Timing Analysis for an

Interconnecting System

Vit Tall LLC

Abridged Slidedeck
SECTION #1
INTRODUCTION

SECTION #2
INTERCONNECTING GRID AND
POWER OSCILLATION

SECTION #3
TIME CONSTRAINT FOR THE
POWER OSCILLATION ISSUE

SECTION #4
PROPOSED SOLUTION
REGARDING OSCILLATION PROBLEM

SECTION #5
CONCLUSION
 SECTION #1
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

2003 N ortheast Blackout of 2003

“an issue in the Midwestern U.S. caused a widespread
power outage that affected the Northeastern U.S. and
INTERCONNECTED
Central Canada”
GRIDS
CASCADING
FA I LU R E

S
2011
outhwest Blackout
“an issue in the Southwestern U.S. caused a widespread
outage that affected Southern California, Western
Arizona, and Northern Mexico”

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 INTRODUCTION

Increased reliability of
supply

INTERCONNECTED
SYSTEM
More Increased
A D V A N TA G E S INTERCONNECTED
economical effective
operation SYSTEM capacity

Reduced plant reserve

capacity

5
 INTRODUCTION

AN ISSUE The case study presented delineates an oscillation issue emanating from one system,
REGARDING which aggravates the oscillation problems of another system .
INTERCONNECTED
SYSTEM In this case, it is found that the root cause is not addressed, as the current practice
is simply to perform generation shedding.

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 SECTION #2
INTERCONNECTING GRID AND
POWER OSCILLATION
INTERCONNECTING
GRID AND POWER
O S C I L L AT I O N The interconnection (where entities are able
to purchase or sell energy through this
channel) between two regions that facilitates
the transfer of electrical power can be
considered a strategic infrastructural
segment, does not have to operate at the
BACKGROUND
same frequency.
I N F O R M AT I O N

AN INTERCONNECTING SYSTEM For the case study discussed herein, the

(WITH GRANULARITY
interconnecting grid between two different
I N T E N T I O N A L LY R E M O V E D )
AT T H E S A M E F R E Q U E N C Y countries (operated by different utilities but
( O P E R AT E D B Y operated at the same frequency) will be
DIFFERENT UTILITIES) examined.
BETWEEN TWO REGIONS

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 SECTION #3
TIME CONSTRAINT FOR THE
POWER OSCILLATION ISSUE
 TIME CONSTRAINT
FOR THE POWER
O S C I L L AT I O N
ISSUE The processing time (node The amount of time the
through routing processes), node takes both to acquire
which examines packet an entire packet from the
Processing Transmission
header, locates the route, input link and to place the
Delays and delivers the packet to Delays same packet on the output
the appropriate output port link
C O M M U N I C AT I O N S
D E L AY

The amount of time taken The delay between the

between (the time the time wherein the packet is
last bit is transmitted at assigned to a queue for
the head node of the link Propagation transmission and the time Queuing
and the time the last bit is Delays it starts being transmitted. Delays
received at the end node) During this time, the packet
is proportional to the waits while other packets in
physical distance between the transmission queue are
transmitter and receiver transmitted

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 SECTION #4
PROPOSED SOLUTION REGARDING
OSCILLATION PROBLEM
 PROPOSED
SOLUTION
REGARDING
O S C I L L AT I O N
PROBLEM

C O M M U N I C AT I O N S
D E L AY

THE ONGOING
C O M M U N I C AT I O N S
PA R A D I G M

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 PROPOSED
SOLUTION
REGARDING The green nodes represents the HQs,
O S C I L L AT I O N
the yellow nodes represent the related
PROBLEM
substations, the blue nodes represents
the generation plants, and the purple
nodes represents the human-in-the-
loop nodes. The four human-in-the-
C O M M U N I C AT I O N S loop nodes (H1, H2, H3, and H4) within
D E L AY the current communications paradigm
are the principal factor for the
THE ONGOING
introduced latencies.
C O M M U N I C AT I O N S
PA R A D I G M
Removing these nodes can not only
C U R R E N T C O M M U N I C AT I O N S PA R A D I G M
WITH REGARDS TO THE PRESENTED
reduce the latencies for the alarming
O S C I L L AT I O N M O N I T O R I N G A N D paradigm, but can also potentially
ALARMING SYSTEM reduce the human errors introduced

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 PROPOSED
SOLUTION
REGARDING
O S C I L L AT I O N
PROBLEM

C O M M U N I C AT I O N S
D E L AY

THE PROPOSED
C O M M U N I C AT I O N S
PA R A D I G M

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 PROPOSED
SOLUTION
REGARDING
O S C I L L AT I O N
The proposed paradigm wherein H1,
PROBLEM
H2, H3, and H4 are removed from the
network (as no experiential or intuition
benefits are introduced). This could
effectively reduce the communication
C O M M U N I C AT I O N S latency of the time utilized by
D E L AY monitoring and alarming system
between each utility. The new
paradigm would then rely upon the
THE PROPOSED
end points (interconnecting
C O M M U N I C AT I O N S
PA R A D I G M substations) of each utility (Utility A:
node SS A3 and Utility B: node SS B3)
P R O P O S E D C O M M U N I C AT I O N S PA R A D I G M
WITH REGARDS TO THE PRESENTED
O S C I L L AT I O N M O N I T O R I N G A N D With this new paradigm, the reporting
ALARMING SYSTEM time from the interconnecting
substation back to the respective HQs
can also be avoided.

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 SECTION #4
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
The monitoring and alarming system paradigm The current agreed upon joint protocol by
of the Utility A and Utility B interconnecting Utility A and Utility B of generation shedding is
system, wherein the current protocol is unable simply an interim, band-aid approach, and the
to resolve the power oscillation problem across power oscillation issue remains unresolved.
the interconnecting grid.

Limitations to this case study include the fact This paper proposes eliminating four non-value-
that the focus was on the timing analysis as added human-in-the-loop nodes (H1, H2, H3,
pertains to monitoring and alarming and H4) and implementing two microwave
communications only, as reflected in the title. transmission segments to facilitate
communications between the two key
interconnecting substations SS A3 and SS B3.

The ongoing communications paradigm of the

Certain microwave transmitter/receiver paradigms
monitoring and alarming system between Utility
have the requisite range and data transmission
A and Utility B is not an effective solution, as the
rate.
aggregate communication latencies exceed the
specified one-minute, two-minute, and three-
minute thresholds.

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