FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE &

MOUTHPIECE
(KCFM-102)
 Foreword
Welcome to the fast growing family of K.C. product owners. We appreciate your interest in us
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Our products are easy to understand and operate. They are excellent for students who are trying to
gain practical knowledge through experiments.

However your comfort and safety are important to us, so we want you have an understanding of
proper procedure to use the equipment. For the purpose, we urge you to read and follow the step-
by-step operating instructions and safety precautions in this manual. It will ensure that your
favourite product delivers reliable, superior performance year after year.

This manual includes information for all options available on this model. Therefore, you may find
some information that does not apply to your equipment.

All information, specifications and illustrations in this manual are those in effect at the time of
printing. We reserve the right to change specifications or design at any time without notice.

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K.C. Engineers Pvt. Ltd.

 Important Information About This Manual

Reminder for Safety

Modification on Equipment:

This equipment should not be modified. Modification could affect its performance, safety or
disturbance. In addition damage or performance problems resulting from modification may not be
covered under warranties.

Precautions and Maintenance:

This is used to indicate the presence of a hazard that could cause minor or moderate personal injury
or damage to your equipment. To avoid or reduce the risk, the procedures must be followed
carefully.
 Contents
1. Objective …………………………………… 1

2. Aim …………………………………… 1

3. Introduction …………………………………… 1

4. Theory …………………………………… 1

5. Description …………………………………… 2

6. Utilities Required …………………………………… 2

7. Experimental Procedure …………………………………… 3

8. Observation & Calculation …………………………………… 4

9. Nomenclature …………………………………… 7

10. Precautions & Maintenance Instructions …………………………………… 8

11. Troubleshooting …………………………………… 8

12. References …………………………………… 8

13. Block Diagram …………………………………… 9

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE & MOUTHPIECE
(Rev. 1)
 FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE & MOUTHPIECE
1. OBJECTIVE:
To study the flow of liquid through orifice and the mouthpiece.

2. AIM:
To determine the co-efficient of discharge and to determine the co-efficient of velocity.

3. INTRODUCTION:
Orifice is an opening or a hole of any size, shape or form, through which liquid flow such
that its upper edge remains below the free surface of the liquid. Orifices are used for
measurement or control of flow. Orifices may have any shape but generally they are
circular, square or rectangular. A mouthpiece is a relatively short pipe, which is fitted
internally or externally to the orifice in the side of the tank. Mouthpieces are sometime
used as a flow measurement device.

4. THEORY:

4.1 ORIFICE:

When a liquid flows from a vessel or a tank, through an orifice it changes its
direction. Due to this change of direction of the liquid, the jet is acted upon by
lateral or side forces, which gradually reduce its area up to certain section. This
area does not reduce further beyond, which the jet ceases and streamlines, first
become parallel is known as the vena-contracta.

4.2 MOUTHPIECE:

A short piece of length about three times of its diameter, connected to the face of
an orifice, is known as a mouthpiece. In what follows, it will be proved that under a
given head, the rate of discharge through a mouthpiece will be more than that
through an orifice of the same diameter. The reason being that while entering into
the mouthpiece, the liquid gets contracted at vena-contracta. Due to this
contraction, the velocity of liquid increases and the pressure decreases. The
pressure at vena-contracta is less than at atmosphere. This may be verified by
applying Bernoulli’s Theorem at the outlet and at the vena-contracta.

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE & MOUTHPIECE
Page No. 1 of 9 (Rev. 1)
 4.3 CO-EFFICIENT OF VELOCITY (CV):
It is defined as the ratio between the actual velocity of a jet of liquid at a vena-
contracta Va and the theoretical velocity of the jet Vt. It is denoted by Cv and ratio
of Cv is given as:

Va
CV 
Vt

V
CV 
2gH

4.4 CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE (Cd):

It is defined as the ratio of the actual discharge Qa from an orifice to the theoretical
discharge Qt from the orifice. It is denoted by Cd. If Qa the actual discharge and Qt
is the theoretical discharge then ratio of Cd is given as:
Qa
Cd 
Qt

AR
Qa 
t
Qt  a  2g H

5. DESCRIPTION:
The set up consists of a sump tank, measuring tank and constant head tank. Orifice and
mouthpiece are provided with the set up that can be fixed at the constant head tank one
at a time. Water is circulated from the sump tank through centrifugal pump. Constant
head tank & measuring tank are provided with piezometer with scale for level
measurement. A measuring arrangement is provided to measure the flow pattern, through
orifice or mouthpiece, in horizontal and vertical direction. Discharge is measured by
measuring tank and stop watch.

6. UTILITIES REQUIRED:
6.1 Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 VAC, 50 Hz, 5-15 Amp. combined socket
with earth connection. Earth voltage should be less than 5 volts.

6.2 Water Supply (Initial Fill).

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE & MOUTHPIECE
Page No. 2 of 9 (Rev. 1)
 6.3 Floor Drain Required.

6.4 Floor Area Required: 1.5 m x 0.75 m.

7. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

7.1 STARTING PROCEDURE:

7.1.1 Close all the valves V1 to V5.

7.1.2 Fill sump tank ¾ with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are
there.

7.1.3 Open by-pass valve V2.

7.1.4 Fix desired test piece (orifice or mouthpiece) at constant head tank.

7.1.5 Ensure that all On/Off switch given on the panel are at OFF position.

7.1.6 Switch On the main power supply & switch ON the pump.

7.1.7 Operate the flow control valve V1 and by-pass valve V2 to maintain the head
of water in constant head tank at particular flow through orifice or
mouthpiece.

7.1.8 Measure pointer gauge reading (in horizontal and vertical direction) at the
inlet and end of the jet of water, coming out from the constant head tank.

7.1.9 Measure the flow rate of water by measuring tank and stop watch.

7.1.10 Repeat the experiment for different water head.

7.1.11 Repeat the experiment for different test pieces (Orifice and mouthpiece).

7.2 CLOSING PROCEDURE:

7.2.1 Switch OFF pump.

7.2.2 Switch off power supply to panel.

7.2.3 Drain water from all tanks with the help of given drain valves V3, V4 & V5.

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE & MOUTHPIECE
Page No. 3 of 9 (Rev. 1)
8. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

8.1 DATA:
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m/s2
Area of measuring tank A = 0.077 m2

8.2.1 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Test Section : ORIFICE
Diameter of orifice d1 = 0.01 m
Initial reading of horizontal scale xo = __ cm
Initial reading of vertical scale yo = __ cm

Sr. h x1 y1 R1 R2 t (s)
No (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
1
2
3
4
5

8.2.2 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Test Section : ORIFICE
Diameter of orifice d1 = 0.015 m
Initial reading of horizontal scale xo = __ cm
Initial reading of vertical scale yo = __ cm

Sr. h x1 y1 R1 R2 t (s)
No (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
1
2
3
4
5

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE & MOUTHPIECE
Page No. 4 of 9 (Rev. 1)
 8.2.3 OBSERVATION TABLE: Test Section : MOUTH PIECE
Diameter of mouthpiece d2 = 0.01 m
Length to dia. ratio of mouthpiece L/D = 1
Initial reading of horizontal scale xo =__cm
Initial reading of vertical scale yo = __cm

Sr. h (cm) x1 (cm) y1 (cm) R1 (cm) R2 (cm) t (s)

No
1
2
3
4
5

8.2.4 OBSERVATION TABLE: Test Section : MOUTH PIECE

Diameter of mouthpiece d2 = 0.01 m
Length to dia ratio of mouthpiece L/D = 2.5
Initial reading of horizontal scale xo =__cm
Initial reading of vertical scale yo = __cm

Sr. h (cm) x1 (cm) y1 (cm) R1 (cm) R2 (cm) t (s)

No
1
2
3
4
5

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE & MOUTHPIECE
Page No. 5 of 9 (Rev. 1)
 8.2.5 OBSERVATION TABLE: Test Section : MOUTH PIECE
Diameter of mouthpiece d2 = 0.01 m
Length to dia. ratio of mouthpiece L/D =4
Initial reading of horizontal scale xo =__cm
Initial reading of vertical scale yo = __ cm

Sr. h (cm) x1 (cm) y1 (cm) R1 (cm) R2 (cm) t (s)

No
1
2
3
4
5

8.3 CALCULATIONS:

R1  R 2
R (m)
100

AR
Qa  (m3/s)
t

x1  x o
x (m)
100

y1  y o
y (m)
100


a1  d 12 (m2) (For orifice)
4


a2  d 22 (m2) (For mouthpiece)
4

h
H (m)
100

Qt  a1  2g H (m3/s) (For orifice)

Qt  a 2  2g H (m3/s) (For mouthpiece)

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE & MOUTHPIECE
Page No. 6 of 9 (Rev. 1)
 Qa
Cd 
Qt

x
CV 
4y H

9. NOMENCLATURE:

Nom Column Heading Units Type

A Area of measuring tank m2 Given
a1 Area of orifice m2 Calculated
a2 Area of mouthpiece m2 Calculated
Cd Coefficient of discharge * Calculated
Cv Coefficient of velocity * Calculated
d1 Diameter of orifice m Given
d2 Diameter of mouthpiece m Given
g Acceleration due to gravity m/s2 Given
H Water head m Calculated
h Level of water in constant head tank cm Measured
L/D Length to diameter ratio of mouthpiece cm Given
Qa Actual discharge m3/s Calculated
Qt Theoretical discharge m3/s Calculated
R Rise of water level in measuring tank m Calculated
R1 Final level of water in measuring tank cm Measured
R2 Initial level of water in measuring tank cm Measured
t Time taken for R s Measured
x Horizontal distance traveled by liquid particle in m Calculated
time t
xo Initial reading of horizontal scale cm Measured
x1 Final reading of horizontal scale cm Measured
y Vertical distance between vena-contracta and m Calculated
liquid particle
yo Initial reading of vertical scale cm Measured
y1 Final reading of vertical scale cm Measured

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE & MOUTHPIECE
Page No. 7 of 9 (Rev. 1)
 * Symbols represent unitless quantity

10. PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

10.1 Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 200 Volts and above 230
Volts

10.2 Never fully close the flow control valve V1 and by pass valve V2 simultaneously.

10.3 To prevent clogging of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.

10.4 Always use clean water.

10.5 Always keep apparatus free from dust.

11. TROUBLESHOOTING:
11.1 If pump gets jammed, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft manually.

11.2 If pump gets heated up, switch off the main power for 30 minutes. Avoid closing
the flow control valve V1 and by pass valve V2 at a time.

12. REFERENCES:
12.1 Streeter, Victor L. Wylie, E. Benjamin (1983). Fluid Mechanics. 1st Ed. NY:
McGraw Hill. pp 342-349.

12.2 Garde, R.J. (1997). Fluid Mechanics through Problems. 2nd Ed. ND: New age
International. pp 133-135.

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE & MOUTHPIECE
Page No. 8 of 9 (Rev. 1)
13. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE & MOUTHPIECE
Page No. 9 of 9 (Rev. 1)