Eddy Current Chapter 4 Procedures PDF
Eddy Current Chapter 4 Procedures PDF
Eddy Current Chapter 4 Procedures PDF
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Shanghai 上海
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Greek letter
(4.1a)
(4.1b)
Where:
f = frequency
σ = IACS
μr = relative permeability
ρ = resistivity mW-cm
Where: μ = μ0 x μr
Where:
δ = Standard Depth of Penetration (mm)
π = 3.14
f = Test Frequency (Hz)
μ = Magnetic Permeability (H/mm)
σ = Electrical Conductivity (% IACS)
(1/e)3 or 5% of
1/e or 37% of surface density at
surface density at material interface
target
(1/e)
(1/e)2
(1/e)3
FIG. 4.1. Eddy current distribution with depth in a thick plate and resultant phase lag.
Keywords:
For large probes and thick samples, this depth is about three standard depths
of penetration. Unfortunately, for most components and practical probe sizes,
this depth will be less than 3δ.
Keywords:
Both the signal voltage and current will have this phase shift or lag with depth,
which is different from the phase angle discussed earlier. (With the phase
angle, the current shifted with respect to the voltage.)
Eq. (4.2).
Where:
β = phase lag
X = distance below surface
δ = standard depth of penetration
Keywords:
■ By measuring the phase lag of a signal the depth of a defect can be
estimated
■ Weighted average
Keywords:
Phase lag is a parameter of the eddy current signal that makes it possible to
obtain information about the depth of a defect within a material.
Where:
β = phase lag
X = distance below surface in mm.
δ = standard depth of penetration in mm.
When testing for flaws such as cracks, it is essential that the eddy current
flow be at a large angle (preferably perpendicular) to the crack to obtain
maximum response. If eddy current flow is parallel to the defect there will be
little or no disruption of currents and hence no coil impedance change. When
testing for flaws parallel to the surface, such as laminations, a horseshoe
shaped probe (a gap probe with a very large gap) may have reasonable
sensitivity.
(4.3)
where
Rt = resistivity of the metal at the test temperature,
R0 = resistivity of the metal at standard temperature
α = resistivity temperature coefficient
T = difference between the standard and test temperature (°C).
Where:
IACS = international annealed copper standard
ρ = resistivity (unit?)
Note:
m/S – meter per Siemens ? Reciprocal of conductivity?
The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm.meter (Ω.m)
All other conductivity values are related back to this conductivity of annealed
copper. Therefore, iron with a conductivity value of 1.04 x 107 S/m, has a
conductivity of approximately 18% of that of annealed copper and this is
reported as 18% IACS.
An interesting side note is that commercially pure copper products now often
have IACS conductivity values greater than 100% IACS because processing
techniques have improved since the adoption of the standard in 1913 and
more impurities can now be removed from the metal.
Keywords:
Conductivity (1/Ω or mho) is defined as the reciprocal of resistivity.
%IACS = 172.41/ρ ( or 172.41 x Conductivity?)
These two sources of error can be reduced by decreasing the range between
the conductivity standards and using standards of the same or approximately
the same temperature coefficient of electrical resistivity as the test part.
Because all aluminum alloys have approximately the same rate of change of
electrical resistivity with temperature change, aluminium conductivity
standards are preferred for aluminium alloys. Conductivity measurements
should not be performed under conditions where the relative humidity
exceeds 85%.
Keywords:
Conductivity measurements should not be performed under conditions where
the relative humidity exceeds 85%.
(4.3)
Eq. (4.2).
Keywords:
Band pass filters: use combinations of both types of circuitry to promote
response over a specific range of frequencies and suppress frequencies
above and below this range.
Filtered signal
Keywords:
Eddy current inspection of magnetic materials for defects is difficult or
impossible because of random permeability variation
In addition there are skin depth limitations.
where
η = fill factor
D1 = part diameter
D2 = coil diameter
4.4.5 Compensation
To optimize probe coupling numerous techniques can be employed, these
include;
(a) The use of mechanical guide/holders and spring loaded probes can assist
in reducing the effect of lift off.
(b) Appropriate probe diameter to maximize fill factor.
(4.7)
where
S = speed of probe movement (mm/s)
W = probe width (mm)
w = crack width (mm)
Keywords:
FInstrument > Fresponse
FInstrument = 2 x Fresponse (desirable)
Comment:
FInstrument is an equipment characteristic determined by the equipment
manufacturer by experiment?
Comments:
There are 2 response frequencies:
■ Instrument response frequency.
■ Scanning response frequency.
More than one reference plate would be required to cover a complete range
of materials.
Keywords:
For most crack detection inspections a secondary NDT method is commonly
employed to confirm results.
Level 1 certified personnel shall not be responsible for the choice of test
method or technique to be used, nor for the assessment of test results.
Keywords:
nor for the assessment of test results. (reporting the result?)
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