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Current Transformer CT class Ratio Error

Phase Angle Error in Current Transformer
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Definition of
Instrument
Transformer
Instrument transformers means current
transformer & voltage transformer are used in
electrical power system for stepping down currents
and voltages of the system for metering and
protection purpose. Actually relays and meters used
for protection and metering, are not designed for high
currents and voltages.

Electrical Power Transformer

High currents or voltages of electrical power
Working Principle of Transformer
system can not be directly fed to relays and
Ideal Transformer
meters. CT steps down rated system current to 1
Theory of Transformer Amp or 5 Amp similarly voltage transformer
EMF Equation of Transformer steps down system voltages to 110V. The relays
Leakage Reactance of Transformer and meters are generally designed for 1 Amp, 5
Equivalent Circuit of Transformer Amp and 110V.
Voltage Regulation of Transformer
Losses in Transformer
Open & Short Circuit Test on Transformer
Definition of current
Auto Transformer transformer(CT)
Tertiary Winding of Transformer
A CT is an instrument transformer in which the
Parallel operation of Transformers
secondary current is substantially proportional
Transformer Cooling System
to primary current and differs in phase from it by
Core of Transformer
ideally zero degree.
Transformer Insulating Oil
Transformer Accessories
Dissolved Gas Analysis of Transformer Oil CT Accuracy Class or
Over Fluxing in Transformer
Current Transformer
Three phase transformer
Current Transformer Class

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A CT is similar to a electrical power transformer

Voltage Transformer to some extent, but there are some difference in
• Accuracy Limit & Instrument Security Factor construction and operation principle. For
• Knee Point Voltage of Current Transformer metering and indication purpose, accuracy of
Earthing or Grounding Transformer ratio, between primary and secondary currents
External & Internal Faults in Transformer
are essential within normal working range.
Backup Protection of Transformer
Normally accuracy of current transformer
Differential Protection of Transformer
required up to 125% of rated current; as because
Restricted Earth Fault Protection
allowable system current must be below 125% of
Buchholz Relay in Transformer
rated current. Rather it is desirable the CT core to
More.........
be saturated after this limit since the unnecessary
electrical stresses due to system over current can be prevented from the metering instrument connected to
the secondary of the CT as secondary current does not go above a desired limit even primary current of the
CT rises to a very high value than its ratings. So accuracy within working range is main criteria of a CT
used for metering purpose. The degree of accuracy of a Metering CT is expressed by CT Accuracy Class or
simply Current Transformer Class or CT Class.

But in the case of protection, the CT may not have

the accuracy level as good as metering CT although
it is desired not to be saturated during high fault
current passes through primary. So core of
protection CT is so designed that it would not be
saturated for long range of currents. If saturation of
the core comes at lower level of primary current the
proper reflection of primary current will not come
to secondary, hence relays connected to the
secondary may not function properly and protection
system losses its reliability.

Suppose you have one CT with current ratio 400/1A

and its protection core is situated at 500A. If the
primary current of the CT becomes 1000A the secondary current will still be 1.25A as because the secondary
current will not increase after 1.25A because of saturation. If actuating current of the relay connected the
secondary circuit of the CT is 1.5A, it will not be operated at all even fault level of the power circuit is 1000A.

The degree of accuracy of a Protection CT may not be as fine as Metering CT but it is also expressed by CT
Accuracy Class or simply Current Transformer Class or CT Class as in the case of Metering Current
Transformer but in little bit different manner.

Theory of Current
Transformer or CT
A CT functions with the same basic working
principle of electrical power transformer, as we
discussed earlier, but here is some difference. If a
electrical power transformer or other general
purpose transformer, primary current varies with
load or secondary current. In case of CT, primary
current is the system current and this primary
current or system current transforms to the CT
secondary, hence secondary current or burden
current depends upon primary current of the
current transformer.

Are you confused? OK let us clear you.

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In a power transformer, if load is disconnected, there will be only magnetizing current flows in the primary.
The primary of the power transformer takes current from the source proportional to the load connected
with secondary . But in case of CT, the primary is connected in series with power line. So current through its
primary is nothing but the current flows through that power line. The primary current of the CT, hence does
not depend upon whether the load or burden is connected to the secondary or not or what is the impedance
value of burden. Generally CT has very few turns in primary where as secondary turns is large in number.
Say Np is number of turns in CT primary and Ip is the current through primary. Hence the primary AT is
equal to NpIp AT.

If number of turns in secondary and secondary current in that current transformer are Ns and I s
respectively then Secondary AT is equal to NsI s AT.

In an ideal CT the primary AT is exactly is equal in magnitude to secondary AT.

So from the above statement it is clear that if a CT has

one turn in primary and 400 turns in secondary
winding, if it has 400 A current in primary then it will
have 1A in secondary burden.

Thus the turn ratio of the CT is 400/1A

Error in Current
Transformer or CT
But in an actual CT, errors with which we are
connected can best be considered through a study of
phasor diagram for a CT,

Is – Secondary Current

Es – Secondary induced emf

Ip – primary Current

Ep – primary induced emf

KT – turns ratio = numbers of secondary turns/number of primary

turns

Io – Excitation Current

Im – magnetizing component of Io

Iw – core loss component of Io

Φm – main flux.

Let us take flux as reference. EMF Es and Ep lags behind the flux by 90o. The magnitude of the passers Es
and Ep are proportional to secondary and primary turns. The excitation current I o which is made up of two
components Im and I w.
The secondary current Io lags behind the secondary induced emf Es by an angle Φ s. The secondary current
is now transferred to the primary side by reversing Is and multiplied by the turns ratio KT. The total current
flows through the primary Ip is then vector sum of KT Is and Io.

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The Current Error or Ratio Error in Current Transformer or CT

From above passer diagram it is clear that primary current Ip is not exactly equal to the secondary current
multiplied by turns ratio, i.e. KTIs. This difference is due to the primary current is contributed by the core
excitation current. The error in current transformer introduced due to this difference is called current
error of CT or some times Ratio Error in Current Transformer.

Phase Error or Phase Angle Error in Current Transformer

For a ideal CT the angle between the primary and

reversed secondary current vector is zero. But for
an actual CT there is always a difference in phase
between two due to the fact that primary current
has to supply the component of the exiting current.
The angle between the above two phases in termed
as Phase Angle Error in Current Transformer
or CT.
Here in the pharos diagram it is β
the phase angle error is usually expressed in
minutes.

Cause of error in current

transformer
The total primary current is not actually transformed in CT. One part of the primary current is consumed
for core excitation and remaining is actually transformers with turns ratio of CT so there is error in
current transformer means there are both Ratio Error in Current Transformer as well as a Phase
Angle Error in Current Transformer.

How to reduce error in current transformer

It is desirable to reduce these errors, for better performance. For achieving minimum error in current
transformer, one can follow the following,

1) Using a core of high permeability and low hysteresis loss magnetic materials.

2) Keeping the rated burden to the nearer value of the actual burden.

3) Ensuring minimum length of flux path and increasing cross – sectional area of the core, minimizing joint
of the core.

4) Lowering the secondary internal impedance.

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