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Research Methodology and IPR

This document discusses three topics related to power systems: [1] harmonic reduction using shunt active power filters, [2] power system protection with relay coordination, and [3] excitation control of synchronous motors. For each topic, the document provides a 1-page summary of the key issues and concepts. It discusses how shunt active power filters can be used to mitigate harmonics below 5% THD. For relay coordination, it explains the objectives of primary and backup protection and different relay characteristics. Finally, it outlines the operation of synchronous motors with different types of excitation control and their applications in power factor correction.

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Aditya Tiwari
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58 views4 pages

Research Methodology and IPR

This document discusses three topics related to power systems: [1] harmonic reduction using shunt active power filters, [2] power system protection with relay coordination, and [3] excitation control of synchronous motors. For each topic, the document provides a 1-page summary of the key issues and concepts. It discusses how shunt active power filters can be used to mitigate harmonics below 5% THD. For relay coordination, it explains the objectives of primary and backup protection and different relay characteristics. Finally, it outlines the operation of synchronous motors with different types of excitation control and their applications in power factor correction.

Uploaded by

Aditya Tiwari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Research Methodology and IPR

Assignment 2

1. Identify a few trending topics of research in your area of interest


• Voltage Stability Analysis of Multimachine system
• Harmonic Reduction using Shunt Active Power filter
• Power System Reliability Evaluation and Quality
• Power System Protection with Relay Coordination
• Excitation Control of Synchronous Motors
• Reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion in Inverters

2. Narrow down to a topic which is the most interesting to you to carry out further research. Identify
3-5 most relevant papers in the said area. Read these papers thoroughly and for each paper, prepare
one- page summary/gist.

The topics of 3 papers in area of interest are as follows.


• Harmonic Reduction using Shunt Active Power filter
• Power system Protection with Relay coordination
• Excitation Control of Synchronous Motors

1. Harmonic Reduction using Shunt Active Power filter

This paper deals with different power quality issues and from that harmonics is one of the
important issues. The harmonics are introduced because of nonlinear load in system that causes
severe damage to power system. Reduction of harmonics is done using shunt active power filter.
HARMONIC MITIGATION TECHNIQUES
There are 2 types of Harmonic filters
1. Passive filter
2. Active filter
Passive filter

The passive filter consist of resistors, inductors, and capacitors, and they do not depend on
any type of external power source. The inductors and the capacitors work as opposites. The
inductors will block high frequency signals and conduct low frequency signals. The passive
filters might not be in use as much as they were years ago. People tend to use passive filter
when they want to be able to reduce the amount of harmonic Currents as well as when they
need to improve power in the system .
Active Filter

Active filters of voltage source or current-source inverter provide the necessary compensation of
Voltages/currents. A shunt active power filter (SAPF) generates a harmonic current spectrum that is
equal and opposite in phase to the harmonic and/or reactive current it perceives at the load end.
Harmonic and reactive currents are thus cancelled at the source end and the resultant is undistorted
sinusoidal balanced current. Main advantage of active filter over passive filter is that it can be
controlled to compensate For harmonics in such a way that Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) lower
than 5%.

Due to harmonics many problems created and for that shunt active power filter used to solve
problems created due to it. In case of shunt active power filter reference current generation is
important. For reference current generation, active and reactive power is being calculated from
three phase currents and voltages. Later on as per control technique power is being transformed.
Average power is being calculated from power obtained. Then it is compared with voltage
reference obtained from PID controller of inverter. Signals obtained are further compared with
source currents. These reference currents are further given to current controlling circuit for PWM
signal generations. Further these PWM signals are given to inverter for harmonic compensation

2. Power System Protection with Relay Coordination

Relay co-ordination plays an important role in the protection of power system . Relay co-ordination
can be done by selecting proper plug setting and time multiplication setting of the relay,
considering maximum fault current at the relay location. A relay is device that makes a
measurement or receives a signal that causes it to operate and to effect the operation of other
equipment. It responds abnormal conditions in faulty section of the system with the minimum
interruption of supply.

Primary and Back-up Protection

For attaining higher reliability, quick action and improvements in operating flexibility of the
Protection schemes separate elements of a power system , in addition to main or primary protection
are provided with a back-up and auxiliary protection. First in line of defense is main protection
which ensures quick action and selective clearing of faults within the boundary of the circuit
section or the element it protects. Main protection is essentially provided as a rule.
Back up protection may be provided either on the same circuit breakers which will be opened by
the main protection or may use different circuit breakers. Very often the main protection of a
circuit acts as Very often the main protection of a circuit acts as back up protection for the
adjacent circuit.

.
Back-up protection by Time Grading principle

Fig. 1 Primary and Back-up Protection by Time Grading Principle

Relay Characteristics

There are 4 types of relay characteristics


• Standard or Normal Inverse
• Very Inverse
• Extremely Inverse
• Long Inverse

For Normal inverse over current characteristics, the operation time is inversely proportional to the
applied current. Very inverse over current characteristics are particularly suitable if there is a
substantial reduction of fault current. The characteristics of this relay are such that its operating time
is approximately doubled for a reduction in current from 7 to 4 times the relay current setting.

Main objective of protective relay co-ordination in an interconnected power system is to


achieve proper selectivity and speed without sacrificing sensitivity and fast fault clearance time. For
optimal relay co-ordination the current setting of relays are known prior and then find the time
multiplier setting (TMS) of the relays. Current setting and time multiplier setting of all relays are
considered as optimization parameters. A coordination study provides data useful for selection of
instrument transformers, protective relay characteristics and settings, fuse ratings, and other
information pertinent to provision of optimum protection and selectivity in coordinating these
devices.
3. Excitation Control of the Synchronous Motor
This paper describe about Excitation Control of Synchronous Motor.The motor which runs at
synchronous speed is known as Synchronous motor. Synchronous motors are a doubly excited
machine, i.e., two electrical inputs are provided to it. We provide 3 phase ac supply to stator
winding and DC supply to rotor winding.The 3 phase stator winding carrying 3 phase currents
produces 3 phase rotating magnetic flux. The rotor carrying DC supply also produces a constant
flux. The rotor tries to follow the rotating magnetic field of stator and tries to rotate at speed
close to stator.
The synchronous motor is not self-starting. The prime mover is used for rotating the motor at the
synchronous speed.The speed of the synchronous motor is independent of the Load.
The synchronous motor operates both for leading and lagging power factor. It is used for power
factor correction of Induction motors and Lagging Loads.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATION IN SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR


• NORMAL EXCITATION
In normal excitation Eb = V . The armature current lags behind V by small angle.
• UNDER EXCITATION
In Under excitation Eb < V , Current magnitude is increased and power factor is lagging.
• OVER EXCITATION
In Over excitation Eb > V , Power factor is leading and Current is increased.
The magnitude of armature current varies with excitation. The current has large value both for
low and high value of excitation. The power factor changes with excitation . overexcited motor
runs at leading pf and underexcited motor runs at lagging power factor.

ADVANTAGES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR


1. The main advantage of Synchronous motor is its ability to operate at leading or lagging power
factor.
2. It usually runs at higher efficiency especially in low- speed unity power factor.
3. Speed of motor remains constant from no load to full load.
4. These motors are used for power factor correction of Induction motors and lagging loads.

A synchronous condenser is a synchronous motor running without a mechanical load.


Depending on the amount of excitation on the machine , it can either absorb or generate
Reactive power to improve the power factor of the system. Leading power factor can be
achieved by overexciting field of synchronous motor. Lagging power factor can be achieved
by underexciting field of synchronous motor.

REFERENCES
(1) Schaefer, Richard C. "Excitation control of the synchronous motor." IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications 35.3 (1999): 694-702.
(2) “Reduction of Harmonics using Shunt Active Power Filters” International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 4 Issue 07, July-2015.
(3) Devdhariya, Mehulkumar "Power System Protection with Relay Co-Ordination." (2017).

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