290 ZASIP

K u r z e M i t t e i l u n g e n - Brief R e p o r t s - C o m m u n i c a t i o n s brbves

On C a u c h y ' s E q u a t i o n s of M o t i o n
B y ALBERT E. GREEN, The U n i v e r s i t y , N e w c a s t l e u p o n Tyne, E n g l a n d , a n d
R o ~ a n n S. RIVLIN, B r o w n U n i v e r s i t y , P r o v i d e n c e , R.I., U S A

1. I n c o n t i n u u m m e c h a n i c s it is usual to p o s t u l a t e e q u a t i o n s of m o t i o n a n d m o m e n t u m ,
a n e q u a t i o n of e n e r g y a n d an e q u a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e r a t e of p r o d u c t i o n of e n t r o p y .
S u b s e q u e n t l y , in discussing c o n s t i t u t i v e e q u a t i o n s for q u a n t i t i e s s n c h as t h e c o m p o n e n t s
of stress, considerable use is m a d e of i n v a r i a n c e p r o p e r t i e s u n d e r s u p e r p o s e d rigid b o d y
motions. Elsewhere, in a m o r e general t h e o r y t h a n t h a t usually c o n s i d e r e d in c o n t i n u u m
mechanics, t h e p r e s e n t writers h a v e s h o w n t h a t t h e e q u a t i o n s of m o t i o n a n d m o m e n t u m
can be deduced f r o m t h e e q u a t i o n of e n e r g y b y m a k i n g full use of i n v a r i u n c e c o n d i t i o n s
u n d e r s u p e r p o s e d rigid b o d y m o t i o n s 1). T h e result seems to be of sufficient i n t e r e s t t o be
r e p r o d u c e d s e p a r a t e l y w i t h p a r t i c u l a r reference to classical c o n t i n u u m m e c h a n i c s , since
it m a y be o v e r l o o k e d in a p a p e r w h i c h is p r i m a r i l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h o t h e r ideas.
2. U s i n g r e c t a n g u l a r c a r t e s i a n c o o r d i n a t e s a n d c a r t e s i a n t e n s o r n o t a t i o n we p o s t u l a t e
a n e n e r g y balance in t h e f o r m

/~vi~idV+/~ ~7dV=:(or+QFivi) dV /hdA +/tividA , (1)

v v v ,A A

where v~ is velocity, U is i n t e r n a l e n e r g y p e r u n i t mass, F i is b o d y force p e r u n i t mass,

is t h e h e a t s u p p l y f u n c t i o n p e r u n i t mass a n d u n i t time, V is an a r b i t r a r y m a t e r i a l v o l u m e
b o u n d e d b y a surface A a t t i m e t. Also h is t h e h e a t flux across t h e surface A, per u n i t
area, a n d t i is t h e stress v e c t o r across this surface, t h e u n i t o u t w a r d n o r m a l to A b e i n g hi"
A d o t d e n o t e s m a t e r i a l d e r i v a t i v e w i t h r e s p e c t to t i m e a n d ~ is d e n s i t y a t t i m e t.
W e s u p p o s e t h a t t h e b o d y has a r r i v e d a t t h e given s t a t e a t t i m e $ t h r o u g h s o m e pre-
scribed m o t i o n . W e consider a second m o t i o n Which differs f r o m t h e given m o t i o n o n l y b y a
constant s u p e r p o s e d rigid b o d y t r a n s l a t i o n a l velocity, t h e b o d y o c c u p y i n g t h e s a m e
p o s i t i o n a t t i m e t, a n d we a s s u m e t h a t ~?, ti, Fi, h, a n d r are u n a l t e r e d b y such s u p e r p o s e d
rigid b o d y velocity. E q u a t i o n (1) is valid for all v e l o z i t y fields a n d in p a r t i c u l a r for a
v e l o c i t y field v i + ai, w h e r e a i is c o n s t a n t (in space a n d time). T h u s

/ Q (v i -t-at)(:idV +.:@ (: dV = / [ ~ r + ~ E i (vi + at) ] dV - / h dA + :t~ (vi + ai) dA ,

v v v A ~ (2)

a n d since (:, r, t7i, h, a n d ti are t h e s a m e as in (1) it follows t h a t

for all a r b i t r a r y c o n s t a n t a r Since t h e q u a n t i t i e s in t h e square b r a c k e t s in (3) are i n d e -

p e n d e n t of a i it follows t h a t

:Q F i dV + :t idA =.:0 iQdV, (4)

1) Since writing this paper Professor W. NoLL has sent us a proof copy of a paper, written in 1960 and
to be published in the proceedings of' Colloque sur l'axiomatique' in which he obtains the classical equations
of motion and moments for forces from other postulates, but his ideas do not appear to be the same as those
used here.
VoL I5, 1964 Kurze Mitteilungen - Brief Reports - Communications br~ves 291

t h e classical e q u a t i o n of motion. If the c o m p o n e n t s of stress across the coordinate planes

a r e a s i it follows from (4), b y the usucd methods, t h a t
~s~,J + ~ F~ = o ' ~ , (5)
t i = nj a ~ , (6)
where a c o m m a denotes partial d e r i v a t i v e w i t h respect to x s.
W i t h the help of (5) and (6) E q u a t i o n (1) becomes

. l q (f d V = / ( q r + asi vi,,) d V - - / h dA . (7)

V V A

We now consider a m o t i o n of the b o d y which differs from the given m o t i o n only b y a

superposed uni/orm rigid bod.y angular velocity, the b o d y occupying the same position at
t i m e t, and we assume t h a t U, r, asi, and h are unaltered b y such motions. E q u a t i o n (7)
holds for all v e l o c i t y fields so it holds when vi, j is replaced b y vi, j + Y2i 5, where .Qi s is a
c o n s t a n t skew s y m m e t r i c tensor representing a c o n s t a n t rigid b o d y angular velocity.
I t follows t h a t
~is/asi dV = 0 (8)
V
f o r all a r b i t r a r y skew s y m m e t r i c tensors Dis. Since f asi dV is i n d e p e n d e n t of ~2is it
follows t h a t v
./(aij_ - aji) d V = 0
V
f o r all a r b i t r a r y volumes, so t h a t
~s = ~. (9)
If we use (6) and apply (1) to an a r b i t r a r y t e t r a h e d r o n bounded b y coordinate planes
through the point x i and b y a plane whose unit n o r m a l is us, we obtain the result
a = n s 0s, (10)

where 0s are components of the h e a t flux vector across the xs-planes. W i t h the help of (10)
and (9), we have, f r o m (7),
0 ~7-or+qidij-Qi, i, (11)
where
1
dis = T (vi'j 4- US,i) . (12)

I n addition to E q u a t i o n (11) we m u s t add a postulate a b o u t e n t r o p y production.

I n discussing constitutive equations it is assumed t h a t U is unaltered b y superposed
rigid b o d y motions and t h a t sis, Qs, and h are unaltered b y such motions, a p a r t from
orientation at t i m e t. These assumptions include those already m a d e in deriving E q u a t i o n s
(4) and (9) except for the additional assumptions t h a t F i and r are u n a l t e r e d b y a super-
posed c o n s t a n t rigid b o d y translational velocity, and r is unaltered b y a c o n s t a n t rigid
b o d y angular velocity, the b o d y occupying the same position at t i m e t.

Acknowledgement
The work described in this note was carried out under a g r a n t from the N a t i o n a l Science
F o u n d a t i o n . W e wish to t h a n k Professor M. E. GURTIN for helpful discussions.

Zusammen/assung
Cauchys Bewegungs- und M o m e n t e n g l e i c h u n g e n der klassischen K o n t i n u u m s m e c h a n i k
werden, m i t Hilfe v o n I n v a r i a n z - B e d i n g u n g e n gegeniiber starren Zusatzbewegungen, aus
d e m E n e r g i e t h e o r e m hergeleitet.
292 Kurze Mitteilungen - Brief Reports - Communications br~ves ZA~I~

Note added 9 tn March 1964. D u r i n g discussions w i t h Professor P. M. NAOHDI we h a v e f o u n d

t h a t t h e e q u a t i o n of c o n t i n u i t y m a y also b e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e e n e r g y e q u a t i o n a n d i n -
variance conditions. We need an additional term

V
/( U---2-viv i ) ( ~ + g V m , m) d V

o n t h e l e f t - h a n d side of (1) w i t h a c o r r e s p o n d i n g t e r m

ai v i ( ~ + Q V m , m) d g + ~alai ( d + e v ..... ) d V
V V

a d d e d to t h e l e f t - h a n d side of (3). This leads to t h e e q u a t i o n of c o n t i n u i t y

7 + OVm, m - 0
a n d t h e n E q u a t i o n (4) as before. W e h a v e a s s u m e d t h a t U a n d e are u n a l t e r e d b y c o n s t a n t :
s u p e r p o s e d rigid b o d y t r a n s l a t i o n a l velocity, t h e b o d y o c c u p y i n g t h e s a m e p o s i t i o n a t
t i m e t.
(Received: December 29, 1963.)

Zur Berechnung der aerodynamischen Koeffizienten yon Rotationsk6rpern

mit Tragfliichen im t]berschallbereich 1)
V o n ALAIN ~IoNA, C o n t r a v e s AG., Ziirich

1. Einleitung
Die A r b e i t v o n PITTS et al. [1] 2) e r l a u b t die B e r e c h n u n g v o n Gr6sse u n d Lage d e r resul-
t i e r e n d e n N o r m a l k r a f t a n F l u g k 6 r p e r n , d e r e n Steuer- u n d Tragfl/ichen in d e r M e r i d i a n -
e b e n e eines k r e i s z y l i n d r i s c h e n R u m p l e s liegen. D e r R e c h e n a u f w a n d ist r e l a t i v b e s c h e i d e n
u n d fiir ingenieurm~Lssige A n w e n d u n g g u t geeignet. Die erw~ihnte A r b e i t b e r i i c k s i c h t i g t
als einzigen W i r b e l e I f e k t j e n e n d e r a b g e h e n d e n W i r b e l d e r v o r d e r e n a u f die h i n t e r e n T r a g -
fl~ichen (Pliigel, bzw. L e i t w e r k g e n a n n t ) , was i h r e n A n w e n d u n g s b e r e i c h a u f kleine W i n k e l
beschr~nkt.
J e d o c h s c h o n d a zeigt sich eine D i s k r e p a n z zwischen der b e r e c h n e t e n u n d d e r gemesse-
n e n N o r m a l k r a f t l a g e ftir K 6 r p e r m i t e i n e m l a n g e n H e c k Eli. E i n Versuch, die A n w e n d -
b a r k e i t d e r M e t h o d e a u f gr6ssere W i n k e l a u s z u d e h n e n u n t e r B e r i i c k s i c h t i g u n g der Quer-
kr/ifte a m R u m p f infolge W i r b e l b i l d u n g [2] sowie d e r E f f e k t e dieser W i r b e l a u f die T r a g -
fl/ichen zeigte e r n e u t , dass die Lage der R e s u l t i e r e n d e n n i c h t b e f r i e d i g e n d b e r e c h n e t w e r -
d e n k a n n , w e n n die Tragfl/ichen w e i t v o r n e a m R u m p f a n g e b r a c h t sind.
I m B e s t r e b e n , ein einfaches R e c h e n m o d e l l der R u m p f - T r a g f l f i c h e n - K o m b i n a t i o n ftir
die P r a x i s zu e n t w i c k e l n , h a b e n PITTS et al. die v o n d e r Tragfl/iche a u f d e n R u m p f indu-
z i e r t e n N o r m a l g e s c h w i n d i g k e i t e n vernachl~Lssigt. Der E i n f l u s s d e r e n d l i c h e n S p a n n w e i t e
der T r a g f l ~ c h e w u r d e ebenfalls n i c h t berticksichtigt. Alle diese E f f e k t e k o m m e n e r s t z u r
G e l t u n g , w e n n d a s H e c k lange g e n u g ist. D a n u r sp/irliche A n g a b e n tiber dieses w i c h t i g e
P r o b l e m in der L i t e r a t u r zu f i n d e n sind, e n t s c h l o s s sieh die C o n t r a v e s AG., Ztirich, eine
Untersuchung durchzuftihren.

1) Vorgetragell an der Tagung der Schweizerisehen Physikalischen Gesellsehaft am 4. Mai 1963 in Bern.
~) Die Ziffern in eckigen Klamnlern verweisen auf das Literaturverzeichnis, Seite "299.