UPFC Model For Power Flow Studies

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UPFC Model For Power Flow Studies

1
Pradosh Ranjan Parida, 2C.Jena, 3Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi, 4M.Basu
1,2,4
Jadavpur University
3
KIIT University

Abstract: The UPFC is the most versatile and complex model is helpful in understanding the impact of the
power electronic equipment that has emerged for the UPFC on the power system in the steady state.
control and optimization of power flow in electrical power Furthermore, the UPFC injection model can easily be
transmission systems. It offers major potential advantages incorporated in the steady state power flow model. Since
for the static and dynamic operation of transmission lines.
the series voltage source converter does the main
The UPFC was devised for the real-time control and
dynamic compensation of ac transmission systems, function of the UPFC, it is appropriate to discuss the
providing multifunctional flexibility required to solve modeling of a series voltage source converter first.
many of the problems facing the power industry. Within
2.1 Series Connected Voltage Source Converter
the framework of traditional power transmission concepts,
the UPFC is able to control, simultaneously or selectively,
Model
all the parameters affecting power flow in the transmission Suppose a series connected voltage source is located
line. Alternatively, it can independently control both the between nodes i and j in a power system. The series
real and reactive power flow in the line unlike all other
voltage source converter can be modeled with an ideal
controllers.
series voltage Vs in series with a reactance Xs. In Figure-
Keywords: UPFC, power flow, 3.4, Vs models an ideal voltage source and represents a
fictitious voltage behind the series reactance:
I. INTRODUCTION
Vi’= Vs+Vi (1)
The series voltage source is controllable in magnitude
and phase, i.e.:
Vs=rViejγ (2)
Where 0 < r < r and 0 < γ <2π
max

Fig 1: Schematic Diagram Of The UPFC

The unified power flow controller consists of two Fig-2 Representation of a series connected VSC
switching converters. These converters are operated
from a common link provided by a dc storage capacitor. The equivalent circuit vector diagram is shown in Fig-
Converter 2 provides the main function of the UPFC by 4.3
injecting an ac voltage with controllable magnitude and
phase angle in series with the transmission line via a
series transformer. The basic function of converter 1 is
to supply or absorb the real power demand by converter
2 at the common dc link. It can also generate or absorb
controllable reactive power and provide independent
shunt reactive compensation. The injection model is
obtained by replacing the voltage for the line. Converter
2 supplies or absorbs locally required reactive power
and exchanges the active power as a result of the series
injection voltage.
II. UPFC MODEL FOR POWER FLOW
STUDIES
In the following section, a model for UPFC which will Fig-3 Vector diagram of the equivalent circuit of
be referred as UPFC injection model is derived. This VSC
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Special Issue on International Journal on Advanced Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJAECE) Vol-3, Issue-1
ISSN(Online): 2349-9338, ISSN(Print): 2349-932X
For ONE-DAY National Conference On Restructuring in Indian Power Sector & Smart Grid”
School of Electrical Engineering, KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY, 7th April, 2016
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 UPFC Model For Power Flow Studies
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𝟏 P bs rVi Vj sin(θij +γ)- bs rVi2 sinγ (7)

Xs= CONV2=
𝐛𝐬
2 2 2
QCONV2=-bs r Vi Vj cos(θij +γ)+ bs r Vi cosγ+r bs Vi (8)
The reactive power delivered or absorbed by converter 1
is independently controllable by UPFC and can be
modeled as a separate controllable shunt reactive source.
In view of above, we assume that Q = 0.
CONV1
Consequently, the UPFC injection model is constructed
from the series connected voltage source model (Figure-
Fig-4 Replacement of a series voltage source by a 4.5) with the addition of a power equivalent to P +
CONV
current source
j0 to node i. Thus, the UPFC injection model is shown in
The current sources I corresponds to the injection Figure-4.6. The model shows that the net active power
s
powers S and S , where: interchange of UPFC with the power system is zero, as
is js is it expected for a lossless UPFC.
Sis = Vi (-Is)* Sjs = Vj (-Is)*
The injection power Sis and Sjs are simplified to:
Sis=Vi[ jbs r Vi ejγ]*
= -bs rVi2 sinγ- jbs r Vi2 cosγ (3)
If we define:θij= θi - θj, we have:
Sjs=Vj[- jbs r Viejγ ]*
= bs rVi Vj sin(θij +γ)+ jbs r Vi Vj cos(θij +γ) (4) Fig. -6: UPFC Injection model
Based on the explanation above, the injection model of a III. TEST SYSTEM
series connected voltage source can be seen as two
dependent loads as shown in Fig.-4.5

Fig. -5: Injection model for a series connected VSC

Fig. -7: Single-line diagram of the modeled power
2.2 UPFC Model system
In UPFC, the shunt connected voltage source (Converter A UPFC is used to control the power flow in a 500 kV
1) is used mainly to provide the active power which is /230 kV transmission system. The system, connected in
injected to the network via the series connected voltage a loop configuration, consists essentially of five buses
source: (B1 to B5) interconnected through three transmission
P =P (5) lines (L1, L2, L3) and two 500 kV/230 kV transformer
CONV1 CONV2 banks Tr1 and Tr2. Two power plants located on the 230
The equality above is valid when the losses are kV system generate a total of 1500 MW which is
neglected. The apparent power supplied by the series transmitted to a 500 kV, 15000 MVA equivalent and to
voltage source converter is calculated from: a 200 MW load connected at bus B3. Each plant model
includes a speed regulator, an excitation system as well
V ′i −V j as a power system stabilizer (PSS). In normal operation,
S rejγVi( )* (6)
CONV1=Vs Iij*= jX s most of the 1200 MW generation capacity of power
Active and reactive powers supplied by Converter 2 are plant #2 is exported to the 500 kV equivalent through
distinguished as: two 400 MVA transformers connected between buses
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Special Issue on International Journal on Advanced Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJAECE) Vol-3, Issue-1
ISSN(Online): 2349-9338, ISSN(Print): 2349-932X
For ONE-DAY National Conference On Restructuring in Indian Power Sector & Smart Grid”
School of Electrical Engineering, KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY, 7th April, 2016
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 UPFC Model For Power Flow Studies
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B4 and B5. For this demo we are considering a V. MODEL OF THE UPFC CONTROLLING
contingency case where only two transformers out of POWER ON A 500 KV/230 KV POWER
three are available (Tr2= 2*400 MVA = 800 MVA). The
load flow shows that most of the power generated by
SYSTEM
plant #2 is transmitted through the 800 MVA
transformer bank (899 MW out of 1000 MW) and that
96 MW is circulating in the loop. Transformer Tr2 is
therefore overloaded by 99 MVA. The example
illustrates how a UPFC can relieve this power
congestion. The UPFC located at the right end of line L2
is used to control the active and reactive powers at the
500 kV bus B3, as well as the voltage at bus B_UPFC.
The UPFC consists of two 100 MVA, IGBT-based,
converters (one shunt converter and one series converter
interconnected through a DC bus). The series converter
can inject a maximum of 10% of nominal line-to-ground
voltage (28.87 kV) in series with line L2.
4.1 Model Block of Single Line Diagram
The single line diagram illustrated in Figure 7 is Fig.- 8: Simulink Diagram Of UPFC
implemented on MATLAB SIMULINK to check the VI. CONCLUSION
validity of the UPFC controller. The Model of UPFC
will generate two kinds of results. First is based upon the The performance of a generalized UPFC with a test
simulations at power flow control mode and second on system has been studied in this chapter. The power
voltage injection Mode. The important keys to note in transfer takes place via DC link thus regulating the
the block diagram are, voltage. The analysis has been performed assuming the
equality between shunt and series converters i.e., the
1. Use of Bypass breaker – Used to connect or
power consumed/supplied by the converters from/to AC
disconnect UPFC Block from Power System
source is zero.
2. The reference power inputs – Reference for power
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________________________________________________________________________________________________
Special Issue on International Journal on Advanced Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJAECE) Vol-3, Issue-1
ISSN(Online): 2349-9338, ISSN(Print): 2349-932X
For ONE-DAY National Conference On Restructuring in Indian Power Sector & Smart Grid”
School of Electrical Engineering, KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY, 7th April, 2016
105
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________________________________________________________________________________________________
Special Issue on International Journal on Advanced Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJAECE) Vol-3, Issue-1
ISSN(Online): 2349-9338, ISSN(Print): 2349-932X
For ONE-DAY National Conference On Restructuring in Indian Power Sector & Smart Grid”
School of Electrical Engineering, KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY, 7th April, 2016
106