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Datatypes: (I) Vectors (Ii) Lists (Iii) Matrices (Iv) Arrays (V) Factors (Vi) Data Frames

The document discusses different data types in R including vectors, lists, matrices, arrays, factors, and data frames. Vectors are the simplest objects and can be logical, numeric, integer, complex, character, or raw. Lists and data frames allow different data types in each element or column. Matrices and arrays are multi-dimensional data structures.

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Vasu Sehgal
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45 views

Datatypes: (I) Vectors (Ii) Lists (Iii) Matrices (Iv) Arrays (V) Factors (Vi) Data Frames

The document discusses different data types in R including vectors, lists, matrices, arrays, factors, and data frames. Vectors are the simplest objects and can be logical, numeric, integer, complex, character, or raw. Lists and data frames allow different data types in each element or column. Matrices and arrays are multi-dimensional data structures.

Uploaded by

Vasu Sehgal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATATYPES

Generally, while doing programming in any programming language, you need to use various
variables to store various information. Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to
store values. This means that, when you create a variable you reserve some space in memory.

In contrast to other programming languages like C and java in R, the variables are not declared
as some data type. The variables are assigned with R-Objects and the data type of the R-object
becomes the data type of the variable. There are many types of R-objects.

(i) Vectors
(ii) Lists
(iii) Matrices
(iv) Arrays
(v) Factors
(vi) Data Frames

The simplest of these objects is the vector object and there are six data types of these atomic
vectors, also termed as six classes of vectors. The other R-Objects are built upon the atomic
vectors.

(i) Vectors

Class Code Result

Logical vector v <- TRUE "logical"

print(class(v))

Numeric vector v <- 23.5 "numeric"

print(class(v))

Integer vector v <- 2L "integer"

print(class(v))

Complex vector v <- 2+5i "complex"

print(class(v))
Character vector v<- "HELLO" "character"

print(class(v))

apple <- c('red','green',"yellow") "red" "green" "yellow"

print(apple) "character"

print(class(apple))

Raw vector v <- charToRaw("Hello") "raw"

print(class(v))

(ii) List
A list is an R-object which can contain many different types of elements inside it like
vectors, functions and even another list inside it.

# Create a list.
list1 <- list(c(2,5,3),21.3,sin)
# Print the list.
print(list1)

output:
[1] 2 5 3
[1] 21.3
function (x) .Primitive("sin")

(iii) Matrices
A matrix is a two-dimensional rectangular data set.
It can be created using a vector input to the matrix function.

# Create a matrix.
M = matrix( c('a','a','b','c','b','a'), nrow=2,ncol=3,byrow = TRUE)
print(M)
output:

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] "a" "a" "b"


[2,] "c" "b" "a"
Arrays

While matrices are confined to two dimensions, arrays can be of any number of dimensions.
The array function takes a dim attribute which creates the required number of dimension. In
the below example we create an array with two elements which are 3x3 matrices each.

a <- array(c('green','yellow'),dim=c(3,3,2))
print(a)

,,1
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] "green" "yellow" "green"
[2,] "yellow" "green" "yellow"
[3,] "green" "yellow" "green"
,,2
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] "yellow" "green" "yellow"
[2,] "green" "yellow" "green"
[3,] "yellow" "green" "yellow"

Factors

Factors are the r-objects which are created using a vector. It stores the vector along with the
distinct values of the elements in the vector as labels. The labels are always character
irrespective of whether it is numeric or character or Boolean etc. in the input vector. They are
useful in statistical modeling. Factors are created using the factor() function. The nlevels
functions gives the count of levels.
# Create a vector.
apple_colors <- c('green','green','yellow','red','red','red','green')
# Create a factor object.
factor_apple <- factor(apple_colors)
# Print the factor.
print(factor_apple)
print(nlevels(factor_apple))
[1] green green yellow red red red yellow green
Levels: green red yellow
# applying the nlevels function we can know the number of distinct values
[1] 3

Data frames

Data frames are tabular data objects. Unlike a matrix in data frame each column can contain
different modes of data. The first column can be numeric while the second column can be
character and third column can be logical. It is a list of vectors of equal length. Data Frames
are created using the data.frame() function.

# Create the data frame.


BMI <- data.frame(
gender = c("Male", "Male","Female"),
height = c(152, 171.5, 165),
weight = c(81,93, 78),
Age =c(42,38,26)
)
print(BMI)
output

gender height weight Age


1 Male 152.0 81 42
2 Male 171.5 93 38
3 Female 165.0 78 26

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