Environmental Biotechnology

Environmental Biotechnology
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V OLUME 10
H ANDBOOK OF E NVIRONMENTAL E NGINEERING
Environmental
Biotechnology
Edited by
Lawrence K. Wang, PhD, PE, DEE
Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA
Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA
Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, NY
Volodymyr Ivanov, PhD

Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Joo-Hwa Tay, PhD, PE

Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Yung-Tse Hung, PhD, PE, DEE

Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH
Editors
Dr. Lawrence K. Wang
Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA, USA
Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA, USA
Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, NY, USA
larrykwang@juno.com
lawrencekwang@gmail.com
Dr. Volodymyr Ivanov

Nanyang Technological University
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Singapore
cvivanov@ntu.edu.sg
Dr. Joo-Hwa Tay

Nanyang Technological University
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Singapore
cjhtay@ntu.edu.sg
Dr. Yung-Tse Hung

Cleveland State University
Cleveland, OH, USA
y.hung@csuohio.edu
ISBN: 978-1-58829-166-0 e-ISBN: 978-1-60327-140-0

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-140-0
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009941061
c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher
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Dedications
The Editors of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series dedicate this volume
to late Thomas L. Lanigan (1938–2006), the founder and former president of Humana Press,
who encouraged and vigorously supported the editors and many contributors around the world
to embark on this ambitious, life-long handbook project (1978 to present) for the sole purpose
of protecting our environment, in turn, benefiting our entire mankind.
The Editors of this Handbook series also would like to dedicate this volume to Dr. Jao Fan
Kao (1923–2008) of National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan, Taiwan, ROC. Dr.
Kao was the founder and former Professor of the University’s Department of Environmental
Engineering. He educated over 1,500 environmental and civil engineers to serve the planet of
earth. Both Dr. Lawrence K. Wang, Chief Editor, and Dr. Yung-Tse Hung, Co-editor, were Dr.
Kao’s students at National Cheng Kung University.
v
Preface
The past 30 years have seen the emergence of a growing desire worldwide that positive
actions be taken to restore and protect the environment from the degrading effects of all forms
of pollution – air, water, soil, and noise. Since pollution is a direct or indirect consequence of
waste production, the seemingly idealistic demand for “zero discharge” can be construed as
an unrealistic demand for zero waste. However, as long as waste continues to exist, we can
only attempt to abate the subsequent pollution by converting it to a less noxious form. Three
major questions usually arise when a particular type of pollution has been identified: (1) How
serious is the pollution? (2) Is the technology to abate it available? and (3) Do the costs of
abatement justify the degree of abatement achieved? This book is one of the volumes of the
Handbook of Environmental Engineering series. The principal intention of this series is to
help readers formulate answers to the last two questions above.
The traditional approach of applying tried-and-true solutions to specific pollution problems
has been a major contributing factor to the success of environmental engineering, and has
accounted in large measure for the establishment of a “methodology of pollution control.”
However, the realization of the ever-increasing complexity and interrelated nature of current
environmental problems renders it imperative that intelligent planning of pollution abatement
systems be undertaken. Prerequisite to such planning is an understanding of the performance,
potential, and limitations of the various methods of pollution abatement available for envi-
ronmental scientists and engineers. In this series of handbooks, we will review at a tutorial
level a broad spectrum of engineering systems (processes, operations, and methods) currently
being utilized, or of potential utility, for pollution abatement. We believe that the unified
interdisciplinary approach presented in these handbooks is a logical step in the evolution of
environmental engineering.
Treatment of the various engineering systems presented will show how an engineering
formulation of the subject flows naturally from the fundamental principles and theories
of chemistry, microbiology, physics, and mathematics. This emphasis on fundamental sci-
ence recognizes that engineering practice has in recent years become more firmly based
on scientific principles rather than on its earlier dependency on empirical accumulation of
facts. It is not intended, though, to neglect empiricism where such data lead quickly to the
most economic design; certain engineering systems are not readily amenable to fundamental
scientific analysis, and in these instances we have resorted to less science in favor of more art
and empiricism.
Since an environmental engineer must understand science within the context of application,
we first present the development of the scientific basis of a particular subject, followed by
exposition of the pertinent design concepts and operations, and detailed explanations of their
applications to environmental quality control or remediation. Throughout the series, methods
of practical design and calculation are illustrated by numerical examples. These examples
clearly demonstrate how organized, analytical reasoning leads to the most direct and clear
solutions. Wherever possible, pertinent cost data have been provided.
vii
viii Preface
Our treatment of pollution-abatement engineering is offered in the belief that the trained
engineer should more firmly understand fundamental principles, be more aware of the similar-
ities and/or differences among many of the engineering systems, and exhibit greater flexibility
and originality in the definition and innovative solution of environmental pollution problems.
In short, the environmental engineer should by conviction and practice be more readily
adaptable to change and progress.
Coverage of the unusually broad field of environmental engineering has demanded an
expertise that could only be provided through multiple authorships. Each author (or group
of authors) was permitted to employ, within reasonable limits, the customary personal style in
organizing and presenting a particular subject area; consequently, it has been difficult to treat
all subject material in a homogeneous manner. Moreover, owing to limitations of space, some
of the authors’ favored topics could not be treated in great detail, and many less important
topics had to be merely mentioned or commented on briefly. All authors have provided an
excellent list of references at the end of each chapter for the benefit of interested readers. As
each chapter is meant to be self-contained, some mild repetition among the various texts was
unavoidable. In each case, all omissions or repetitions are the responsibility of the editors and
not the individual authors. With the current trend toward metrication, the question of using a
consistent system of units has been a problem. Wherever possible, the authors have used the
British system (fps) along with the metric equivalent (mks, cgs, or SIU) or vice versa. The
editors sincerely hope that this duplicity of units’ usage will prove to be useful rather than
being disruptive to the readers.
The goals of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series are: (1) to cover entire
environmental fields, including air and noise pollution control, solid waste processing and
resource recovery, physicochemical treatment processes, biological treatment processes,
biosolids management, water resources, natural control processes, radioactive waste disposal,
and thermal pollution control; and (2) to employ a multimedia approach to environmental
pollution control since air, water, soil, and energy are all interrelated.
As can be seen from the above handbook coverage, no consideration is given to pollution
by the type of industry, or to the abatement of specific pollutants. Rather, the organization of
the handbook series has been based on the three basic forms in which pollutants and waste
are manifested: gas, solid, and liquid. In addition, noise pollution control is included in the
handbook series.
This particular book, Vol. 10, Environmental Biotechnology, mainly deals with theories and
principles of biotechnologies, and is a sister book to Vol. 11, Environmental Bioengineering,
which mainly deals with environmental applications of microbiological processes and tech-
nologies.
Specifically this book, Vol. 10, Environmental Biotechnology, introduces the mechanisms
of environmental biotechnology processes, different microbiological classifications useful
for environmental engineers, microbiology, metabolism, and microbial ecology of natural
and environmental engineering systems, microbial ecology and bioengineering of isolated
life support systems, classification and design of solid-state processes and reactors, value-
added biotechnological products from organic wastes, design of anaerobic suspended bio-
processes and reactors, selection and design of membrane bioreactors, natural environmental
Preface ix
biotechnologies systems, aerobic and anoxic suspended-growth systems, aerobic and anaero-
bic attached-growth systems, and sequencing batch reactors.
This book’s sister book, Environmental Bioengineering, Vol. 11, however, introduces var-
ious environmental applications, such as land disposal of biosolids, heavy metal removal by
crops, pretreatment of sludge for sludge digestion, biotreatment of sludge, fermentaion of
kitchen garbage, phytoremediation for sludge treatment, phyotoremediation for heavy metal
removal from contaminated soils, vetiver grass bioremediatioon, wetland treatment, biosorp-
tion of heavy metals, rotating biological contactors (RBC) for carbon and nitrogen removal,
anaerobic biofilm reactor, biological phosphorus removal, black and grey water treatment,
milk wastewater treatment, tomato wastewater treatment, gelatine and animal glue production
from skin wastes, fungal biomass protein production, algae harvest energy conversion, and
living machine for wastewater treatment.
Both books together (Vols. 10 and 11) have been designed to serve as comprehensive
biotechnology textbooks as well as wide-ranging reference books. We hope and expect they
will prove of equal high value to advanced undergraduate and graduate students, to designers
of water and wastewater treatment systems, and to scientists and researchers. The editors
welcome comments from readers in all of these categories.
The editors are pleased to acknowledge the encouragement and support received from their
colleagues and the publisher during the conceptual stages of this endeavor. We wish to thank
the contributing authors for their time and effort, and for having patiently borne our reviews
and numerous queries and comments. We are very grateful to our respective families for their
patience and understanding during some rather trying times.
Lawrence K. Wang, Lenox, Massachusetts

Volodymyr Ivanov, Singapore
Tay Joo Hwa, Singapore
Yung-Tse Hung, Cleveland, Ohio
Contents
Preface...................................................................................................................................... vii
Contributors............................................................................................................................. xxiii
1. Applications of Environmental Biotechnology

Volodymyr Ivanov and Yung-Tse Hung............................................................................ 1
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................. 2
2. Comparison of Biotechnological Treatment and Other Methods........................................................................................ 3
3. Aerobic Treatment of Wastes................................................................................................................................................. 4
3.1. Aerobic Treatment of Solid Wastes............................................................................................................................... 4
3.2. Aerobic Treatment of Liquid Wastes............................................................................................................................ 6
3.3. Aerobic Treatment of Gaseous Wastes......................................................................................................................... 6
4. Anaerobic Treatment of Wastes............................................................................................................................................. 7
5. Treatment of Heavy Metals-Containing Wastes................................................................................................................... 9
6. Enhancement of Biotechnological Treatment of Wastes ..................................................................................................... 10
7. Biosensors............................................................................................................................................................................... 14
References.................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
2. Microbiology of Environmental Engineering Systems

Volodymyr Ivanov ............................................................................................................... 19
1. Microbial Groups and Their Quantification.......................................................................................................................... 20
1.1. Groups of Microorganisms............................................................................................................................................ 21
1.2. Microbiological Methods Used in Environmental Engineering.................................................................................. 24
1.3. Comparison of Physical, Chemical, Physico-chemical and Microbiological Processes........................................... 28
2. Microbial Ecosystems............................................................................................................................................................ 29
2.1. Structure of Ecosystems................................................................................................................................................. 29
2.2. Interactions in Microbial Ecosystems........................................................................................................................... 32
3. Microbial Growth and Death................................................................................................................................................. 38
3.1. Nutrients and Media....................................................................................................................................................... 38
3.2. Growth of Individual Cells............................................................................................................................................ 40
3.3. Growth of Population..................................................................................................................................................... 42
3.4. Effect of Environment on Growth and Microbial Activities....................................................................................... 43
3.5. Death of Microorganisms .............................................................................................................................................. 45
4. Diversity Of Microorganisms ................................................................................................................................................ 49
4.1. Physiological Groups of Microorganisms.................................................................................................................... 49
4.2. Phylogenetic Groups of Prokaryotes............................................................................................................................. 50
4.3. Connection Between Phylogenetic Grouping and G + C Content
of Chromosomal DNA................................................................................................................................................... 53
4.4. Comparison of rRNA-Based Phylogenetic Classification
and Conventional Phenotypic Taxonomy..................................................................................................................... 54
4.5. Periodic Table of Prokaryotes........................................................................................................................................ 60
5. Functions of Microbial Groups in Environmental Engineering Systems ........................................................................... 63
5.1. Functions of Anaerobic Prokaryotes............................................................................................................................. 63
5.2. Functions of Anaerobic Respiring Prokaryotes............................................................................................................ 65
5.3. Functions of Facultative Anaerobic and Microaerophilic Prokaryotes ...................................................................... 68
5.4. Functions of Aerobic Prokaryotes................................................................................................................................. 71
5.5. Functions of Eukaryotic Microorganisms..................................................................................................................... 77
References.................................................................................................................................................................................... 78
xi
xii Contents
3. Microbial Systematics
Aharon Oren ....................................................................................................................... 81
1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................... 82
2. Systematics, Taxonomy, and Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.............................................................................................. 83
2.1. General Definitions.................................................................................................................................................... 83
2.2. The Definition of the Prokaryote Species................................................................................................................. 84
2.3. The Number of Prokaryotes that Have Been Described.......................................................................................... 87
3. Classification of Prokaryotes............................................................................................................................................... 88
3.1. Genotypic Properties Used in Prokaryote Classification......................................................................................... 90
3.2. Phenotypic Properties Used in Prokaryote Classification....................................................................................... 92
3.3. The Polyphasic Approach Toward Prokaryote Classification................................................................................. 94
4. Naming of Prokaryotes ........................................................................................................................................................ 95
4.1. The Binomial System of Naming Prokaryotes......................................................................................................... 95
4.2. The Bacteriological Code.......................................................................................................................................... 96
4.3. The International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes................................................................................. 96
4.4. The International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology............................................................. 97
4.5. Information on Nomenclature of Prokaryotes on the Internet................................................................................ 97
5. Culture Collections of Prokaryotes and Their Importance in Taxonomy and Identification........................................... 98
6. Small-Subunit rRNA-Based Classification of Prokaryotes ............................................................................................... 98
6.1. 16S rRNA as a Phylogenetic Marker........................................................................................................................ 99
6.2. The Differences Between Bacteria and Archaea......................................................................................................106
6.3. An Overview of the Bacteria.....................................................................................................................................109
6.4. An Overview of the Archaea.....................................................................................................................................110
7. Sources of Information on Prokaryote Systematics...........................................................................................................111
7.1. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology..........................................................................................................111
7.2. The Prokaryotes ......................................................................................................................................................... 111
8. Identification of Prokaryote Isolates ................................................................................................................................... 112
9. The Number of Different Species of Prokaryotes in Nature..............................................................................................114
10. Conclusions...........................................................................................................................................................................116
Nomenclature...............................................................................................................................................................................117
References....................................................................................................................................................................................117
4. Microbial Ecology
Nicolai S. Panikov...............................................................................................................121
1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................................121
2. The Major Terms, Principles, and Concepts of General and Microbial Ecology.............................................................123
2.1. From Molecule to Biosphere: The Hierarchy of Organizational Levels in Biology..............................................123
2.2. The Ecosystem Concept............................................................................................................................................125
2.3. Environmental Factors...............................................................................................................................................132
2.4. Population Dynamics, Succession and Life Strategy Concept ............................................................................... 134
3. Methods of Microbial Ecology............................................................................................................................................147
3.1. Natural Microbial Populations and “Laboratory Artifacts”....................................................................................148
3.2. “Great Plate Count Anomaly”...................................................................................................................................149
3.3. Estimation of the Microbial Numbers and Biomass in Soils and Water ................................................................151
3.4. Estimating Microbial Growth Rates In Situ.............................................................................................................153
4. Diversity of Microbial Habitats in Nature..........................................................................................................................158
4.1. Terms and General Principles (How to Classify Habitats)......................................................................................158
4.2. Atmosphere.................................................................................................................................................................160
4.3. Aquatic Ecosystems...................................................................................................................................................162
4.4. Terrestrial Ecosystems...............................................................................................................................................170
Nomenclature...............................................................................................................................................................................177
Glossary........................................................................................................................................................................................178
References....................................................................................................................................................................................188
Contents xiii
5. Microbial Metabolism: Importance for Environmental Biotechnology

Aharon Oren ....................................................................................................................... 193
1. Introduction: the Metabolic Diversity of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microorganisms ................................................. 194
2. Dissimilatory Metabolism of Microorganisms: Thermodynamic and Mechanistic Principles.......................................195
2.1. General Overview of the Metabolic Properties of Microorganisms: A Thermodynamic Approach....................195
2.2. Modes of Energy Generation of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microorganisms.....................................................202
3. Assimilatory Metabolism of Microorganisms....................................................................................................................211
3.1. Carbon Assimilation..................................................................................................................................................211
3.2. Nitrogen Assimilation................................................................................................................................................213
3.3. Phosphorus Assimilation...........................................................................................................................................215
3.4. Sulfur Assimilation....................................................................................................................................................215
3.5. Iron Assimilation........................................................................................................................................................216
4. The Phototrophic Way of Life.............................................................................................................................................216
4.1. Oxygenic Photosynthesis...........................................................................................................................................217
4.2. Anoxygenic Photosynthesis ...................................................................................................................................... 217
4.3. Retinal-Based Phototrophic Life...............................................................................................................................219
5. Chemoheterotrophic Life: Degradation of Organic Compounds In Aerobic and Anaerobic Environments..................220
5.1. Aerobic Degradation..................................................................................................................................................221
5.2. Anaerobic Respiration: Denitrification.....................................................................................................................222
5.3. Fermentation...............................................................................................................................................................223
5.4. Anaerobic Respiration: Dissimilatory Iron and Manganese Reduction.................................................................227
5.5. Anaerobic Respiration: Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction .......................................................................................228
5.6. Methanogenesis..........................................................................................................................................................229
5.7. Proton-Reducing Acetogens and Interspecies Hydrogen Transfer.........................................................................231
6. The Chemoautotrophic Way of Life....................................................................................................................................234
6.1. Reduced Nitrogen Compounds as Energy Source...................................................................................................234
6.2. Reduced Sulfur Compounds as Energy Source........................................................................................................236
6.3. Reduced Iron and Manganese as Energy Source.....................................................................................................238
6.4. Hydrogen as Energy Source......................................................................................................................................238
6.5. Other Substrates as Energy Sources for Chemoautotrophic Growth......................................................................239
7. The Biogeochemical Cycles of the Major Elements..........................................................................................................240
7.1. The Carbon Cycle......................................................................................................................................................240
7.2. The Nitrogen Cycle....................................................................................................................................................242
7.3. The Sulfur Cycle........................................................................................................................................................242
7.4. Biogeochemical Cycles of Other Elements..............................................................................................................242
8. Epilogue................................................................................................................................................................................245
Nomenclature...............................................................................................................................................................................245
References....................................................................................................................................................................................245
Appendix: Compounds of Environmental Significance and the Microbial Processes Responsible for Their For-
mation and Degradation.......................................................................................................................................................248
6. Microbial Ecology of Isolated Life Support Systems

Lydia A. Somova, Nickolay S. Pechurkin, Mark Nelson, and Lawrence K. Wang......257
1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................................258
2. Functional and Regulator Role of Microbial Populations .................................................................................................259
2.1. Microalgae and Bacteria Communities as Bioregenerators in Life Support Systems...........................................259
3. Microecological Risks for Human Life Support Systems .................................................................................................266
3.1. Man and His Microflora as a Single Ecosystem......................................................................................................266
3.2. Environmental Microflora in Different Types of LSS.............................................................................................271
3.3. Unsolved Problems and Prospects............................................................................................................................276
4. The Indicator Role and Monitoring of Microorganisms in LSS ....................................................................................... 278
4.1. Microbial Diagnostics Method..................................................................................................................................279
4.2. The Use of Skin Bacteria and Bactericidal Activity to Estimate Immune Responsiveness..................................279
xiv Contents
4.3. The Use of Microecosystem Response to Indicate Human Health.........................................................................280

4.4. The Estimation of the “Health” and Normal Functioning
of LSS and Its Links ..................................................................................................................................................281
5. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................................282
References....................................................................................................................................................................................283
7. Environmental Solid-State Cultivation Processes and Bioreactors

David Alexander Mitchell, Nadia Krieger, Oscar Felippe von Meien, Luiz
Fernando de Lima Luz Júnior, José Domingos Fontana, Lorena Benathar
Ballod Tavares, Márcia Brandão Palma, Geraldo Lippel Sant’Anna Junior,
Leda dos Reis Castilho, Denise Maria Guimarães Freire, and Jorge Alfredo
Arcas.....................................................................................................................................287
1. Definition of Solid-State Cultivation Processes ................................................................................................................. 288
2. Classification of Environmental Applications of Solid-State Cultivation Processes.......................................................290
2.1. General Scheme for Classifying Solid-State Processes Used in Environmental Biotechnology..........................290
2.2. Examples of Environmentally-Related Processes that Use Solid Residues...........................................................291
3. Classification of Process Types ........................................................................................................................................... 299
4. The Functions that the Solid-State Cultivation Bioreactor Must Fulfill...........................................................................301
5. Classification of Bioreactors Used in Environmentally-Related Solid-State Cultivation Processes...............................304
5.1. Group I Bioreactors: Not Aerated Forcefully and Not-Mixed................................................................................304
5.2. Group II Bioreactors: Aerated Forcefully but Not-Mixed.......................................................................................305
5.3. Group III Bioreactors: Not Aerated Forcefully but Mixed......................................................................................307
5.4. Group IV Bioreactors: Aerated Forcefully and Mixed............................................................................................307
6. Design of Bioreactors for Environmentally-Related Solid-State Cultivation Processes ................................................. 310
6.1. General Considerations for the Selection and Design of Bioreactors ....................................................................310
6.2. The Importance of Characterizing the Growth Kinetics of the Microorganism....................................................315
6.3. Design of Group I Bioreactors..................................................................................................................................316
6.4. Design of Group II Bioreactors.................................................................................................................................319
6.5. Design of Group III Bioreactors ............................................................................................................................... 326
6.6. Design of Group IV Bioreactors...............................................................................................................................331
7. Associated Issues That Must Be Considered in Bioreactor Design..................................................................................333
7.1. A Challenge in all Bioreactor Types: Design of the Air Preparation System........................................................333
7.2. Monitoring and Control Systems for Bioreactors....................................................................................................334
8. Future Perspectives...............................................................................................................................................................337
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................................... 338
Nomenclature...............................................................................................................................................................................338
References....................................................................................................................................................................................339
8. Value-Added Biotechnological Products from Organic Wastes

Olena Stabnikova, Jing-Yuan Wang, and Volodymyr Ivanov ........................................ 343
1. Organic Wastes as a Raw Material for Biotechnological Transformation........................................................................344
2. Biotechnological Products of Organic Waste Transformation ..........................................................................................344
2.1. Solid-State Fermentation for Bioconversion of Agricultural and Food Processing Waste into Value-
Added Products..........................................................................................................................................................345
2.2. Production of Enzymes..............................................................................................................................................350
2.3. Production of Organic Acids.....................................................................................................................................353
2.4. Production of Flavors.................................................................................................................................................358
2.5. Production of Polysaccharides..................................................................................................................................361
2.6. Mushroom Production...............................................................................................................................................363
2.7. Production of Biodegradable Plastics.......................................................................................................................364
2.8. Production of Animal Feed .......................................................................................................................................366
2.9. Use of Organic Waste for Production of Fungi Biomass for Bioremediation........................................................368
2.10. Dietary Fiber Production from Organic Waste.........................................................................................................368
2.11. Production of Pharmaceuticals from Organic Waste...............................................................................................369
Contents xv
2.12. Production of Gibberellic Acid.................................................................................................................................371

2.13. Production of Chemicals ........................................................................................................................................... 371
2.14. Production of Fuel......................................................................................................................................................374
3. Value-Added by-Products of Environmental Biotechnology ............................................................................................380
3.1. Composting.................................................................................................................................................................380
3.2. Aerobic Intensive Bioconversion of Organic Wastes into Fertilizer.......................................................................383
3.3. Recovery of Metals from Mining and Industrial Wastes.........................................................................................383
3.4. Recovery of Metals from Waste Streams by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria...............................................................384
3.5. Recovery of Phosphate and Ammonia by Iron-Reducing and Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria.......................................386
References....................................................................................................................................................................................388
9. Anaerobic Digestion in Suspended Growth Bioreactors

Gerasimos Lyberatos and Pratap C. Pullammanappallil............................................... 395
1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................................396
2. Fundamentals of Anaerobic Bioprocesses..........................................................................................................................397
2.1. Microbiology and Anaerobic Metabolism of Organic Matter.................................................................................398
2.2. Stoichiometry and Energetics....................................................................................................................................401
2.3. Kinetics.......................................................................................................................................................................403
3. Effect of Feed Characteristics on Anaerobic Digestion.....................................................................................................408
3.1. Anaerobic Biodegradability.......................................................................................................................................409
3.2. Inhibition and Toxicity...............................................................................................................................................409
3.3. Availability of Nutrients ............................................................................................................................................410
3.4. Flow-Rate Variations ................................................................................................................................................. 410
4. Reactor Configurations.........................................................................................................................................................411
4.1. Conventional Systems................................................................................................................................................411
4.2. High-Rate Systems.....................................................................................................................................................412
4.3. Two-Stage Systems....................................................................................................................................................415
4.4. Natural Systems ......................................................................................................................................................... 415
5. Suspended Growth Anaerobic Bioreactor Design..............................................................................................................416
5.1. Operating Parameters.................................................................................................................................................416
5.2. Sizing Bioreactors......................................................................................................................................................419
5.3. Biogas Collection and Exploitation..........................................................................................................................422
5.4. StartUp and Acclimation...........................................................................................................................................422
6. Control and Optimization of Anaerobic Digesters.............................................................................................................423
6.1. Monitoring..................................................................................................................................................................423
6.2. Process Control..........................................................................................................................................................424
6.3. Optimization...............................................................................................................................................................424
7. Applications..........................................................................................................................................................................426
7.1. Anaerobic Sludge Digestion......................................................................................................................................426
7.2. Comparison Between UASB and CSTR for Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Wastewaters....................................427
7.3. Biogas Production from Sweet Sorghum .................................................................................................................430
7.4. Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Wastes.......................................................................................................................431
Nomenclature...............................................................................................................................................................................432
References....................................................................................................................................................................................434
10. Selection and Design of Membrane Bioreactors in Environmental Bioengineering

Giuseppe Guglielmi and Gianni Andreottola................................................................ 439
1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................440
2. Theoretical Aspects of Membrane Filtration...................................................................................................................443
2.1. Membrane Classification........................................................................................................................................445
2.2. Types of Packaging of Membranes........................................................................................................................447
2.3. Membrane Technologies.........................................................................................................................................449
2.4. Factors Affecting Membrane Processes.................................................................................................................452
2.5. Mathematical Models for Flux Prediction.............................................................................................................456
xvi Contents
3. Membrane Biological Reactors for Solid/Liquid Separation ......................................................................................... 458

3.1. Process Configurations ........................................................................................................................................... 458
3.2. Fouling in MBRs.....................................................................................................................................................460
3.3. Commercial Membrane..........................................................................................................................................470
4. Design of the Biological Tank for COD and Nitrogen Removal....................................................................................477
4.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................477
4.2. Influent COD and TKN Fractioning......................................................................................................................480
4.3. Impact of Environmental Conditions on the Bacterial Growth
and the Substrate Removal.....................................................................................................................................482
4.4. Design Procedure....................................................................................................................................................488
4.5. Design Example......................................................................................................................................................497
Nomenclature............................................................................................................................................................................509
References.................................................................................................................................................................................514
11. Closed Ecological Systems, Space Life Support and Biospherics

Mark Nelson, Nickolay S. Pechurkin, John P. Allen, Lydia A Somova,
and Josef I. Gitelson.........................................................................................................517
1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................518
2. Terminology of Closed Ecological Systems: From Laboratory Ecospheres to Manmade Biospheres........................519
2.1. Materially-Closed Ecospheres................................................................................................................................520
2.2. Bioregenerative Technology...................................................................................................................................520
2.3. Controlled Environmental Life Support Systems .................................................................................................520
2.4. Closed Ecological Systems for Life Support.........................................................................................................521
2.5. Biospheric Systems.................................................................................................................................................521
3. Different Types of Closed Ecological Systems ............................................................................................................... 522
3.1. Research Programs in the United States................................................................................................................522
3.2. Russian Research in Closed Ecosystems...............................................................................................................542
3.3. European Research on Closed Ecological Systems..............................................................................................551
3.4. Japanese Research in Closed Ecological Systems................................................................................................556
4. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 559
References.................................................................................................................................................................................561
12. Natural Environmental Biotechnology

Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang.................................................................. 567
1. Aquaculture Treatment: Water Hyacinth System............................................................................................................568
1.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................568
1.2. Applications.............................................................................................................................................................568
1.3. Limitations...............................................................................................................................................................569
1.4. Design Criteria........................................................................................................................................................ 569
1.5. Performance.............................................................................................................................................................570
2. Aquaculture Treatment: Wetland System.........................................................................................................................570
2.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................570
2.2. Constructed Wetlands ............................................................................................................................................. 571
2.3. Applications.............................................................................................................................................................573
2.4. Limitations...............................................................................................................................................................573
2.5. Design Criteria........................................................................................................................................................ 573
2.6. Performance.............................................................................................................................................................573
3. Evapotranspiration System................................................................................................................................................576
3.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................576
3.2. Applications.............................................................................................................................................................577
3.3. Limitations...............................................................................................................................................................577
3.4. Design Criteria........................................................................................................................................................ 577
Contents xvii
3.5. Performance.............................................................................................................................................................578
3.6. Costs.........................................................................................................................................................................578
4. Land Treatment: Rapid Rate System................................................................................................................................578
4.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................579
4.2. Applications.............................................................................................................................................................581
4.3. Limitations...............................................................................................................................................................581
4.4. Design Criteria........................................................................................................................................................ 581
4.5. Performance.............................................................................................................................................................582
4.6. Costs.........................................................................................................................................................................583
5. Land Treatment: Slow Rate System.................................................................................................................................584
5.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................584
5.2. Applications.............................................................................................................................................................586
5.3. Limitations...............................................................................................................................................................586
5.4. Design Criteria........................................................................................................................................................ 588
5.5. Performance.............................................................................................................................................................588
5.6. Costs.........................................................................................................................................................................588
6. Land Treatment: Overland Flow System .........................................................................................................................590
6.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................590
6.2. Application ..............................................................................................................................................................592
6.3. Limitations...............................................................................................................................................................592
6.4. Design Criteria........................................................................................................................................................ 592
6.5. Performance.............................................................................................................................................................593
6.6. Costs.........................................................................................................................................................................593
7. Subsurface Infiltration.......................................................................................................................................................595
7.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................596
7.2. Applications.............................................................................................................................................................598
7.3. Limitations...............................................................................................................................................................598
7.4. Design Criteria........................................................................................................................................................ 598
7.5. Performance.............................................................................................................................................................598
8. Facultative Lagoons and Algal Harvesting......................................................................................................................599
9. Vegetative Filter Systems..................................................................................................................................................600
9.1. Conditions for System Utilization..........................................................................................................................601
9.2. Planning Considerations.........................................................................................................................................601
9.3. Component Design Criteria....................................................................................................................................601
9.4. Specifications for Vegetation Establishment.........................................................................................................603
9.5. Operation and Maintenance Criteria......................................................................................................................604
9.6. Innovative Designs..................................................................................................................................................604
9.7. Outline of Design Procedure..................................................................................................................................605
9.8. Procedure to Estimate Soil Infiltration Rate..........................................................................................................605
9.9. Procedure to Determine Slopes..............................................................................................................................606
10. Design Example.................................................................................................................................................................607
References.................................................................................................................................................................................609
Appendix...................................................................................................................................................................................614
13. Aerobic and Anoxic Suspended-Growth Biotechnologies

1. Conventional Activated Sludge.........................................................................................................................................624
1.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................624
1.2. Performance and Design Criteria...........................................................................................................................626
1.3. Mechanical Aeration...............................................................................................................................................627
2. High Rate Activated Sludge..............................................................................................................................................628
2.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................628
xviii Contents
3. Pure Oxygen Activated Sludge, Covered.........................................................................................................................629

3.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................629
4. Contact Stabilization .........................................................................................................................................................632
4.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................632
4.2. Applications.............................................................................................................................................................632
5. Activated Sludge With Nitrification.................................................................................................................................633
5.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................633
6. Separate Stage Nitrification ..............................................................................................................................................635
6.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................635
7. Separate Stage Denitrification .......................................................................................................................................... 636
7.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................636
8. Extended Aeration.............................................................................................................................................................637
8.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................637
9. Oxidation Ditch ................................................................................................................................................................. 638
9.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................638
10. Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment............................................................................................................................640
10.1. Types of PACT Systems..........................................................................................................................................640
10.2. Applications and Performance...............................................................................................................................641
10.3. Process Equipment..................................................................................................................................................643
10.4. Process Limitations.................................................................................................................................................643
11. Carrier-Activated Sludge Processes (Captor And Cast Systems)...................................................................................643
11.1. Advantages of Biomass Carrier Systems...............................................................................................................644
11.2. The CAPTOR Process ............................................................................................................................................644
11.3. Development of CAPTOR Process........................................................................................................................644
11.4. Pilot-Plant Study ..................................................................................................................................................... 645
11.5. Full-Scale Study of CAPTOR and CAST ............................................................................................................. 645
12. Activated Bio-Filter...........................................................................................................................................................653
12.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................653
12.2. Applications.............................................................................................................................................................654
12.3. Design Criteria........................................................................................................................................................ 654
12.4. Performance.............................................................................................................................................................655
13. Vertical Loop Reactor........................................................................................................................................................655
13.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................655
13.2. Applications.............................................................................................................................................................656
13.3. Design Criteria........................................................................................................................................................ 656
13.4. Performance.............................................................................................................................................................657
13.5. EPA Evaluation of VLR..........................................................................................................................................657
13.6. Energy Requirements..............................................................................................................................................658
13.7. Costs.........................................................................................................................................................................660
14. Phostrip Process.................................................................................................................................................................660
14.1. Description...............................................................................................................................................................660
14.2. Applications.............................................................................................................................................................661
14.3. Design Criteria........................................................................................................................................................ 661
14.4. Performance.............................................................................................................................................................662
14.5. Cost..........................................................................................................................................................................662
References.................................................................................................................................................................................664
Appendix...................................................................................................................................................................................670
Contents xix
14. Aerobic and Anaerobic Attached Growth Biotechnologies

1. Trickling Filter...................................................................................................................................................................671
1.1. Low-Rate Trickling Filter, Rock Media.................................................................................................................673
1.2. High-Rate Trickling Filter, Rock Media................................................................................................................674
1.3. Trickling Filter, Plastic Media................................................................................................................................676
2. Denitrification Filter..........................................................................................................................................................679
2.1. Denitrification Filter, Fine Media...........................................................................................................................679
2.2. Denitrification Filter, Coarse Media ...................................................................................................................... 680
3. Rotating Biological Contactor..........................................................................................................................................681
3.1. Operating Characteristics........................................................................................................................................683
3.2. Performance.............................................................................................................................................................686
3.3. Design Criteria........................................................................................................................................................ 686
4. Fluidized Bed Reactor.......................................................................................................................................................687
4.1. FBR Process Description........................................................................................................................................688
4.2. Process Design ........................................................................................................................................................ 689
4.3. Applications.............................................................................................................................................................689
4.4. Design Considerations............................................................................................................................................691
4.5. Case Study: Reno-Sparks WWTP..........................................................................................................................691
5. Packed Bed Reactor...........................................................................................................................................................692
5.1. Aerobic PBR............................................................................................................................................................692
5.2. Anaerobic Denitrification PBR ..............................................................................................................................694
5.3. Applications.............................................................................................................................................................696
5.4. Design Criteria........................................................................................................................................................ 696
5.5. Performance.............................................................................................................................................................698
5.6. Case Study: Hookers Point WWTP (Tampa, Florida)..........................................................................................698
5.7. Energy Requirement ............................................................................................................................................... 700
5.8. Costs.........................................................................................................................................................................700
6. Biological Aerated Filter...................................................................................................................................................702
6.1. BAF Process Description........................................................................................................................................702
6.2. Applications.............................................................................................................................................................704
6.3. BAF Media..............................................................................................................................................................704
6.4. Process Design and Performance...........................................................................................................................705
6.5. Solids Production....................................................................................................................................................709
7. Hybrid Biological-activated Carbon Systems..................................................................................................................710
7.1. General Introduction...............................................................................................................................................710
7.2. Downflow Conventional Biological GAC Systems ..............................................................................................710
7.3. Upflow Fluidized Bed Biological GAC System....................................................................................................712
References.................................................................................................................................................................................714
Appendix...................................................................................................................................................................................720
15. Sequencing Batch Reactor Technology

Lawrence K. Wang and Nazih K. Shammas..................................................................721
1. Background and Process Description...............................................................................................................................721
2. Proprietary SBR Processes................................................................................................................................................723
2.1. Aqua SBR................................................................................................................................................................724
2.2. Omniflo....................................................................................................................................................................724
2.3. Fluidyne...................................................................................................................................................................725
2.4. CASS........................................................................................................................................................................725
2.5. ICEAS......................................................................................................................................................................726
3. Description of a Treatment Plant Using SBR..................................................................................................................727
4. Applicability ...................................................................................................................................................................... 729
5. Advantages and Disadvantages.........................................................................................................................................729
5.1. Advantages .............................................................................................................................................................. 729
5.2. Disadvantages..........................................................................................................................................................729
xx Contents
6. Design Criteria...................................................................................................................................................................730
6.1. Design Parameters...................................................................................................................................................730
6.2. Construction ............................................................................................................................................................ 734
6.3. Tank and Equipment Description...........................................................................................................................735
6.4. Health and Safety....................................................................................................................................................736
7. Process Performance.........................................................................................................................................................736
8. Operation and Maintenance..............................................................................................................................................738
9. Cost.....................................................................................................................................................................................739
10. Packaged SBR for Onsite Systems...................................................................................................................................740
10.1. Typical Applications...............................................................................................................................................741
10.2. Design Assumptions ...............................................................................................................................................741
10.3. Performance.............................................................................................................................................................742
10.4. Management Needs.................................................................................................................................................742
10.5. Risk Management Issues ........................................................................................................................................743
10.6. Costs.........................................................................................................................................................................743
References.................................................................................................................................................................................744
Appendix...................................................................................................................................................................................747
16. Flotation Biological Systems

Lawrence K. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas, and Daniel B. Guss.....................................749
1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................749
2. Flotation Principles and Process Description ..................................................................................................................752
2.1. Dissolved Air Flotation...........................................................................................................................................752
2.2. Air Dissolving Tube and Friction Valve................................................................................................................755
2.3. Flotation Chamber...................................................................................................................................................756
2.4. Spiral Scoops...........................................................................................................................................................757
2.5. Flotation System Configurations............................................................................................................................758
3. Flotation Biological Systems............................................................................................................................................760
3.1. General Principles and Process Description..........................................................................................................760
3.2. Kinetics of Conventional Activated Sludge Process with Sludge Recycle ......................................................... 761
3.3. Kinetics of Flotation Activated Sludge Process Using Secondary Flotation ......................................................764
4. Case Studies of FBS Treatment Systems.........................................................................................................................768
4.1. Petrochemical Industry Effluent Treatment...........................................................................................................768
4.2. Municipal Effluent Treatment.................................................................................................................................769
4.3. Paper Manufacturing Effluent Treatment .............................................................................................................. 772
5. Operational Difficulties and Remedy...............................................................................................................................772
6. Summary and Conclusions................................................................................................................................................776
Abbreviations............................................................................................................................................................................777
Nomenclature............................................................................................................................................................................778
References.................................................................................................................................................................................779
17. A/O Phosphorus Removal Biotechnology

1. Background and Theory....................................................................................................................................................783
2. Biological Phosphorus Removal Mechanism..................................................................................................................786
3. Process Description...........................................................................................................................................................788
4. Retrofitting Existing Activated Sludge Plants .................................................................................................................790
4.1. A/O Process Performance.......................................................................................................................................793
4.2. Cost for A/O Process Retrofit.................................................................................................................................793
5. A/O Process Design...........................................................................................................................................................794
5.1. A/O Operating Conditions......................................................................................................................................794
5.2. Design Considerations............................................................................................................................................794
5.3. Attainability of Effluent Limits..............................................................................................................................797
5.4. Oxygen Requirements for Nitrification .................................................................................................................797
Contents xxi
6. Dual Phosphorus Removal and Nitrogen Removal A2 /O Process.................................................................................797

6.1. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal with the A2 /O Process.................................................................................800
6.2. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal with the Bardenpho Process........................................................................801
6.3. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal with the University of Capetown Process...................................................802
6.4. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal with the Modified PhoStrip Process ........................................................... 803
7. Sludges Derived from Biological Phosphorus Processes................................................................................................806
7.1. Sludge Characteristics.............................................................................................................................................806
7.2. Sludge Generation Rates.........................................................................................................................................806
7.3. Sludge Management................................................................................................................................................807
8. Capital and O&M Costs....................................................................................................................................................808
References.................................................................................................................................................................................810
Appendix...................................................................................................................................................................................814
18. Treatment of Septage and Biosolids from Biological Processes

Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang, Azni Idris, Katayon Saed,
and Yung-Tse Hung..........................................................................................................815
1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................816
2. Expressor Press..................................................................................................................................................................817
3. Som-A-System...................................................................................................................................................................819
4. Centripress ......................................................................................................................................................................... 822
5. Hollin Iron Works Screw Press.........................................................................................................................................823
6. Sun Sludge System............................................................................................................................................................827
7. Wedgewater Bed................................................................................................................................................................828
8. Vacuum Assisted Bed........................................................................................................................................................830
9. Reed Bed............................................................................................................................................................................832
10. Sludge Freezing Bed ......................................................................................................................................................... 833
11. Biological Flotation...........................................................................................................................................................834
12. Treatment of Septage as Sludge by Land Application, Lagoon, and Composting........................................................835
12.1. Receiving Station (Dumping Station/Storage Facilities)......................................................................................835
12.2. Receiving Station (Dumping Station, Pretreatment, Equalization) ..................................................................... 836
12.3. Land Application of Septage..................................................................................................................................837
12.4. Lagoon Disposal......................................................................................................................................................838
12.5. Composting..............................................................................................................................................................839
12.6. Odor Control............................................................................................................................................................841
13. Treatment of Septage at Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants.................................................................................842
13.1. Treating Septage as a Wastewater or as a Sludge..................................................................................................842
13.2. Pretreatment of Septage at a Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant.................................................................842
13.3. Primary Treatment of Septage at a Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant.......................................................843
13.4. Secondary Treatment by Biological Suspended-Growth Systems.......................................................................844
13.5. Secondary Treatment by Biological Attached-Growth Systems..........................................................................847
13.6. Septage Treatment by Aerobic Digestion..............................................................................................................847
13.7. Septage Treatment by Anaerobic Digestion..........................................................................................................848
13.8. Septage Treatment by Mechanical Dewatering.....................................................................................................849
13.9. Septage Treatment by Sand Drying Beds..............................................................................................................849
13.10.Costs of Septage Treatment at Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants............................................................849
References.................................................................................................................................................................................850
19. Environmental Control of Biotechnology Industry

Lawrence K. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas, and Ping Wang............................................855
1. Introduction to Biotechnology..........................................................................................................................................856
1.1. Core Technologies...................................................................................................................................................857
1.2. Biotechnology Materials.........................................................................................................................................858
1.3. Drug Development..................................................................................................................................................859
xxii Contents
1.4. Gene Sequencing and Bioinformatics....................................................................................................................859

1.5. Applications of Biotechnology Information to Medicine.....................................................................................860
1.6. Applications of Biotechnology Information to Nonmedical Markets .................................................................860
1.7. The Regulatory Environment.................................................................................................................................860
2. General Industrial Description and Classification...........................................................................................................861
2.1. Industrial Classification of Biotechnology Industry’s Pharmaceutical Manufacturing......................................861
2.2. Biotechnology Industry’s Pharmaceutical SIC Subcategory Under US EPA’s Guidelines................................862
3. Manufacturing Processes and Waste Generation.............................................................................................................863
3.1. Fermentation............................................................................................................................................................863
3.2. Biological Product Extraction................................................................................................................................866
3.3. Chemical Synthesis.................................................................................................................................................867
3.4. Formulation/Mixing/Compounding.......................................................................................................................869
3.5. Research and Development....................................................................................................................................869
4. Waste Characterization and Options for Waste Disposal................................................................................................870
4.1. Waste Characteristics..............................................................................................................................................870
4.2. Options for Waste Disposal....................................................................................................................................871
5. Environmental Regulations on Pharmaceutical Wastewater Discharges.......................................................................873
5.1. Regulations for Direct Discharge...........................................................................................................................873
5.2. Regulations for Indirect Discharge........................................................................................................................875
5.3. Historical View on Regulations..............................................................................................................................875
6. Waste Management............................................................................................................................................................876
6.1. Strategy of Waste Management..............................................................................................................................876
6.2. In-Plant Control.......................................................................................................................................................877
6.3. In-Plant Treatment...................................................................................................................................................882
6.4. End-of-Pipe Treatment............................................................................................................................................890
7. Case Study..........................................................................................................................................................................902
7.1. Factory Profiles........................................................................................................................................................903
7.2. Raw Materials and Production Process..................................................................................................................903
7.3. Waste Generation and Characteristics....................................................................................................................903
7.4. End-of-Pipe Treatment............................................................................................................................................905
Nomenclature............................................................................................................................................................................908
References.................................................................................................................................................................................908
Appendix: Conversion Factors for Environmental Engineers

Lawrence K. Wang............................................................................................................915
Index .......................................................................................................................................... 961

Contributors
J OHN P. A LLEN , BS, MBA, FLS • Chairman, Global Ecotechnics Corporation, Santa Fe, NM,
USA
G IANNI A NDREOTTOLA , PhD • Associate Professor, Department of Civil & Environmental
Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
J ORGE A LFREDO A RCAS , PhD • Associate Professor, Centre for Investigation and Devel-
opment of Industrial Fermentations (CINDEFI), Faculdade de Ciencias Exactas, National
University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aries, Argentina
L EDA D OS R EIS C ASTILHO , PhD • Associate Professor, COPPE – Chemical Engineering
Program, Centro de Tecnologia, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil
L UIZ F ERNANDO DE L IMA L UZ J ÚNIOR , PhD • Associate Professor, Department of Chem-
ical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
J OSÉ D OMINGOS F ONTANA , PhD • Senior Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Federal
University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
D ENISE M ARIA G UIMARÃES F REIRE , PhD • Associate Professor, Department of Biochem-
istry, Instituto de Química, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
J OSEF I. G ITELSON , PhD • Adviser, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
G IUSEPPE G UGLIELMI , PhD • Water Research Institute - National Council of Researches
(IRSA-CNR) Via De Blasio, 5
DANIEL B. G USS , BE, MBA, PE • VP and Professor, Lenox Institute of Water Technology and
Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA, USA
Y UNG -T SE H UNG , PhD, PE, DEE • Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engi-
neering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
VOLODYMYR I VANOV, PhD • Associate Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engi-
neering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
NADIA K RIEGER , PhD • Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Federal University
of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
G ERASIMOS LYBERATOS , PhD • Professor, Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and
Environmental Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras,
Patras, Greece; and Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical
Processes, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas
DAVID A LEXANDER M ITCHELL , PhD • Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
M ARK N ELSON , PhD • Chairman, Institute of Ecotechnics, London, UK
xxiii
xxiv Contributors
A HARON O REN , PhD • Professor, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
M ÁRCIA B RANDÃO PALMA , PhD • Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineer-
ing, Regional University of Blumenau (FURB), Santa Catarina, Brazil
N ICOLAI S. PANIKOV, PhD • Professor, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology,
Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, USA
N ICKOLAY S. P ECHURKIN , PhD • Professor, Krasnoyarsk State University, Krasnoyarsk,
Russia
P RATAP C. P ULLAMMANAPPALLIL , PhD • Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
G ERALDO L IPPEL S ANT ’ ANNA J UNIOR , PhD • Professor, COPPE – Chemical Engineering
Program, Centro de Tecnologia, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil
NAZIH K. S HAMMAS , PhD • Professor and Environmental Engineering Consultant, Ex-
Dean and Director, Lenox Institute of Water Technology, and Krofta Engineering Cor-
poration, Lenox, MA, USA
LYDIA A . S OMOVA , PhD • Major Researcher, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk,
Russia
O LENA S TABNIKOVA , PhD • Research Fellow, School of Civil and Environmental Engineer-
ing, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
L ORENA B ENATHAR BALLOD TAVARES , PhD • Associate Professor, Department of Chem-
ical Engineering, Regional University of Blumenau (FURB), Santa Catarina, Brazil
O SCAR F ELIPPE VON M EIEN , PhD • Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engi-
neering, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
J ING -Y UAN WANG , PhD • Associate Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engi-
neering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
L AWRENCE K. WANG , PhD, PE, DEE • Ex-Dean and Director, Lenox Institute of Water Tech-
nology, and Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA, USA and Zorex Corporation,
Newtonville, NY, USA
P ING WANG , PhD • Project Manager, Center of Environmental Sciences, University of
Maryland, Annapolis, Maryland, USA

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Environmental Biotechnology

For further volumes:

Volodymyr Ivanov, PhD

Joo-Hwa Tay, PhD, PE

Yung-Tse Hung, PhD, PE, DEE

Dr. Volodymyr Ivanov

Dr. Joo-Hwa Tay

Dr. Yung-Tse Hung

ISBN: 978-1-58829-166-0 e-ISBN: 978-1-60327-140-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009941061

c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010

Printed on acid-free paper

Humana Press is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Lawrence K. Wang, Lenox, Massachusetts

1. Applications of Environmental Biotechnology

2. Microbiology of Environmental Engineering Systems

5. Microbial Metabolism: Importance for Environmental Biotechnology

6. Microbial Ecology of Isolated Life Support Systems

4.3. The Use of Microecosystem Response to Indicate Human Health.........................................................................280

7. Environmental Solid-State Cultivation Processes and Bioreactors

8. Value-Added Biotechnological Products from Organic Wastes

2.12. Production of Gibberellic Acid.................................................................................................................................371

9. Anaerobic Digestion in Suspended Growth Bioreactors

10. Selection and Design of Membrane Bioreactors in Environmental Bioengineering

3. Membrane Biological Reactors for Solid/Liquid Separation ......................................................................................... 458

11. Closed Ecological Systems, Space Life Support and Biospherics

12. Natural Environmental Biotechnology

13. Aerobic and Anoxic Suspended-Growth Biotechnologies

3. Pure Oxygen Activated Sludge, Covered.........................................................................................................................629

14. Aerobic and Anaerobic Attached Growth Biotechnologies

15. Sequencing Batch Reactor Technology

16. Flotation Biological Systems

17. A/O Phosphorus Removal Biotechnology

6. Dual Phosphorus Removal and Nitrogen Removal A2 /O Process.................................................................................797

18. Treatment of Septage and Biosolids from Biological Processes

19. Environmental Control of Biotechnology Industry

1.4. Gene Sequencing and Bioinformatics....................................................................................................................859

Appendix: Conversion Factors for Environmental Engineers

Index .......................................................................................................................................... 961

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