ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Water Demand

(i) The designing of treatment plant is done on the basis of water demand hence
following quantities must be assessed before designing the treatment plant.
1. Total volume of water required in a year = V
(Annual draft /demand)
V
2. Total volume of water required in a day =
365
(Annual average daily draft/demand)
V
3. Total volume of water required in a day by each individual =
365P
P = population at the end of design life.
(Annual average per capital daily draft)
(ii) Total water demand comprises of following demand:
a. Domestic water demand
i. It is the amount of water required for all domestic activities like
drinking, cooking, washing, bathing etc.
ii. For city having full flushing system it varies between 135 – 225
Lit/capita/day. Normally taken 200 lpcd.
b. Industrial water demand
i. It is the amount of water required for all industrial activities in the city.
ii. It varies between 50 – 450 lpcd.
c. Institutional water demand
i. The amount of water required to meet all requirement of institute of all
locality i.e. schools, hospitals, hotels.
ii. It varies between 20 – 50 lpcd.
d. Water for public use
i. It is the quantity of water required to meet the public requirements like
cleaning of roads, gardening.
ii. It is normally taken to be 10 lpcd.
e. Fire demand
i. It is the quantity of water required for fire hazards in the city.
 ii. It is taken as 1 lpcd. Or it may be also computed as

QFire =100 P kilo Lil. P in thousands

(as per GOI manual)

Total water demand is addition of all above demand,it is taken to 250 – 350 lpcd.

Factors affecting water demand

1. Size of city: Larger city will include more industrial, institutional public usage & fire
demand.
2. Climate : In summer more water will be used.
3. Industrial activity: More industrial activities more is water demand.
4. Sewerage system : If sewerage system is water carrying, water demand will be more in
the city & for conservatory system, it is less.
5. Quality: Better will be the quality more is the water demand
6. Cost of water : More cost of water will reduce water demand i.e. the water will be used
more judicially.
7. Type of distribution system: Wastage of water will be more in continuous system than
intermittent water supply system. Thus water demand is more due to more usage in
continuous system.
8. Pressure: More pressure more losses and thus more water demand.

Fluctuation in water demand

Avg demond
Q

8-10 am
time

Variation of water demand in a day

Max daily demand = 1.8 × Avg daily demand.

Max hourly demand = 1.5 ×(Avg. demand of max. day)

Max hourly demand = 1.5 (1.8 × avg daily demand / 24)

 = 2.7 (avg hourly demand of max day)

Note :

In general ratio of max.demand to avg. demand for a particular duration can be

calculated using Good Rich equation.

max.demand
P= =180 t - 10
avg.demand

Where t – time duration in days.

6 5
8 x =129 68 x = 365 s =3
52 s = 10006
63

( x - x1 )2
s =
n
Coincident draft/demand: It is max of the max hourly demand or aggregate of max. daily
demand and fire demand.

Design life and design discharge of treatment units

Component design life design discharge

Source-dam/ reserve 50 QMD

Pumping mains (before treatment) 30 QMD

Pumps 15 QMD

Water treatment plant 15 QMD

Gravity moins (after treatment) 30 QMD

Service reservoirs 15 Q = (Balancing storage +

fire demand + emergency
storage)

Distribution system 30
Storage capacity of service reservoir :

(i) The designing of service reservoir is done for the storage of water required in meeting
following demands.
Balancing storage
Fire demand
Emergency storage

demand line

empty condition supply line

D

commutative
supply/demand C

B
Full condition

time

(i) Initially rate of supply is more than rate of demand (from slope) which
meanswater is stored in reservoir (accumulated).
(ii) The max accumulation occurs at point B (full reservoir).
(iii) After point B. slope of demand line is increasing i.e. demand role is more than
rate of supply-water level is depleting.
(iv) At point C the quantity of water supplied is equal to water demand quantity
still water level is depleting beyond this point.
(v) A point D signifies the empty condition of reservoir
(vi) At point E water level reaches initial water level in the reservoir.
Balancing storage = A + B
Population forecasting:-

s-curve or logistic curve

D

C
} dp
dt
Population
}dp = constant
dt
dp - role of growth
B }dp
dt
dt of population

A
time

1. Arithmetic increase method:

(i) In this method rate of growth of population is assumed to be constant i.e. for
region BC

dp
=constant
dt

(ii) If x is the average increase in the population over the given duration
At t = t0 P = P0
t = t1 P = P 0+ x
t = t2 P = P 0+ 2 x

After n years. P n = P n-1 + x = P 0+ n x

2. Geometric increase method (compound/uniform increase meth

(i) In this method rate of growth of population is assume constant but population is
compounded for this given to compute population in future.
(ii) If r% is constant role of compounding
At t = t0 P = P0
t = t1 P1 = P0+ P0r = (1+r)P0
t = t2 P2 = P1 + P1 r = P1 (1+r) = P0 (1+r)2
After n years. t = tn Pn-1(1+r) = P0(1+r)n

To find r (arithmetic average mean)

r1 +r2 +r3 +r4 +....+rn
r%=
n
 Geometric mean
r%= n r1r2 r3 ......rn

Since arithmetic mean is more than geometric mean it is advisable to compute the
roleof growth by arithmetic mean method to be on safe side.

3. Incremental increase method:

(i) In this method, rate of growth of population is not assured to be constant. Rate of
growth of population may increase or decrease.
(ii) In this method avg. incremental increase in increase of population is also
considered.
After n years.
n(n+1)
Pn =P0 +nx+ y
2
x - avg. increase in population
y - avg. incremental increase in population
At t=t0 P=P0
t=t1 P1=P0+x
t=t2 P2=Po+2𝑥 + 𝑦

t=t3 P3=(Po+2𝑥 + 𝑦)+𝑥 + 𝑦 = Po+3𝑥 + 2𝑦

NOTE:

(1) Population forecasted by geometric increase method is maximumin comparison to

that computed by arithmetic or incremental increase method.

(2) Population forecasted with arithmetic increase method is minimum in comparison to

geometric increase method and incremental increase method.

(3) GOI recommend geometric increase method for forecasting method.

(4) Geometric increase method generally recommended for young cities and arithmetic

increase method for old cities.

Que. Using the given information find the population of city in 2010 using geometric
increase. Arithmetic increase and incremental increase method.

Year Population (in thousands)

2000 26

2001 29

2002 35

2003 43

2004 47

(i) Arithmetic increase method

 Year Population (in thousands) Increase

2000 26 3

2001 29 3

2002 35 6

2003 43 8

2004 47 4

x = 4.25

Population in 2010

P2010 = P2004 + 6 x

= 47000 + 6 (5250)

= 78500

(ii) Geometric increase method

Year Pop. (in thousands) increase growth rate
2000 26 3 3/26 ×100 = 11.5
2001 29 6 6/29 ×100 = 20.68
2002 35 8 8/35 ×100 = 22.8
2003 43 4 4/43 ×100 = 9.3
2004 47
Population in 2010
P2010 = P2004 + (1 + r)

(iii) Incremental increase method:

Year Pop. (in thousands) increase increase in increase
2000 26
2001 29 3
2002 35 6 3
2003 43 8 2
2004 47 4 -4
 _______
y = 0.33

Population in 2010
6(+ 1)
P2010 = P2004 + 6 x + y
2
= 47 +6×(5.25)+21(0.33)
= 85.43

Different type of valves in pipes

1. Gate/Sluice valve:-
(i) This valve is used to regulate flow of water in pipe by dividing in into the
number of sections.
(ii) These valves are generally used of summit point of the pipe system as at
summit point pressure available in water system is minimum, hence strength
of material required for construction of these valves can be subsidized.
2. Air valves :
Air inlet
Air relief
(i) Air valves are used in pipe for safety of pipe. These are generally placed of
summit points on either sides of gate valves.
air

Ar G air

A1

D Ar G

water
3. Drain/ Scour off Valves:
(i) These valves are provided to remove the water out of pipe system in case of
activities like maintenance of pipes.
(ii) These valves are generally provided on lowermost pipe system in order to ensure
gravity drainage of water.
4. Reflux valves or non return valves or check valves :

These valves are used to prevent the back flow of water in reverse direction. These are
generally used on the delivery side of the pumps.