1.

A band-stop filter rejects all frequencies within a specified band and passes
all those outside this band.
2. Filters with Chebyshev characteristic are useful when a rapid roll-off is
required because it provides a roll-off rate greater than -
20/dB/decade/pole.
3. A high-pass filter significantly attenuates all frequencies below fc and
passes all frequencies above fc.
4. The gain of the multiple-feedback band-pass filter above is equal to which
of the following? Assume C=C1=C2. A0=R2/2R1

5. Refer to the given figure. This circuit is known as a high pass filter. And the
fc is 15.9 kHz.

6. The bandwidth in a low-pass filter equals the critical frequency.

7. Filters with the Bessel characteristic are used for filtering pulse waveforms.
8. Refer to the given figure. The roll-off of this filter is about 20 dB/decade.

9. Refer to this figure. This is a high-pass filter.

10.Which filter exhibits a linear phase characteristic? Bessel.

11.Refer to the given figure. The cutoff frequency of this filter is 721 Hz, low-

pass filter.
12. The critical frequency is defined as the point at which the response drops -
3 dB from the passband.
13.Filters with the Butterworth characteristic provides a very flat amplitude in
the passband and a roll-off rate of -20 dB/decade/pole.
14.Which filter exhibits the most rapid roll-off rate? Chebyshev.
15.Which filter has a maximally flat response? Butterworth.
16.Refer to the given figure. This is a band-pass filter.

17.A low-pass filter has a cutoff frequency of 1.23 kHz. Determine the
bandwidth of the filter. 1.23 kHz.
18.Refer to this figure. Increasing the values of the filter section resistors in

this circuit will cause the fc to decrease.

19.One important application of a state variable band-stop filter with a
summing amplifier is to minimize the 60 Hz “hum” in audio systems.
20.Refer to the given figure. This is a high pass-filter, and it has a cutoff
frequency of 2.65 kHz.
21.Refer to the given figure. Ra=2.2kohm and Rb-1.2kohm. This filter is

probably a Butterworth type.

22.Refer to this figure. This filter has a roll-off rate of 80 dB/decade.
23.A third-order filter will have a roll-off rate of -60 dB/decade.
24.A band-pass filter passes all frequencies within a band between a lower and
an upper critical frequency and rejects all others outside this band.
25.An electrical filter is a frequency-selective circuit.
26.Filters are classified as analog or digital, passive or active, audio or radio
frequency.
27.Why inductors are not preferred for audio frequency? They are large and
heavy.

28.The problem of passive filters is overcome by using active filter.

29.What happens if inductors are used in low frequency applications?
Degrades inductor performance.
30.Passive filters are less expensive than active filters is a wrong statement.
31.True: a band-pass filter can be created by cascading a high pass filter and a
low pass filter.
32.False: the bandwidth of a band pass filter is the sum of the two cutoff
frequencies.
33.True: a sallen key filter is a second-order filter.
34.True: filters with Bessel characteristics are used for filtering pulse
waveforms.
35.False: the bandwidth of a practical high-pass filter is infinite.
36.True: in filters, a single RC network is called a pole.
37.True: a band pass filter passes all frequencies within a band between a
lower and an upper cutoff frequency.
38.False: an active filter uses capacitors and inductors in the feedback
network.
39.False: a second order filter has a roll-off of -20 dB/decade.
40.True: Butterworth filters have the characteristic of a very flat response in
the passband and a roll-off of -20 dB/decade.
41.What are the most commonly used active filters? Low-pass and high-pass
filters, band pass and band reject filters, all-pass filters.
42.The LM318 is the op-amp that improves the filter performance.
43.Ideal response of filter takes place in pass band frequency.
44.Butterworth filter is called a flat-flat filter.
45.Which filters performs exactly the opposite to the band-pass filter? Band-
reject filter, band-stop filter, band-elimination filter.
46.The bandwidth of a band-pass filter is equal to the high cut-off frequency
minus the low cut-off frequency.
47.The output and input voltages in an all-pass filter are equal in amplitude for
all frequencies.
48.The gain of the first order low pass filter decreases at the rate 20
dB/decade.
49.The Cauer filter has the best stop band response.
50.The gain increases at the rate of 60dB/decade on the stop band in a third-
order high pass filter.
51.A band-pass filter has two stop bands.
52.The frequency response of the filter in the stop band decreases and
increases with increased frequency.
53.Find the voltage across the capacitor in the given circuit: VO=

Vin/(1+0.0314jf)
54.Find the complex equation for the gain of the first order low pass
Butterworth filter as a function of the frequency. AF/[1+j(f/fH)].
55.First order high-pass filter: The pass band gain of the filter, AF =1+(RF/R1)
and the high cut-off frequency of the filter, fH=1/2πRC.

56.Match the gain of the filter with the frequencies in the low pass filter: 1-iii,2-
i,3-ii

Frequency Gain of the filter

1. f < fH i. VO/Vin ≅ AF/√2

2. f=fH ii. VO/Vin ≤ AF

3. f>fH iii. VO/Vin ≅ AF

57.Determine the gain of the first order low pass filter if the phase angle is
59.77o and the pass band gain is 7. 3.5
Explanation: Given the phase angle, φ =-tan-1(f/fH)
=> f/fH=- tan(φ)
Gain of the filter, |(VO/Vin)| = AF/√ (1+(f/fH)2)
58.In a low pass Butterworth filter, the condition at which f=fH is called cut-off
frequency, break frequency, and corner frequency.
59.High cut-off frequency of a filter, fH=0.707×AF
60.To change the high cutoff frequency of a filter. It is multiplied by R or C by a
ratio of original cut-off frequency known as Frequency scaling.
61.Using the frequency scaling technique, convert 10kHz cut-off frequency of
the low pass filter to a cutoff frequency of 16kHz.(Take C=0.01µF and
R=15.9kΩ). To change a cut-off frequency from 10 kHz to 16 kHz, multiply
15.9kΩ resistor.
[Original cut-off frequency/New cut-off frequency] = 10 kHz/16kHz = 0.625.
R =0.625×15.9kΩ =9.94kΩ. However 9.94kΩ is not a standard value.
62.Find the difference in gain magnitude for a filter, if it is the response
obtained for frequencies f1=200Hz and f2=3 kHz. Specification: AF=2 and
fH=1 kHz. When f1=200Hz, VO(1)/Vin =AF/√ [1+ (f/fH)2] =2/√ [1+(200/1kHz) 2]
=2/1.0198.
=> VO(1)/Vin =1.96
=>20log|(VO/Vin)|=5.85dB.
When f=700Hz, VO(2)/Vin= 2/√ [1+(700/1kHz) 2] =2/1.22=1.638.
=> VO(2)/Vin =20log|(VO/Vin|=20log(1.638) = 4.28.
Therefore, the difference in the gain magnitude is given as VO(1)/Vin-
VO(2)/Vin =5.85-4.28 =1.56 dB
63.Design a low pass filter at a cut-off frequency 1.6Hz with a pass band gain
of 2. From the answer, it is clear that all the C values are the same.
Therefore, c= 0.01µF
Given, fH = 1kHz,
=> R= 1/(2πCfm) = 1/2π×0.01µF×1kHz

R= 9.9kΩ ≅ 10kΩ. Since the pass band gain is 2.

=> 2=1+ (RF/R1). Therefore, RF and R1 must be equal.

64.How can a first order low pass filter can be converted into second order low
pass filter: By adding RC network.
65.Consider the following specifications and calculate the high cut-off

frequency for the circuit given? 33Hz.

66.Find the gain and phase angle of the second order low pass filter?
Where pass band gain of the filter is 5, frequency and the high cut-off
frequency of the filter are 3000Hz and 1 kHz. The gain of the second order
low pass filter, [VO /Vin] =AF/ √ [1+(f/fh)2] =5/ √[1+(3000/1000)4] =5/9.055
=0.55.
=> [VO /Vin] = 20log(0.55) =-.519dB.
Phase angle of second order low pass filter is given as φ= tan-1(f/fH)
=> φ =71.56o.
67.Design a second order low pass Butterworth filter at a high cut-off
frequency of 2.2 kHz. Given RF=20kΩ and capacitor 0.047µF.
68.A second order low pass filter is given an input frequency of 30 kHz and
produce an output having phase angle of 79o. Determine the pass band gain
of the filter? Phase angle of the filter, φ = tan-1(f/fH)
=> fh =f×tan(φ) =30kHz × tan(79)= 154.34kHz.
Therefore, the pass band gain AF = fH/0.707 = 154.34kHz/0.707
AF= 218.3 =20log(218.3)= 46.78dB.
69.The pass band voltage gain of a second order low pass Butterworth filter is
1.586
70.Arrange the series of step involved in designing a filter for first order low
pass filter
Step 1: Select a value of C less than or equal to 1µF
Step 2: Choose a value of high cut-off frequency fH
Step 3: Select a value of R1C and RF depending on the desired pass band
gain
Step 4: Calculate the value of R
Steps- 4->1->3->2
71.Frequency scaling is done using Standard capacitor.
72.How is the higher order filters formed? By inter changing resistors and
capacitors in low pass filter.
73.In a first order high pass filter, frequencies higher than low cut-off
frequencies are called Pass band frequency.
74.Compute the voltage gain for the following circuit with input frequency 1.5
kHz. |VO/Vin|= [AF×(f/fL)]/ [√1+(f/fL)2] = [4×(1.5kHz/225.86)] /
√[1+(1.5kHz/225.86)2] =26.56/6.716=3.955 =20log(3.955)=11.9.
|VO/Vin|≅12 dB
where AF= 1+(RF /R1)= 1+(12kΩ/4kΩ) =4 and fL= 1/(2πRC) =

1/2π×15kΩ×0.047µF= 1/4.427×10-3 =225.86Hz.

75.Determine the expression for output voltage of first order high pass filter?
 VO = [1+(RF /R1)]× [(j2πfRC/(1+j2πfRC)] × Vin
76.The internal resistor of the second order high pass filter is equal to 10kΩ.
Find the value of feedback resistor? Pass band gain for second order
butterworth response, AF =1.586.
=> AF= [1+(RF/R1)] => RF= (AF-1)×R1 =(1.586-1)×10kΩ =5860 =5.86kΩ.
77.Consider the following circuit and calculate the low cut-off frequency

value? 178.7 Hz.

78.Determine voltage gain of second order high pass Butterworth filter.
Specifications R3 =R2=33Ω, f=250 Hz and fL=1 kHz.
Since R3 =R2
=> C2 = 1/(2π ×fL×R2) = 1/(2π ×1kHz×33Ω)
=> C3 =C2= 4.82µF.
Voltage gain of filter |VO/Vin|=AF / [√ 1+(fL/f)4] = 1.586/[1+(1kHz/250kz)4]
=1.586/252=6.17×10-3 =20log(6.17×10-3)= -44.19dB.
79.From the given specifications, determine the value of voltage gain
magnitude of first order and second order high pass Butterworth filter?
Pass band voltage gain=2;
Low cut-off frequency= 1kHz;
Input frequency=500Hz.
For first order high pass filter,
|VO/Vin|=AF ×(f/fL) / [ √1+(f/fL)2] =(2×(500Hz/1kHz)) /√[1+(500Hz/1kHz)2] =>
|VO/Vin| = 1/1.118= 0.8944 =20log(0.8944) =-0.9686dB.
For second order high pass filter,
|VO/Vin|=AF / [ √ 1 +(fL/f)4] =2/√[1+ (1kHz/500Hz)2] =>|VO/Vin|=2/4.123=
=0.4851 = 20log(0.4851) = -6.28dB.
First order high pass filter =-0.9688dB, Second order high pass filter=-
6.28dB
80.How is the higher order filters formed? Connecting first and second order
filter in series.
81.State the disadvantage of using higher order filters? Complexity, requires
more space, expensive.
82.Find the roll-off rate for 8th order filter: -160dB/decade
83.The overall gain of higher order filter is fixed.
84.Which filter attenuates any frequency outside the pass band? Band-pass
filter.
85.Narrow band-pass filters are defined as Q > 10
86.A wide band-pass filter has quality factor less than 10.
87.A band-pass filter has a bandwidth of 250Hz and center frequency of
866Hz. Find the quality factor of the filter? Quality factor of band-pass
filter, Q =fc/bandwidth= 566/250=3.46.
88.Find the center frequency of wide band-pass filter fc= √(fh ×fL)
89.Find out the voltage gain magnitude equation for the wide band-pass filter
AFt×( f/fL)/√[(1+(f/fh)2]×[1+(f/fL)2].
90.When a second order high pass filter and second order low pass sections
are cascaded, the resultant filter is a ±40dB/decade band-pass filter.
91.Find the voltage gain magnitude of the wide band-pass filter?
Where total pass band gain is=6, input frequency = 750Hz, Low cut-off
frequency =200Hz and
high cut-off frequency=1 kHz.
Voltage gain of the filter,
|VO/Vin|=[AFt×(f/fL)]/{√[1+(f/fL)2]×[1+f/fL)2]}
=[6×(750/20)]/√{[1+(750/200)2]×[1+(750/200)2]}
=22.5/√(15.6×1.56) =5.519.
|VO/Vin|= 20log(5.519) =14.837dB.
92.Compute the quality factor of the wide band-pass filter with high and low
cut-off frequencies equal to 950Hz and 250Hz.
Quality factor Q=√(fh×fL)/(fh-fL) = √(950Hz×250Hz)/(9950Hz-250Hz) =0.696.
93.The details of low pass filter sections are given as fh =10 kHz, AF= 2 and
f=1.2 kHz. Find the voltage gain magnitude of first order wide band-pass
filter, if the voltage gain magnitude of high pass filter section is 8.32dB.
|VO/Vin|(high pass filter) = 8.32dB=10(8.32/20) =2.606. Therefore, the voltage
gain of wide band-pass filter |VO/Vin|=[2/√(1+(1.2kHz/10kHz)2]×( 2.606) =
1.986×2.606 =5.17 =20log×(5.17) =14.28 dB.
94.Design a narrow band-pass filter, with fc=1kHz, Q= 13 and AF=10 (Take

C=0.1µF)

95.If the gain at center frequency is 10, find the quality factor of narrow band-
pass filter. The gain of the narrow band-pass filter must satisfy the
condition, AF= 2×Q2
When Q=3,
=> 2×Q2 =2×(32) =18.
=> 10<18. Hence condition is satisfied when Q=3.

96.The advantage of narrow band-pass filter is fc can be changed without

changing gain without changing bandwidth without changing resistors.

97.How many types of band elimination filters are present: Two.

98.Find the wide band-reject filter

99.A narrow band-reject filter is commonly called as Notch filter.

100. Find the expression for notch-out frequency? fN = 1/2πRC
101. The quality factor of passive twin T-network is increased by
using Voltage follower.
102. Find out the application in which narrow band-reject filter can be
used? Biomedical instrument.
103. Find the application of area where all-pass filters are used?
Telephone wire.
104. A filter passes certain frequencies and rejects others.
105. FALSE: a band-stop filter passes frequencies between its lower and
upper critical frequencies and rejects all others.
106. TRUE: The bandwidth of a resonant filter is determined by the quality
factor Q of the circuit and the resonant frequency.
107. In a certain parallel resonant band-pass filter, the resonant frequency
is 14 kHz. If the bandwidth is 4 kHz, the lower frequency is 12 kHz.
108. Vout=500 mV, and Vin=1.3 V. The ratio Vout/Vin expressed in dB is -
8.30 dB.
109. A series resonant band-stop filter consists of a 68 Ω resistor, a 110
mH coil, and a 0.02 µF capacitor. The internal resistance, RW, of the coil is 4
Ω. Input voltage is 200 mV. Output voltage is taken across the coil and
capacitor in series. What is the output voltage magnitude at f0? 11.1 mV.
110. In a series resonant band-pass filter, a lower value of Q results in a
larger bandwidth.
111. TRUE: Critical frequencies are also called -3 dB frequencies.
112. FALSE: a band-pass filter rejects all frequencies within a band
between a lower and an upper critical frequency and passes all others.
113. An RC high-pass filter consists of an 820 Ω resistor. What is the value
of C so that Xc is ten times less than Rat an input frequency of 12 kHz. 0.161
uF
114. An RC high-pass filter consists of an 820 Ω resistor. If the reactance is
zero at the input frequency, the output voltage is 18 V peak-to-peak.
115. A sinusoidal voltage with a peak-to-peak of 18 V is applied to an RC
low-pass filter. If the reactance at the input frequency is zero, the output
voltage is zero.
116. In a certain low pass filter, fc=3.5 kHz. Its pass-band is 0 Hz to 3.5 kHz.
117. The roll-off rate of a basic RC or RL filter is 20 dB per decade.
118. A series resonant band-pass filter consists of a 120 Ω resistor, a 2 mH
coil, and a 0.005 µF capacitor. The winding resistance of the coil is 12 Ω.
The output voltage is taken off the resistor. Input voltage is 12Vrms. What
is the output voltage magnitude at the center frequency f0? 10.9 V.
119. TRUE: in an RC high-pass filter, the output is taken across the resistor
and the output leads the input.
120. TRUE: in an RL high-pass filter, the output taken across the inductor
and the output leads the input.
121. At a certain frequency, the output voltage of a filter is 6 V and the
input is 12 V. the voltage ratio in decibels is -6.02 dB.
122. False: the output voltage is 63.3% of its maximum at the critical
frequencies.
123. An RC low-pass filter consists of a 120 Ω resistor and a 0.002 µF
capacitor. The output is taken across the capacitor. The circuit’s critical
frequency is 633 kHz.
124. The maximum output voltage of a certain low-pass filter is 15 V. The
output voltage at the critical frequency is 15*0.707=10.6 V.
125. An RC high-pass filter consists of a 0.2 µF capacitor and a 220 Ω
resistor. The output is taken across the resistor. The circuit’s critical
frequency is 3,617 Hz.
126. An RL low-pass filter consists of a 5.6 mH coil and a 3.3 kΩ resistor.
The output voltage is taken across the resistor. The circuit’s critical
frequency is 93.8 kHz.
127. An RL high-pass filter consists of a 470 Ω resistor and a 600 mH coil.
The output is taken across the coil. The circuit’s critical frequency is 125 Hz.
128. FALSE: in an RC low-pass filter, the output voltage is taken across the
resistor and the output lags the input voltage.
129. In a certain low-pass filter, fc=3.5 kHz. If the input voltage is a 6 V
sine wave with a dc level of 10 V, what is the output voltage magnitude?
5.97 V.
130. FALSE: in an RL low-pass filter, the output voltage is taken across the
resistor and the output lags the input voltage.
131. A parallel resonant band-pass filter consists of a 90 Ω resistor in
series with parallel network made up of a 60 mH coil and a 0.02 µF
capacitor. The output is taken across the capacitor/coil. The coil winding
has a resistance of 20 Ω. What is the center frequency of the filter? 4,591
Hz.
132. A parallel resonant band-pass filter consists of a 6.8 Ω resistor in
series with parallel network made up of an 8 µH coil and a 120 µF capacitor.
The output is taken across the capacitor/coil. Assume RW=0 Ω. What is the
center frequency of the filter? 5.14 MHz.