Eye Tracking History Significance of The Eye Tracking Process of Eye Tracking Technique Used For Measuring Eye Movements Some Devices Advantages Application Conclusion References

CONTENTS
 Eye tracking
 History
 Significance of the eye tracking
 Process of eye tracking
 Technique used for measuring eye movements
 Some devices
 Advantages
 Application
 Conclusion
 References
EYE TRACKING
Eye tracking is the process of measuring either the point of gaze (where one is looking) or the
motion of an eye relative to the head. An eye tracker is a device for measuring eye positions
and eye movement. Eye trackers are used in research on the visual system, in psychology,
in psycholinguistics, marketing, as an input device for human-computer interaction, and in
product design. Eye trackers are also being increasingly used for rehabilitative and assistive
applications (related for instance to control of wheel chairs, robotic arms and prostheses). There
are a number of methods for measuring eye movement. The most popular variant uses video
images from which the eye position is extracted.
HISTORY
In the 1800s, studies of eye movement were made using direct observations
In 1879 in Paris, Louis observed that reading does not involve a smooth sweeping of the eyes
along the text, as previously assumed, but a series of short stops (called fixations) and
quick saccades. This observation raised important questions about reading, questions which were
explored during the 1900s: On which words do the eyes stop? For how long? When do they
regress to already seen words?
Edmund Hueybuilt an early eye tracker, using a sort of contact lens with a hole for the pupil. The
lens was connected to an aluminum pointer that moved in response to the movement Edmund
Hueybuilt an early eye tracker, using a sort of contact lens with a hole for the pupil. The lens was
connected to an aluminum pointer that moved in response to the movement of the eye. Huey
studied and quantified regressions (only a small proportion of saccades are regressions), and he
showed that some words in a sentence are not fixated.
The first non-intrusive eye-trackers were built by Guy Thomas Buswell in Chicago, using beams
of light that were reflected on the eye and then recording them on film. Buswell made systematic
studies into readingland picture viewing.
In the 1950s, Alfred L. Yarbudid important eye tracking research and his 1967 book is often
quoted. He showed that the task given to a subject has a very large influence on the subject's eye
movement. He also wrote about the relation between fixations and interest:
the eye. Huey studied and quantified regressions (only a small proportion saccades are
regressions), and he showed that some words in a sentence are not Edmund Huey[2] built an
early eye tracker, using a sort of contact lens with a hole for the pupil. The lens was connected to
an aluminum pointer that moved in response to the movement of the eye. Huey studied and
quantified regressions (only a small proportion of saccades are regressions), and he showed that
some words in a sentence are not fixated.
The first non-intrusive eye-trackers were built by Guy Thomas Buswell in Chicago, using beams
of light that were reflected on the eye and then recording them on film. Buswell made systematic
studies into reading and picture viewing.
In the 1950s, Alfred L. did important eye tracking research and his 1967 book is often quoted.
He showed that the task given to a subject has a very large influence on the subject's eye
movement. He also wrote about the relation between fixations and interest:
SIGNIFICANCE OF EYE TRACKING
Eye-tracking can provide valuable insight about visitor/customer preferences that surveys or
other research methods can’t always uncover. For example, while on-site surveys can be
effective at highlighting what visitors consciously focus on—and what consciously impacts them
—they won’t pick up the many things that are occurring below the subject’s conscious
awareness.
Our eyes follow what interests us: our pupils dilate when we’re intrigued by something or when
we’re having an intense emotional response to what’s in front of us. When researchers observe
these patterns across test subjects, they can better predict how the audience will react as a whole.
In turn, when applied to UX and usability, this insight allows companies to create websites that
are more usable and content that is more likely to attract attention and convert.
THE PROCESS OF EYE TRACKING
Eye tracking data is collected using either a remote or head-mounted ‘eye tracker’
connected to a computer. While there are many different types of non-intrusive eye
trackers, they generally include two common components: a light source and a
camera. The light source (usually infrared) is directed toward the eye. The camera
tracks the reflection of the light source along with visible ocular features such as
the pupil. This data is used to extrapolate the rotation of the eye and ultimately the
direction of gaze. Additional information such as blink frequency and changes in
pupil diameter are also detected by the eye tracker. The aggregated data is written
to a file that is compatible with eye-tracking analysis software such as EyeWorks.
TECHNIQUE USED FOR MEASURING EYE MOVEMENT
The measurement device most often used for measuring eye movements is commonly known as
an eye tracker. In general, there are two types of eye movement monitoring techniques: those
that measure the position of the eye relative to the head, and those that measure the orientation
of the eye in space, or the “point of regard” (Young & Sheena, 1975). The latter measurement is
typically used when the concern is the identification of elements in a visual scene, e.g., in
(graphical) interactive applications. Possibly the most widely applied apparatus for
measurement of the point of regard is the video-based corneal reflection eye tracker. In this
chapter, most of the popular eye movement measurement techniques are briefly discussed first
before covering video-based trackers in greater detail.
SOME DEVICES
TOBII EYE TRACKER 4C - EYE TRACKING GAMING PERIPHERAL
Tobii Pro Glass

ADVANTAGES
1. Eye movement is faster than other current input media

2. No training or particular coordination is required of normal users
3. Can determine where the user’s interest is focused automatically
4. Helpful for usability studies to understand users interact with their environments
APPLICATION
In recent years, the increased sophistication and accessibility of eye-tracking technologies have
generated a great deal of interest in the commercial sector. Applications include web usability,
advertising, sponsorship, package design and automotive engineering. In general, commercial
eye-tracking studies function by presenting a target stimulus to a sample of consumers while an
eye tracker is used to record the activity of the eye. Examples of target stimuli may include
websites; television programs; sporting events; films and commercials; magazines and
newspapers; packages; shelf displays; consumer systems (ATMs, checkout systems, kiosks); and
software. The resulting data can be statistically analyzed and graphically rendered to provide
evidence of specific visual patterns. By examining fixations, saccades, pupil dilation, blinks and
a variety of other behaviors, researchers can determine a great deal about the effectiveness of a
given medium or product. While some companies complete this type of research internally, there
are many private companies that offer eye-tracking services and analysis.
CONCLUSION
Current uses of eye tracking are often limited to a lab environment where we set up an artificial
situation for study participants. Yet still, eye tracking has come a long way and is now easy to
use and not very intrusive. We can now conduct studies in which participants are hardly aware of
the eye tracker at all. We suspect that the technology will continue to improve and will be less
and less of an obstacle to collect eye-tracking data.
New eye trackers, such as the Tobii X2, allow for true plug and play capability. These near
pocket-sized models can be connected to most computers with a single connector, such as a USB
cable. These "mini" eye trackers are also incredibly versatile in the possible types of testing
configurations including laptops, desktop displays, movile devices, and even print materials.
REFERENCES
 www.eyetracking.com
 www.usabilitygeeks.com

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CONTENTS

TOBII EYE TRACKER 4C - EYE TRACKING GAMING PERIPHERAL

Tobii Pro Glass

1. Eye movement is faster than other current input media

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