22/04/2018 SDelete - Windows Sysinternals | Microsoft Docs

SDelete v2.01
 04/07/2016 •  6 minutes to read • Contributors

In this article
Introduction
Using SDelete
How SDelete Works

By Mark Russinovich

Published: February 13, 2018

Download SDelete (151 KB)

Introduction
One feature of Windows NT/2000's (Win2K) C2-compliance is that it implements object reuse
protection. This means that when an application allocates file space or virtual memory it is
unable to view data that was previously stored in the resources Windows NT/2K allocates for it.
Windows NT zero-fills memory and zeroes the sectors on disk where a file is placed before it
presents either type of resource to an application. However, object reuse does not dictate that
the space that a file occupies before it is deleted be zeroed. This is because Windows NT/2K is
designed with the assumption that the operating system controls access to system resources.
However, when the operating system is not active it is possible to use raw disk editors and
recovery tools to view and recover data that the operating system has deallocated. Even when
you encrypt files with Win2K's Encrypting File System (EFS), a file's original unencrypted file data
is left on the disk after a new encrypted version of the file is created.

The only way to ensure that deleted files, as well as files that you encrypt with EFS, are safe from
recovery is to use a secure delete application. Secure delete applications overwrite a deleted file's
on-disk data using techiques that are shown to make disk data unrecoverable, even using
recovery technology that can read patterns in magnetic media that reveal weakly deleted files.
SDelete (Secure Delete) is such an application. You can use SDelete both to securely delete
existing files, as well as to securely erase any file data that exists in the unallocated portions of a
disk (including files that you have already deleted or encrypted). SDelete implements the
Department of Defense clearing and sanitizing standard DOD 5220.22-M, to give you confidence

that once deleted with SDelete, your file data is gone forever. Note that SDelete securely deletes
file data, but not file names located in free disk space.

Using SDelete
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/sysinternals/downloads/sdelete 1/4
22/04/2018 g SDelete - Windows Sysinternals | Microsoft Docs

SDelete is a command line utility that takes a number of options. In any given use, it allows you
to delete one or more files and/or directories, or to cleanse the free space on a logical disk.
SDelete accepts wild card characters as part of the directory or file specifier.

Usage: sdelete [-p passes] [-s] [-q] <file or directory> ...

sdelete [-p passes] [-z|-c] [drive letter] ...

Parameter Description

-a Remove Read-Only attribute.

-c Clean free space.

-p passes Specifies number of overwrite passes (default is 1).

-q Don't print errors (Quiet).

-s or -r Recurse subdirectories.

-z Zero free space (good for virtual disk optimization).

How SDelete Works

Securely deleting a file that has no special attributes is relatively straight-forward: the secure
delete program simply overwrites the file with the secure delete pattern. What is more tricky is
securely deleting Windows NT/2K compressed, encrypted and sparse files, and securely cleansing
disk free spaces.

Compressed, encrypted and sparse are managed by NTFS in 16-cluster blocks. If a program
writes to an existing portion of such a file NTFS allocates new space on the disk to store the new
data and after the new data has been written, deallocates the clusters previously occupied by the
file. NTFS takes this conservative approach for reasons related to data integrity, and in the case
of compressed and sparse files, in case a new allocation is larger than what exists (the new
compressed data is bigger than the old compressed data). Thus, overwriting such a file will not
succeed in deleting the file's contents from the disk.

To handle these types of files SDelete relies on the defragmentation API. Using the
defragmentation API, SDelete can determine precisely which clusters on a disk are occupied by

data belonging to compressed, sparse and encrypted files. Once SDelete knows which clusters
contain the file's data, it can open the disk for raw access and overwrite those clusters.

Cleaning free space presents another challenge. Since FAT and NTFS provide no means for an
application to directly address free space, SDelete has one of two options. The first is that it can,
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/sysinternals/downloads/sdelete 2/4
22/04/2018 SDelete - Windows Sysinternals | Microsoft Docs

like it does for compressed, sparse and encrypted files, open the disk for raw access and
overwrite the free space. This approach suffers from a big problem: even if SDelete were coded
to be fully capable of calculating the free space portions of NTFS and FAT drives (something
that's not trivial), it would run the risk of collision with active file operations taking place on the
system. For example, say SDelete determines that a cluster is free, and just at that moment the
file system driver (FAT, NTFS) decides to allocate the cluster for a file that another application is
modifying. The file system driver writes the new data to the cluster, and then SDelete comes
along and overwrites the freshly written data: the file's new data is gone. The problem is even
worse if the cluster is allocated for file system metadata since SDelete will corrupt the file
system's on-disk structures.

The second approach, and the one SDelete takes, is to indirectly overwrite free space. First,
SDelete allocates the largest file it can. SDelete does this using non-cached file I/O so that the
contents of the NT file system cache will not be thrown out and replaced with useless data
associated with SDelete's space-hogging file. Because non-cached file I/O must be sector (512-
byte) aligned, there might be some left over space that isn't allocated for the SDelete file even
when SDelete cannot further grow the file. To grab any remaining space SDelete next allocates
the largest cached file it can. For both of these files SDelete performs a secure overwrite,
ensuring that all the disk space that was previously free becomes securely cleansed.

On NTFS drives SDelete's job isn't necessarily through after it allocates and overwrites the two
files. SDelete must also fill any existing free portions of the NTFS MFT (Master File Table) with
files that fit within an MFT record. An MFT record is typically 1KB in size, and every file or
directory on a disk requires at least one MFT record. Small files are stored entirely within their
MFT record, while files that don't fit within a record are allocated clusters outside the MFT. All
SDelete has to do to take care of the free MFT space is allocate the largest file it can - when the
file occupies all the available space in an MFT Record NTFS will prevent the file from getting
larger, since there are no free clusters left on the disk (they are being held by the two files
SDelete previously allocated). SDelete then repeats the process. When SDelete can no longer
even create a new file, it knows that all the previously free records in the MFT have been
completely filled with securely overwritten files.

To overwrite file names of a file that you delete, SDelete renames the file 26 times, each time
replacing each character of the file's name with a successive alphabetic character. For instance,
the first rename of "foo.txt" would be to "AAA.AAA".

The reason that SDelete does not securely delete file names when cleaning disk free space is that
deleting them would require direct manipulation of directory structures. Directory structures can

have free space containing deleted file names, but the free directory space is not available for
allocation to other files. Hence, SDelete has no way of allocating this free space so that it can
securely overwrite it.

Do nload SDelete (151 KB)

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/sysinternals/downloads/sdelete 3/4
22/04/2018 SDelete - Windows Sysinternals | Microsoft Docs
Download SDelete (151 KB)

Runs on:

Client: Windows Vista and higher

Server: Windows Server 2008 and higher
Nano Server: 2016 and higher

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/sysinternals/downloads/sdelete 4/4