number at the bottom
is called the denominator. The line between the
number at the top and the number at the bottom is
called the ‘fraction bar’ or vinculum.

numerator

vinculum or fraction bar

denominator

The fraction above represents 3 equal parts out of a

total of 7 equal parts. The whole would be 7 equal

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parts out of a total of 7 equal parts which equates to

7
one. That is, 7
 1.

A proper fraction is a rational number whose

numerator is less than its denominator. For
2 3 7 12
example, , , ,
9 4 10 97
.

An improper fraction is a rational number whose

numerator is greater than its denominator. For
31 15 23 12
example, , , , .
4 2 9 7

A mixed number consists of the sum of a whole

number and a rational number. For example,
3 1 3 2
2 , 7 , 1 ,
4 2 9
6
7
.

3 3 1 1 3 3 2 2
Note: 2
4
 2 , 7  7 ,
4 2 2
1
9
1 ,
9
6  6
7 7

Activity

1. State whether each of the following fraction is a

mixed number, proper or improper fraction.

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5 51 5 20 69
a. 8 b. c. 19
d. 13
e. 100
7 6

1 4
f. 12
3
g. 11

Exercise

Express each of the following improper fractions as

a mixed number.
51 20 25 43
a. b. c. d.
6 13 4 11

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Changing from a Mixed Number to an

Improper Fraction

To change a mixed number into an improper

fraction, we multiply the whole number by the
denominator and add the numerator, then write the
result over the denominator.

Exercise

Express each of the following as an improper

fraction.
5 1 4 3
a. 8 b. 12 c. 5 d. 12
7 3 11 4

Equivalent Fractions

Equivalent fractions are fractions which have the

same value. This can be shown when they are
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reduced to their lowest term. We can make

equivalent fractions by multiplying or dividing the
numerator and the denominator by the same value.

What do you notice about the three shapes below in

the first diagram?

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Exercise

Determine the equivalent fraction for each of the

following fractions with the denominator or

numerator indicated.
4
a. , denominator 36
12

3
b. , numerator 21
5

4
c. , denominator 3
12

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24
d. 30
, numerator 8

9
e. , numerator 45
10

40
f. 120
, denominator 18

24
g. , numerator 5.
48

Enrichment

Reduce each of the following fractions to its

simplest form.
24 65 24 130 112
a. 200
b. 70
c. 42
d. 455
e. 128

210 60
f. 252
g. 108

Order of Operation

 Work out the expression in the bracket first,

if there are any
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 Apply power or index e.g. squaring or

cubing the number

 Multiplication or division is done before

addition or subtraction, in the order they appear
from left to right.

 In the case of a fraction work out the

numerator first then the denominator
accordingly.

Performing Operations on Fractions and

Decimals
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions
Note: We can only add or subtract the numerator of
fractions which have a common denominator.
3 4 3  5 4  8 15 32 47 7
For example,      
8 5 8  5 5  8 40 40 40
or 1
40

15 32 15  32
Note: 
40 40
is the same as 40
.

4 1 4  2 1 5 8 5 3
     
5 2 5  2 2  5 10 10 10

8 5 85
Note: 
10 10
is the same as 10
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Multiplication and Division of Fractions

Note: When multiplying or dividing fractions, we

do not find a common denominator.

Multiplication of Fractions

When multiplying fractions, we can cancel a

numerator and a denominator if possible. Then we
multiply numerator by numerator all over, the
denominator multiplied by the other denominator.
3 4 3 1 3
For example,     .
8 5 2 5 10

Division of Fractions

When dividing by a fraction we multiply by the

dividend reciprocal of the divisor. The divisor is
the fraction immediately to the right of the division

3 4 3 5 15
sign. For example,    
8 5 8 4 32

Activity – Fraction, Decimal and Percentage

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1. JANUARY 2016 – Ques. 1 a, b

a)

ANSWER: 2.88

b)

2. MAY 2016 – Ques. 1 a, c

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3
ANSWER:
4

b)

3.

May 2015

137 17
ANSWER: 30 OR 4
30

4.
May 2015

5.

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May 2014

6.

23 7
ANSWER: OR 2
8 8

Jan. 2014
Answer: 2.40 (2 dec. pl.)
7.
7
ANSWER:
8

Jan. 2012
8.

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ANSWER: i) 86.65

2
ii)
21

Jan. 2011
9.

29
ANSWER: i)
48

May 2009
10.

May 2008

ANSWER: i) 1.873

34 4
ii) or 2
15 15

11. MAY 2007

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ANSWER: a) 8.89
144 3
b) i. 40 ii. 720 iii. 
1200 25

12. May 2006

ANSWERS: a) i. 151.208

CSEC Mathematics
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Fractions and Decimals Worksheet

1. Using a calculator or otherwise, calculate the
exact value of:
a. (2.67  4.1) – 1.32. (Jan 2013)
Ans: 9.257

b. 5.25  0.015 Ans: 350

c. 6.5025 Ans: 2.55

d. 3.142 x 2.2362 (May 2014) Ans: 15.709

4 1
1 
5 3 11
e. 2 ANSWER: 18
2
5

1.5625   0.32 
2
f. (May 2013)
g. (12.8)2 – (30  0.375) (Jan 2015)

2. Give your answer as a fraction in its lowest term:

1 2
3  19
5 3
4 (May 2012) ANSWER:
2
5
21
3. Evaluate: May 2015
May 2015
4. Using a calculator or otherwise, determine the
exact value of:
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1 1
2 1
4 8 3
a. 1 ANSWER:
4 4
2
b. 3.96 x 0.25 – 0.0256 (May 2011)
c.  5.8 2
 1.02   2.5 (Jan 2011)

5. Write your answer as a decimal to 2 significant

figures:
2
 4 2  1
a. 

4
5
 2
3
  1 
  3
(June 1989)
1
ANSWER: 45

2 5
5 3
7 7 15 1
b. 4 (June 1992) ANSWER: 2
OR 7
2
42
5

1 1
3 1
3 5 15 7
c. 1 1 (Jan 1990) ANSWER: 8
OR 1
8
3 1
3 5

6. Calculate the exact value of:

1  1  13
a. 4  1  3  (Jun 2005) ANSWER:
5  9  15
b. 0.03 x 10.3
c. 6 (3 – 1.47) (Jun 1988)

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7. Find the exact value and write your answer to

1 decimal place:
7.5
a. 2.55 x 6.3 – 1.25
(Jun 1987)

8. Give your answer to 2 significant figures:

0.023
a. 0.351
(Jun 1990)
0.0402
b. 0.71
(Jun 1998)
9. Determine the exact value of:
1 2
1  1
2 5
a. 2 3 ANSWER:
4 
5 4
3
2 2.89
b. 2.5 – 17
(give answer for b to 2 significant
figures) (May 2010) Ans: 6.1

10. Simplify:
ANSWER: 1.7
(May 2015).

2 1
11. Farmer Dan used of his land for oranges,
9 6
7
for apples, for mangoes and the remainder for
18
grapes.

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a. Calculate the total fraction of the land used for

14 7
all fruits except grapes. ANSWER: 18 OR 9

b. What fraction of the land was used for grapes?

4 2
ANSWER: 18
OR 9

3
12. Mark spends of his monthly income on
8
1
housing. Of the remainder, he spends on food
3
and saves what is left.

a. Calculate the fraction of his monthly income

5
spent on food. ANSWER: 24

b. Calculate the fraction of his monthly income

10 5
that he saved. ANSWER: 
24 12

Arithmetic Operations on Numbers

Order of Operation (reminder)

 Work out the expression in the bracket, if

any

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 Apply powers or index e.g. squaring or

cubing the number

 Multiplication or division is done before

addition or subtraction, in the order they appear
from left to right.

 In the case of a fraction work out the

numerator first then the denominator.

Exercise
Simplify the following, without the use of a
calculator.
1. 24  8  4 2. 24  8  4
3. 5 + 32 4. 28 – 12  4
5. 5 + 3  2
6. (3  2 – 1) + (44  11 – 7)
7. (7 – 4)  9  (8  2  3)
8. 5.32  0.46
9. 73.12  2.4 10. 39.48 – 7.395
11. 4.57 + 0.8316 + 25 12. 7  8

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13. 45 – 2(4 + 2  3) 14. 10 – (12 – 6  3)

15. 25 – 5 + 16  4  2

Expressing a Decimal Number as a Fraction

Exercise
Express each of the following as a fraction in its
lowest state.
1) 0.45 2) 0.125 3) 0.375
4) 6.25 5) 12.75 6) 5.02 7) 18.625
Percentage
A percentage is a number or rate expressed out
of 100.
17
For example, 17% is 100
.
Conversion Among Fractions, Decimals and
Percentage

Exercise
Copy and complete the table below. Show all working below the table.

Fractions Decimal Percentage

3
1.
4
2. 0.125

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3. 2.5%
4. 0.65
5. 45%
2
6.
5
7. 0.8
8. 25%
14
9.
25
10. 0.32

Exercise
Calculate the following.
1. What is 30% of $600?
2. What is 0.45% of $500? Ans: $2.25
3. 25% of a certain volume is 60 cm3.
Calculate the total volume. Ans: 240 cm3
4. A student scored 16 out of 40 in an English
test. What was the students’ percentage score?
5. Express 17 as a percentage of 60, exactly.
6. There are 530 students in a school and
30% are footballers.

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a. What percentage of the school are not

footballers?
b. How many students are not footballers?
7. A mathematics book has 360 pages, of
which 50% are on Algebra, 20% on Geometry
and the remainder on Arithmetic.
a. What percentage of the book is on
Arithmetic?
b. How many pages of Arithmetic are
there in the book? Ans: 108 pages
8. The price of a car that cost $27,000 last
year increased by 12.5% this year. What is
the present cost of the car? Ans: $30,375
9. A concert is attended by 2500 people. If
47% are adult females and 32% are adult males,
how many children attended the concert?
Ans 525 children
10. Express 45 as a percentage of 25.
11. What percentage of 20 is 17?
12. What percentage of 17 is 20?

Finding the square root of a number

Note: x2  x , y2  y , m2  m

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Exercise
Simplify the following, without using a
calculator.
49 81
1. 64
2. 100
3. 0.16 4. 0.09

0.36
5. 2.25 6. 0.0256
Ans: 15/4

0.0016
7. 0.25
Ans: 2/25

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Ratio
A ratio refers to a comparison between
measures of the same quantity carried out by
division.
Exercise
Answer the following.
1. The sum of $25,000 was divided among
two consultants in the ratio 2:3. What is the
amount of the smaller share?
Answer $10,000
2. A sum of money is divided among two
friends in the ratio 4:11. If the smaller amount
is $420, find the larger amount. Answer
$1,155
3. Two lengths are in the ratio 7:8. If the first
length is 273m, what is the second length?
Answer 312 m
4. Natasha and Tricia shared a sum of money
in the ratio 5:3 respectively. If Tricia’s share
was $126.75, calculate:
a) Natasha’s share Answer $211.25[]
b) the total sum of money shared.
Answer $338

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5. A sum of money was shared among

Albert, Bruce and Christine in the ratio 3:7:10
respectively. If Bruce received $660 more
than Albert, determine the sum of money
shared. Answer $3,300

6. A sum of money is divided among Yuri,

Anna and Maria in the ratio 4:7:9
respectively. If Anna’s share amounts to
$1295, calculate:
a) the total sum of money shared
Answer $3700
b) Yuri’s share Answer $740
c) the percentage of the total amount that
Maria received. Answer 45%
7. A sum of money was shared among three
daughters, Ann, Beryl and Candy, in the ratio
2:5:8 respectively. If Ann received $510 less
than Candy, evaluate the sum of money
shared. Answer $1,275
8. The sum of $3500 is divided among
Adrian, Sean and James. Sean received half,

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 71

Adrian received $850 and James received the

remainder. Calculate:
a. Sean’s share Answer $1,750
b. James share Answer $900
c. The ratio in which the $3500 was divided
among the three persons. ANS: 17:35:18
9. John, Peter and Mary shared a sum of
money in the ratio 2:4:9, respectively. Mary
and Peter together received $780. How much
money in all was shared? Answer $900
10. The sum of $2,040 was shared among
Akeme, Shawna and Kissis. Kissis received
$720 more than Akeme. Akeme received
$360. Determine:
a) Shawna’s amount Answer $600

b) the ratio into which $2,040 was divided

among the three persons.

Answer 9:3:5
(Practice Questions, Ex. 3r Page 81)

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 72

Direct Proportion – Page 82, R. Toolsie’s

textbook
Two quantities are said to be in direct
proportion, they increase or decrease using a
constant multiplier. That is, if one quantity is
doubled, then the other is doubled also. If we
halve one quantity the other is also halved.
For example, if the cost of 2 gleaners is $300,
then the cost of 4 gleaners would be $600.

Exercise

Answer the following.

1. The cost of 26 articles is $214.50.

Calculate the cost of:
a. one article Ans: $8.25
b. 15 articles Ans: $123.75
2. Eggs cost $5.40 per dozen. What is the

cost for 25 eggs? Ans: $11.25

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3. A train travels 240 km in 42 hours. How

long would it take to complete 350 km?

Ans: 61.25 hours

4. A 5 kg bag of peas cost $17.90. Calculate

the cost of a 9 kg bag of peas at the same rate.

Ans: $32.22

5. A car travels 240 km on 20 litres of petrol.

How many litres of petrol is needed to travel

600 km? Ans: 50 litres

6. The cost of 8 sweets is $320. What is the

cost for 5 sweets? Ans: $200
7. It cost $112 to cut a lawn of area 56 m2.
What amount would it cost to cut a lawn of
area 99 m2? Ans: $198

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 74

Inverse Proportion – Page 87, R. Toolsie’s

textbook
One quantity is said to be inversely
proportional to another quantity, if when the
first quantity is doubled, the second quantity
is halved. And if the first quantity is halved
the second quantity is doubled. For example,
if two men can weed a compound in 6 days,
then 4 men working at the same rate can
weed the compound in 3 days.

Exercise

Answer the following.

1. If 12 men can sew 180 shirts in 5 days,

how long will it take 15 men to sew the 180
shirts? Ans: 4 days

2. Twelve men produce 700 watches in 9

working days. How long would it take 18
men to produce the 700 watches?

Ans: 6 days

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 75

3. A field of grass feeds 28 cows for 6 days.

How many days would the same field feed 21
cows? Ans: 8 days

4. If 9 women can sew 375 dresses in 8

weeks, calculate the time it would take 4
women to perform the same task.

Ans: 18 weeks

5. Nine taps fill a water tank in 3 hours. How

many hours would it take to fill the tank if
only three taps are working? Ans: 9 hours

6. A rice farmer employs 15 men to harvest

his crop. The men took 12 days to do the job.
If he employed 9 men, how many days would
it have taken them? Ans: 20 days

7. If 4 men can paint a house in 12 days, how

long would it take 6 men to complete the
same task? Ans: 8 days

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 76

The Metric System

The metric system consist of basic quantities

such as length, mass, time, temperature with
corresponding basic units, metre (m), gram
(g), seconds(sec), degree Celsius (0C)
respectively.
Conversion from One Unit to Another

Prefix Symbol Multiplication

factor
kilo k 1000
hecto h 100
deca da 10
deci d 0.1
centi c 0.01
milli m 0.001

Length: km, hm, dam, m, dm, cm, mm

(descending order of units)
Mass: kg, hg, dag, g, dg, cg, mg (descending
order of units)
Note: 1000 cm3 = 1 litre,
1 cm = 10 mm, 100 cm = 1 m
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 77

1 kg = 2.21 pounds
1 tonne = 1000 kg

Note: When changing from a larger unit to a

smaller unit we multiply by the respective
power of ten.
However, when changing from a smaller unit
to a larger unit we divide by the respective
power of ten.
Exercise
Write the correct value on the line provided.
1) 34.56 cm = ______m Answer 0.3456
2) 8.107 mm = _____dm
Answer 0.08107
3) 4.72 kg = ______ hg Answer 47.2
4) 345.09 m = ______ km Answer 0.34509
5) 4.5 litre = ______ cm3 Answer 4,500
6) 670.2 cm3 = _____ litres
Answer 0.6702
7) 80.321 g = _____ mg Answer 80,321
8) 10.87 dam = ____ km Answer 0.1087

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 78

9) 9.3 litres = _____ cm3 Answer 9,300

10) 45.981 mm = _____ m Answer
0.045981
[Practice question – Page 107 Exercise 4a, R.
Toolsie textbook]

Change from 24 –hour to 12 –hour system

and vice-versa (Page 154, R. Toolsie)
Exercise
1. Copy and complete the table below.

12-hour system 24-hour system

a. 3:00 am
b. 5:00 pm
c. 07:30 hrs.
d. 21:15 hrs.
e. 11:40 pm

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 79

2. Calculate the length of time in hours and

minutes for the following pairs of time
extracted from an airline time schedule.
Time of Time of Arrival
Departure
a. 3:39 a.m. 6:43 a.m.
b. 7:38 a.m. 11:18 a.m.
c. 12:15 p.m. 2:30 p.m.
d. 1:15 p.m. 3:12 p.m.
e. 10:45 a.m. 7:32 p.m.
f. 9:12 p.m. 6:45 a.m. (next day)
g. 8:45 p.m. 7:30 p.m. (next day)

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