BMS Balancing

Ref.
Ares(2019)5503824 - 31/08/2019
Electric Vehicle Enhanced Range, Lifetime And Safety

Through INGenious battery management
D6.7 – Battery Management System

Standard
August 2019
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research
and innovation programme under grant agreement No 713771
Public
D6.7 – Battery Management System standard
Author: Bharanitharan Jayaraman, Prashanth Vemireddy (LION Smart) - Aug 2019
EVERLASTING - Grant Agreement 71377 (Call: H2020-GV8-2015)
Electric Vehicle Enhanced Range, Lifetime And Safety Through INGenious battery management
PROJECT SHEET
Project Acronym EVERLASTING
Project Full Title Electric Vehicle Enhanced Range, Lifetime And Safety Through INGenious
battery management
Grant Agreement 713771
Call Identifier H2020-GV8-2015
Topic GV-8-2015: Electric vehicles’ enhanced performance and integration into the
transport system and the grid
Type of Action Research and Innovation action
Project Duration 48 months (01/09/2016 – 31/08/2020)
Coordinator VLAAMSE INSTELLING VOOR TECHNOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK NV

(BE) - VITO
Consortium COMMISSARIAT A L ENERGIE ATOMIQUE ET AUX ENERGIES ALTERNATIVES

Partners (FR) - CEA
SIEMENS INDUSTRY SOFTWARE SAS

(FR) - Siemens PLM
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAET MUENCHEN

(DE) - TUM
TUV SUD BATTERY TESTING GMBH

(DE) - TUV SUD
ALGOLION LTD
(IL) - ALGOLION LTD
RHEINISCH-WESTFAELISCHE TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE AACHEN

(DE) - RWTH AACHEN
LION SMART GMBH

(DE) - LION SMART
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT EINDHOVEN

(NL) - TU/E
VOLTIA AS
(SK) - VOLTIA
VDL ENABLING TRANSPORT SOLUTIONS

(NL) – VDL ETS
Website www.everlasting-project.eu
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DELIVERABLE SHEET
Title D6.7 – Battery Management System Standard
Related WP WP6 (Standardized Architecture)
Lead Beneficiary LION Smart
Author(s) Bharanitharan Jayaraman (LION Smart)

Prashanth Vemireddy (LION Smart)
Reviewer(s) Khiem Trad (VITO)
Niles Fleischer (ALGOLiON)
Jacobs Geert (VITO)
Mulder Grietus (VITO)
Sebastian Ludwig (TUM)
Michael Geppert (LION Smart)
Everhard Ros (LION Smart)
Type Deliverable
Dissemination level PUBLIC
Due Date M36
Submission date August 31, 2019
Status and Version Final, version 1.0
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REVISION HISTORY
Version Date Author/Reviewer Notes
V0.1 12/08/2019 Bharanitharan Jayaraman, First draft

Prashanth Vemireddy
(LION Smart)
V0.2 19/08/2019 Everhard Ros (LION Smart) Internal review
V0.3 21/08/2019 Khiem Trad (VITO) Peer review
V0.4 26/08/2019 Michael Geppert (LION Smart) Technical and quality review
V0.5 27/08/2019 Niles Fleischer (ALGOLiON) Peer review

Jacobs Geert (VITO)
Mulder Grietus (VITO)
Sebastian Ludwig (TUM)
V0.6 30/08/2019 Mulder Grietus (VITO) Authored Chapter 4.1.3
V1.0 31/08/2019 Carlo Mol (VITO) Submission to the EC

Coordinator
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DISCLAIMER
The opinion stated in this report reflects the opinion of the authors and not the opinion of the European
Commission.
All intellectual property rights are owned by the EVERLASTING consortium members and are protected
by the applicable laws. Except where otherwise specified, all document contents are: “© EVERLASTING
Project - All rights reserved”. Reproduction is not authorised without prior written agreement.
The commercial use of any information contained in this document may require a license from the
owner of that information.
All EVERLASTING consortium members are committed to publish accurate information and take the
greatest care to do so. However, the EVERLASTING consortium members cannot accept liability for
any inaccuracies or omissions, nor do they accept liability for any direct, indirect, special,
consequential or other losses or damages of any kind arising out of the use of this information.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement No 713771
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SCOPE
This document is intended to be applied to functional BMS development. It presents the

standardization potential of the knowledge attained and results achieved in BMS research and
development of the EVERLASTING project. It is focused on the functionality and generic design
architecture of hardware and software aspects during the development of a generic BMS. This
document should be seen as a proposal of a common, pre-normative technical standard for BMS
architectures and functionalities, as a preparation for national and international standardization
efforts.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SCOPE ................................................................................................................................ 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... 7
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ......................................................................... 9
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. 10
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ 10
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 11
1 BACKGROUND ON STANDARDIZATION ....................................................................... 12
1.1 WHAT IS A STANDARD?.................................................................................................. 12
1.2 RELEVANT STANDARDIZATION BODIES ................................................................................. 12
1.2.1 European Standards Organizations (ESOs) ............................................................. 12
1.2.2 International Standards Organizations ................................................................... 13
1.2.3 Other Standards Development Organizations ......................................................... 14
2 MAPPING OF RELEVANT STANDARDS AND STANDARDIZATION GAP ANALYSIS FOR
BMS .................................................................................................................................. 15
2.1 OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT STANDARDS FOR BMS ..................................................................... 15
2.1.1 Standards for battery systems in general ............................................................... 15
2.1.2 Standards for application specific battery systems .................................................. 15
2.2 STANDARDIZATION GAP ANALYSIS FOR BMS ......................................................................... 25
2.2.1 Possible standards for BMS feature extension ......................................................... 25
3 BMS STANDARDIZATION FOR FUNCTIONALITY, TESTING AND DEVELOPMENT ........... 27
3.1 STANDARDIZATION POTENTIAL OF BMS HARDWARE ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS ............................... 27
3.2 STANDARDIZATION POTENTIAL OF BMS FUNCTIONALITIES AND THEIR VALIDATION METHODS ................ 28
3.2.1 Cell voltage monitoring ........................................................................................ 28
3.2.2 Current flow through battery pack monitoring ........................................................ 28
3.2.3 Cell temperature monitoring ................................................................................ 29
3.2.4 Cell balancing ..................................................................................................... 30
3.2.5 Galvanic isolation between circuits working at different potentials ............................. 30
3.2.6 Data Communication ........................................................................................... 30
3.2.7 SoX functions ..................................................................................................... 32
3.2.8 Controlling contactor switching ............................................................................. 33
3.2.9 High current protection fuse ................................................................................. 34
3.2.10 Additional features ........................................................................................... 34
3.3 STANDARDIZATION POTENTIAL OF TESTS FOR BMS.................................................................. 35
3.3.1 Environmental Tests ........................................................................................... 35
3.3.2 Additional tests for BMS Validation ........................................................................ 36
3.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BMS DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................ 41
3.4.1 Shutdown on potential physical damage ................................................................ 41
3.4.2 System reset on detection of abnormal behavior of main controlling component of the
BMS 41
3.4.3 Tamper proofing BMS .......................................................................................... 41
3.4.4 Vehicle And Cloud Integration .............................................................................. 41
3.4.5 Consolidation/virtualization of BMS functions on central vehicle control units/platforms 42
3.4.6 Open-source BMS platform .................................................................................. 43
3.5 AGREEABLE CONVENTIONS .............................................................................................. 44
3.5.1 Current flow direction sign ................................................................................... 44
3.5.2 BMS error data logging ........................................................................................ 44
3.5.3 Dynamic monitoring rates for Applications ............................................................. 44
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3.5.4 Data formats ...................................................................................................... 45

3.5.5 Voltage and current measurement synchronization ................................................. 45
3.5.6 Specifications from cell manufacturers................................................................... 45
4 BMS STANDARDIZATION FOR INTERFACES TO SUPPORT SECOND-LIFE USE CASES OF
BATTERIES ....................................................................................................................... 46
4.1.1 Defining End Of Life ............................................................................................ 46
4.1.2 OBD-II interface ................................................................................................. 47
4.1.3 Interaction with European initiative for sustainable battery regulation ....................... 47
4.1.4 Communication protocol for second life applications ................................................ 48
4.1.5 BMS second-life mode ......................................................................................... 50
4.1.6 Information to be shared by the BMS .................................................................... 50
5 BMS STANDARDIZATION FOR AN APPLICATION BY TAILORING OF RELEVANT
FUNCTIONAL SAFETY NORMS ........................................................................................... 52
5.1.1 Functional Safety Requirements ........................................................................... 52
5.1.2 Analysis Steps .................................................................................................... 52
5.1.3 General functions and possible malfunctions of a BMS ............................................. 52
5.1.4 Assignment of ASIL ratings to identified malfunctions .............................................. 54
CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................. 59
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 60
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ACRONYM DEFINITION
WP Work Package
WPL Work Package Leader
DOW Description of Work
BMS Battery Management System
PCB Printed Circuit Board
OCV Open Circuit Voltage
SoC State of Charge
SoH State of Health
SoF State of Function
SoP State of Power
SoE State of Energy
RT Room Temperature
Topmin Minimum Operating Temperature
Topmax Maximum Operating Temperature
Umin Minimum Voltage
Umax Maximum Voltage
Unominal Nominal Voltage
PC Personal Computer
EV Electric Vehicle
SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit
HV High voltage
VCU Vehicle Control Unit
OBD On-board diagnostics
RUL Remaining useful life
CAN Controller Area Network
EMU Energy Management Unit
ASIL Automotive Safety Integrity Level
HMI Human Machine Interface
RMS Root Mean Square
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Test setup for SoC estimation validation [46] ............................................................ 37

Figure 2: Test setup for SoH estimation validation [54] ............................................................ 38
Figure 3: Pulse power characterization profile-current vs time [s] [55] ....................................... 40
Figure 4: Pulse power characterization profile-voltage vs time [s] [47] ...................................... 40
Figure 5: Possible Architecture for BMS Virtualization ............................................................... 43
Figure 6: Possible Architecture for BMS connection with 2nd life application components [61] ........ 49
Figure 7: Bridging step between EV BMS and EMU/inverter....................................................... 50
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Standards relevant to an EV Battery management system ........................................... 24

Table 2: Identified gaps in available standards for Battery management system ......................... 25
Table 3: Possible communication interfaces for a battery management system ........................... 31
Table 4: Test parameters for mechanical shock test ................................................................. 36
Table 5: Pulse power characterization profile. [47] .................................................................. 39
Table 6: Information exchanged between an EV BMS and its 2nd life application .......................... 51
Table 7: General functions and related malfunctions occurring on a BMS .................................... 53
Table 8: Generic examples of functions and related ASIL ratings ............................................... 55
Table 9: Generic examples of functions and related ASIL ratings ............................................... 56
Table 10: Generic examples of functions and related ASIL ratings ............................................. 57
Table 11: Generic examples of functions and related ASIL ratings [62] ...................................... 58
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INTRODUCTION
Battery management systems (BMS) can be defined as a safety control system required for managing
of individual cells of the battery pack and an entire battery pack. This document is an endeavor to
define and specify standard BMS functionalities and tests to verify/validate them. An analysis of
existing standards to support development and verification of a BMS are listed in the next chapter. To
analyse the deficiency of the listed documents to fulfil the requirements of a generic BMS, a gap
analysis is being formulated. In the scope of the EVERLASTING project, the findings and the gap
analysis are put together and executed. The results are detailed in chapter 3.
This document is an effort to standardize BMS development. The prominent goals of a BMS are:
1. Protection of individual cells and battery systems from damage.
2. Increasing safety and reliability of battery systems.
3. Improving battery energy usage efficiency.
4. Prolong battery lifetime.
During the development of a BMS, there are various aspects to be considered to assure the safe
operation and best possible utilization of the battery system. The analysis of existing standards for
battery packs in different applications, and the functional safety standards like ISO 61508 and ISO
26262 for the development of hardware and software parts of electrical and electronic systems and
gap analysis, promoted a proposal for BMS functional aspects and their validation through tests.
A specific application and its operational mode would specify further failures and their modes. This
augmentation of challenges could be further worked up with tailored functional safety methods. The
most important task of the BMS is to fulfil safety functions in such a way that the cells in a battery
pack are operated within their specified limits in terms of voltage, temperature and current.
With application requirements getting more and more complex, different kind of risks and failures may
occur beginning from the design and development phases, through testing, implementation and finally
decommissioning and disposal phase. Hence for proper handling of such complex systems throughout
their service lifetime, relevant standards should be developed for each stages of the product.
The results of the BMS standardization workshop conducted by LION Smart GmbH on 09.05.2019
were also taken into consideration while writing this document.
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Author: Bharanitharan Jayaraman, Prashanth Vemireddy (LION Smart GmbH)- Aug 2019
1 BACKGROUND ON STANDARDIZATION
This section defines a standard, the standardization process and why standards are needed. Various
standardization organisations which define standards on European and International level shall be
mentioned along with standardization bodies which are specific to the automotive industry.
1.1 WHAT IS A STANDARD?
According to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), “a standard is a document that
provides requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used consistently to
ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose. International
Standards bring technological, economic and societal benefits. They help to harmonize technical
specifications of products and services making industry more efficient and breaking down barriers to
international trade” [1].
1.2 RELEVANT STANDARDIZATION BODIES
1.2.1 EUROPEAN STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS (ESOS)
European Standards Organizations (ESOs) are standardization bodies responsible for developing
European Standards. CEN, CENELEC and ETSI are recognised as 'European Standards Organisations'
by the European Union.
1.2.1.1 CEN (European Committee for Standardization)
CEN, the European Committee for Standardization, which has been recognized by both European
Union and European Free Trade Association (EFTA), is an association that coordinates all the National
Standardization Bodies functioning in the European Union (EU) member states in order to develop
standards at EU level.
CEN is a platform for the development of products, materials, services and process related European
Standards and CEN supports standardization activities across various fields including: defense and
security, air and space, chemicals, construction, consumer products, energy, the environment, food
and feed, health and safety, healthcare, machinery, materials, services, transport etc.
In order to prepare state-of-the-art standards, CEN relies on the knowledge of around 50.000 experts,
who work in various projects conducted through 33 Member state National Standards Bodies and 17
additional Affiliated bodies. Representation and contributions from stakeholders, consumers, workers,
environmental enthusiasts are also included in the standard formulation processes.
The CEN Technical Board is also responsible for evaluating and addressing requests for standardization
on new subjects in-addition to managing ongoing activities. The provisions for exchange of information
between International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and CEN, mutual representation at
meetings, and parallel approval of standards is provided by the Vienna Agreement. [1]
1.2.1.2 CENELEC (European Committee for Electro-technical Standardization)
CENELEC is the European Committee for Electro technical Standardization and is responsible for
standardization in the electro-technical engineering field. CENELEC prepares voluntary standards,
which help facilitate trade between countries, create new markets, cut compliance costs and support
the development of a Single European Market.
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CENELEC creates market access at the European level but also at the international level, adopting
international standards wherever possible, through its close collaboration with the International
Electro technical Commission (IEC), under the Dresden Agreement.
In an ever more global economy, CENELEC fosters innovation and competitiveness, making technology
available industry-wide through the production of voluntary standards.
Through the work of its members together with its experts, the industry federations and consumers,
European Standards are created in order to encourage technological development, to ensure
interoperability and to guarantee the safety and health of consumers and provide environmental
protection.
Designated as a European Standards Organization by the European Commission, CENELEC is a non-

profit technical organization set up under Belgian law. It was created in 1973 as a result of the merger
of two previous European organizations: CENELCOM and CENEL [1] .
1.2.1.3 ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)
ETSI produces globally-applicable standards for Information and Communications Technologies (ICT),
including fixed, mobile, radio, converged, aeronautical, broadcast and internet technologies and is
officially recognized by the European Union as a European Standards Organization.
ETSI is an independent, not-for-profit association whose 740 member companies and organizations,
drawn from 62 countries across 5 continents worldwide, determine the ETSI work programme and
participate directly in its work [1].
1.2.2 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS
1.2.2.1 ISO (International Organization of Standardization)
ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, is an independent, non-governmental

organization, the members of which are the standards organizations of the 164 member countries. It
is the world's largest developer of voluntary international standards and facilitates world trade by
providing common standards between nations. Nearly twenty thousand standards have been set,
covering everything from manufactured products and technology to food safety, agriculture and
healthcare.
The use of standards aids in the creation of products and services that are safe, reliable and of high
quality. The standards help businesses increase productivity while minimizing errors and waste. By
enabling products from different markets to be directly compared, they facilitate companies in entering
new markets and assist in the development of global trade on a fair basis. The standards also serve
to safeguard consumers and the end-users of products and services, ensuring that certified products
conform to the minimum standards set internationally [1].
1.2.2.2 IEC (International Electro technical Commission)
Founded in 1906, the IEC (International Electro technical Commission) is the world’s leading
organization for the preparation and publication of international standards for all electrical, electronic
and related technologies. These are known collectively as “electro-technology”.
IEC provides a platform to companies, industries and governments for meeting, discussing and
developing the international standards they require.
All IEC international standards are fully consensus-based and represent the needs of key stakeholders
of every nation participating in IEC work. Every member country, no matter how large or small, has
one vote and a say in what goes into an IEC international standard [1].
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1.2.2.3 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) – ITU-T
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency specialized
in developing international standards in the field of telecommunications, information and
communication technologies (ICTs).
The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is
responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing recommendations on
them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis [1].
1.2.3 OTHER STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS
1.2.3.1 AUTOSAR
The AUTOSAR is an alliance of OEM manufacturers and Tier 1 automotive suppliers for development
of a de-facto open industry standard for automotive E/E architecture which can serve as a basic
infrastructure for the management of functions within existing standard software modules and also
for implementation in future applications.
AUTOSARs goals are:

• Standardization of basic software functionality of automotive ECUs
• Scalability to different vehicle and platform variants
• Transferability of software
• Support of different functional domains
• Definition of an open architecture
• Collaboration between various partners
• Development of highly dependable systems
• Support of applicable automotive international standards and state-of-the-art technologies
The AUTOSAR scope includes all vehicle domains. This standard is intended to minimize the current
barriers between functional domain and map functions, functional networks to different control nodes
in the system, almost independently from the associated hardware [1].
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2 MAPPING OF RELEVANT STANDARDS AND STANDARDIZATION

GAP ANALYSIS FOR BMS
2.1 OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT STANDARDS FOR BMS
This section contains a list of standards that are applicable to various battery systems applications.
2.1.1 STANDARDS FOR BATTERY SYSTEMS IN GENERAL
IEC 61508: This standard defines the design and safety requirements that must be considered while
designing a programmable electric and electronic system for safe operation [2].
IEC 60068-2: This standard defines a set of functional and safety tests to study the influence of
operating environmental conditions like humidity, temperature, vibration, shock etc., on the behavior
of electronic equipment [3].
CENELEC CLC/TC 21X: This standard defines a set of tests for validating the performance and safety
requirements of batteries used across applications [4].
EN 62485: This standard defines a set of tests to validate safe operation of battery systems, safety
precautions and facilities to be present in the installations of the battery system application too [5].
UL 1974: This standard defines a set of potential 2nd life applications for EV batteries and lists the
requirements that should be satisfied by an EV battery in order to efficiently serve the intended 2nd
life application. The tests required to validate the application specific battery systems requirements
are also mentioned [6].
2.1.2 STANDARDS FOR APPLICATION SPECIFIC BATTERY SYSTEMS
All the standards and manuals evaluated in this section are formulated mainly focused on battery
systems.
2.1.2.1 Standards related to electric vehicles
IEC 62660: This standard defines a set of requirements of an electric vehicle battery cells for
performance, safety, remaining useful life estimation, and a set of tests to validate these
functionalities. [7]
ISO 26262: ISO 26262 is an automotive standard. It is an adaptation of IEC 61508 specific to the
application sector of series production passenger cars with a maximum gross vehicle mass up to
3500 kg, which can be applied to all the activities during the safety lifecycle of safety-related
systems comprising of electrical, electronic and software components. [8]
IEC JWG 69 Li TC69/21/5C21A: This standard defines a set of general requirements for the lithium
ion battery systems used in automotive applications. Set of tests are specified for testing safety,
performance functionalities, and battery pack’s eligibility for serving a 2nd life applications. [9]
ISO 12405: This standard defines a set of reliability, abuse and performance tests for validation of
lithium-ion traction batteries for use in electric vehicles. Both high energy and high-power applications
are addressed in this standard. [10]
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ISO 6469-2: This standard defines a set of safety requirements of components and subsystems
present in electrically propelled road vehicles. This includes requirements and validation of safety and
performance functionalities. [11]
ISO 6469-3: This standard defines a set of safety requirements and test for validating the passenger
safety requirements of electrically propelled road vehicles. It focuses on prevention of electric shock
due to internal short circuit or crash. [12]
ISO 16898: This standard deals with dimensions and designation of secondary lithium-ion cells for
Electric vehicles. It gives guidance on tailoring a battery system design for a specific application and
adopting its dimensions in order to fit into the designated application. [13]
SAE J1766: This standard defines a set of crash integrity requirements of electric vehicles, fuel cell
and hybrid electric vehicles. In the scope of passenger vehicles, the tests for assuring the safety
aspects like prevention of electric shock, exposure to high voltage, exposure to electrolyte spillage
etc. are treated. [14]
SAE J2464: This standard defines a set of the safety and abuse tests for validation of rechargeable
energy storage systems used in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. [15]
SAE J2380: This standard defines a set of the requirements, test profiles and test procedures for
performing vibration on electric vehicle batteries. The scope of the standard for battery packs is
mechanical vibration tests. [16]
SAE J2929: This standard defines a set of safety standard functionalities that must be satisfied by
lithium-ion battery systems used in electric and hybrid vehicle propulsion. [17]
EN 50604-1: This standard defines a set of test procedures for validating the safety and performance
functionalities of battery systems for implementation in light electric vehicle batteries. [18]
EN 61982: This standard defines a set of performance and endurance tests for validation of
implementation of secondary batteries (except lithium) for the propulsion of electric road vehicles.
[19]
IEC 62619: This standard defines a set of tests to be conducted for validating the safe operation of
industrial battery systems implemented in both stationary and motive applications (forklifts, line
mover etc.). It contains the requirement that the BMS should be designed according to the Functional
Safety approach. [20]
USABC test procedure manual: This manual defines a set of safety, abuse and performance tests
required for validating the battery systems for electric vehicle batteries. [21]
UL 2580: This standard defines a set of abuse tests to ensure safe operation of the energy storage
assembly (battery pack/battery pack and ultra-capacitor etc.) in an electric vehicle. Performance and
reliability tests of energy storage systems are not in the scope of this standard. This standard is
applicable to medium and heavy electric vehicles like, passenger cars, trucks etc. and is not applicable
to light electric vehicles like, e-bikes, e-wheelchairs, e-scooters etc. [22]
UL 2271: This standard is similar to UL 2580, defining a set of abuse tests to ensure safe operation
of the energy storage assemblies (battery pack/battery pack and ultra-capacitor etc.). It is applicable
to only light electric vehicles applications like, e-bikes, e-wheelchairs, e-scooters etc., which are not
intended to be driven on highways. [23]
SAE J2288: This standard defines life cycle test methods to predict EV battery cycle life. This is done
by characterizing the expected degradation in its electrical performance as a function of life, and by
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identifying the relevant failure mechanisms under nominal operating conditions. Ageing due to
operating at lower or higher temperatures in comparison to target application are not in the scope of
the tests Modules are continuously cycled (20% DOD + complete charging) until their capacity and
power capabilities fall below 80% of their beginning of life values. [24]
SAE J1798: This standard defines a set of performance tests to estimate parameters of an electric
vehicle battery pack like, deliverable capacity at various discharge current, discharge power, operating
temperatures, dynamic load profiles and etc. These tests are for estimating factors like dependence
of self-discharge on battery pack rest time and its ambient temperature. And, also dependence of
charge acceptance and peak power performance capabilities on ambient temperature. [25]
2.1.2.2 Standards related to stationary applications
IEC 61427 series: This standard defines a set of tests required for validating the performance and
safety requirements of a battery system employed in on-grid/off-grid applications. Its primary focus
is on battery performance and safety. Additionally, BMS related aspects like battery-grid
communication protocol, adoption of an end-of-life EV-battery system are defined. [26]
2.1.2.3 Standards related to portable applications
IEC 62133 series: This standard defines a set of safety requirements and tests for the safe operation
of rechargeable cells and batteries across chemistries for portable applications in part I, and
performance in part II. This includes cells of different geometry and format, except for button cells.
[13]
2.1.2.4 Standards related to electrical and electronic equipment
ISO 20653 This standard defines a set of tests to validate the protection and safety requirements to
be satisfied by electrical equipment used in road vehicles in case of crash, water intrusion or
unauthorised external access [27].
CENELEC CLC/TC 69X: This standard defines a set of general requirements for electrical systems
used in EVs and defines the performance and safety functionalities validation tests of those system
[28].
LV148 automotive standard: This standard defines a set of general requirements for electrical
systems used in automotive applications operating at 48 V voltage level and states the tests need to
be performed to validate the performance and safety functionalities of the system. [29]
LV124 automotive standard: This standard defines a set of general requirements for electrical
systems used in automotive applications operating at 12 V voltage level and states the tests need to
be performed to validate the performance and safety functionalities of the system. [30]
2.1.2.5 Overview
From a BMS point of view, the topics to be covered by the developed standard shall be grouped into
major categories. These categories are listed below:
1. Functionality
2. Safety
3. Testing
4. Re-usability/second life and
5. Virtualization
The standards listed in the section above were analysed and the breadth of their coverage of the
above listed categories is summarized in Table 1.
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Standard Application Functionality Safety Testing Performance Reusability/seco Virtualization

nd-life
IEC 62660 Electric vehicles × × × × ×
battery systems
IEC 61508 Programmable × ×
electric and
electronic
systems
IEC 61982 Electric vehicles × × ×
battery systems
IEC 62984 High × × ×
temperature
secondary
batteries
IEC 61427 On-grid/off-grid × × × ×
energy storage
application
IEC 62619 Safety × × ×
requirements
for large format
secondary
lithium cells and
batteries for
stationary and
motive
applications
IEC 62196-1 Conductive × × ×
charging
hardware
requirements
IEC 61851 Conductive × × ×
charging
hardware
requirements up
to 1000 V DC
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IEC 62196-2 Slow (private) × × × ×

and fast (public)
charging
standards
IEC JWG 69 Li Lithium for × × × ×
TC69/21/5C2 automotive
1A applications
IEC 60068-2 Environmental × × ×
testing of
electronic
equipment
IEC 62133 Safety × ×
requirements of
portable sealed
secondary cells
and batteries
AEC - Q100 IC failure × × ×
mechanism-
based quality
check standards
ISO 26262 Road vehicles – × × ×
Functional
safety
ISO 12405 Electrically × × ×
propelled road
vehicles- Test
specification for
lithium-ion
traction
ISO 6469-2 Safety × ×
requirements of
Electrically
propelled road
vehicles.
ISO 6469-3 Passenger × ×
safety
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requirements of
Electrically
propelled road
vehicles.
ISO16898 Dimensions and × ×
designation of
secondary
lithium-ion cells
for Electric
vehicles.
ISO11898 Communication × × ×
protocol
standards in
automation
ISO 20653 Road vehicles × ×
electrical
equipment
protection
against foreign
objects, water
and access
ISO 17826 Cloud Data × ×
Management
Interface
SAE J1766 Electric, Fuel x x
Cell and Hybrid
Electric Vehicle
Crash Integrity
Testing
SAE-J2284 High-Speed CAN x x x
(HSC) for
Vehicle
Applications
SAE J2464 Electric and x x
Hybrid Electric
Vehicle
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Rechargeable
Energy Storage
System (RESS)
Safety and
Abuse Testing
SAE J2380 Vibration x
Testing of
Electric Vehicle
Batteries
SAE J2929 Electric and x x x
Hybrid Vehicle
Propulsion
Battery System
Safety Standard
- Lithium-based
Rechargeable
Cells
SAE J1798 Recommended x x
Practice for
Performance
Rating of
Electric Vehicle
Battery Modules
SAE J2288 Life Cycle x x x
Testing of
Electric Vehicle
Battery Modules
SAE JA 6268 Design and Run- x x x x
Time
Information
Exchange for
Health-Ready
Components
IEEE P2413 Architecture × × ×
framework
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description for
the Internet of
Things (IoT)
across multiple
domains
(transportation,
smart grid, etc.)
CENELEC Secondary cells × × ×
CLC/TC 21X and batteries
requirements
across
applications
CENELEC Electrical x x x
CLC/TC 69X systems for
electric road
vehicles
EN 50604-1 Test standard × × ×
for Light Electric
Vehicle batteries
EN 62485 Safety × × × × ×
requirements
for secondary
batteries and
battery
installations
EN 61982 Secondary × × ×
batteries
(except lithium)
for the
propulsion of
electric road
vehicles -
performance
and endurance
tests
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LVS 148 Automotive × × ×

norm for
validation of 48
V electrical
systems
LVS 124 Automotive × × ×
norm for
validation of 24
V electrical
systems
VW 80000 Automotive × × ×
standard norm for
validation of 12
V electrical
systems
IEC 27018 Cloud × × ×
computing
standard
ITU-T X.1631 Cloud storage × × ×
cyber security
standards
UL 1974 Standard for × × ×
Evaluation for
Repurposing
Batteries
UL 2271 Standard for × × ×
Batteries for
Use in Light
Electric Vehicle
(LEV)
Applications
UL 2580 Batteries for × × ×
Use in Electric
Vehicles
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USABC test Electric vehicle × × × × ×

procedure battery test
manual manual
OBD-II On-Board × × × ×
Diagnostics
standard
Table 1: Standards relevant to an EV Battery management system
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2.2 STANDARDIZATION GAP ANALYSIS FOR BMS
Although there are a considerable number of standards for battery served applications in existence,
adopting and interpolating them with a focus on BMS seems challenging.
Hence, the standards listed in the section above were analysed for identifying the inadequacies and
issues that should be bridged for a complete standardization effort of various aspects of BMS
development.
Focus Identified gap

Cell monitoring Voltage, current and temperature monitoring of cells in the battery
pack.
Communication Internal and external communication protocols (type, transmission rate
protocol etc.) must be defined.
Data format Data transmission and storage formats must be defined for both on-
board and server-based processing and storage purposes.
State estimation Unified definition of state estimation parameters like SoC, SoH, SoP,
SoE and SoF.
Test procedures Real world load cycle based aging cycle definition for accurate life
testing.
Standard full charge and standard cycles should be clearly defined.
Remaining Useful Life (RUL) definition and tests.
Vehicle-cloud The set of data to be transferred by the BMS to cloud server for post
integration processing or usage monitoring must be defined. The storage database
format and duration of storage have to be defined.
Standardisation of cyber security, privacy policy, type and duration of
data storage in the cloud.
Second life In addition to stationary applications, some more applications shall be
applications identified as potential 2nd life applications for EV batteries.
Application specific requirements and standards should be defined for
the identified 2nd life applications.
Standardization of communication protocols for various sub-
components of 2nd life applications.
Switching of 1st life BMS to 2nd life applications, without need of
additional requirements or major modifications.
Data sheet The nominal battery test conditions and ratings should be standardized
specifications across manufacturers.
Test procedures for obtaining data sheet parameters and the
tolerances in the estimated parameter values should be standardized
across manufacturers.
Open BMS Requirements and standards should be defined for the development of
platform open, flexible BMS platforms.
Table 2: Identified gaps in available standards for Battery management system
2.2.1 POSSIBLE STANDARDS FOR BMS FEATURE EXTENSION
OBD-II: This standard which is mandatory in internal combustion engine vehicles shall be extended
to electric vehicles also for collecting diagnostics and usage history data for further analysis and post
processing.
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ISO 17826: This standard defines the things to be considered for implementing an interface for data
transfer from a system to cloud environment. The data collected through OBD-II interface has to be
transferred to the cloud platform for post-processing and storage. [31]
IEC 27018: This document establishes control objectives, controls and guidelines for implementing
measures to protect information processed and stored in public cloud computing environment. [31]
The diagnostics and usage history data collected through the OBD-II interface shall be transmitted to
an external cloud-based platform for analysis, post processing and storage. Storing and processing
such large data on-board may incur large computational and memory requirements [32].
ITU-T X.1631: The post-processed results and usage history data have to be stored in the cloud
throughout the service life of the battery system. This data will be highly significant while deciding its
eligibility for serving a 2nd life application. Hence considering the importance and confidentiality of this
data, cyber security standards shall be adopted for batter application related cloud storages also [33].
IEEE P2413: For the above-mentioned processes like data collection, transmission, cloud based post-
processing and storage, an architecture has to be developed for connecting the battery system,
transmission medium and cloud platform in a network. Hence this IoT standard shall be adopted for
battery system related cloud services [34].
ISO 11898: When implementing an EV battery system in a 2nd life application, carrying over the EV
BMS also along with the battery pack brings in cost, time and complexity reductions. Since the
communication protocol between subsystems in the 2nd life application may vary from that of an EV
application, a bridging communication protocol is required which can communicate only the needed
non-confidential information from the EV BMS. CANopen protocol defined in this standard could be a
potential solution [35].
AEC - Q100: This generic standard defines the ways for studying the possible failure mechanisms in
an IC based on quality check methods. With increasing use of application specific ICs in battery
management systems, this standard shall be adopted for failure analysis of ICs used in BMS [36].
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3 BMS STANDARDIZATION FOR FUNCTIONALITY, TESTING AND

DEVELOPMENT
This chapter introduces BMS standard development potential from the context of hardware
architecture, functionality, testing and diagnostics. Additional proposals for concurring to a trend in
various aspects related to battery packs, recommendations for BMS development, creating
convenience for second-life applications are elaborated.
3.1 STANDARDIZATION POTENTIAL OF BMS HARDWARE ARCHITECTURAL
SOLUTIONS
A BMS has different functions to perform, such as electrical management, safety management,
communication, improving battery usage efficiency and lifetime.
These tasks can be distributed among different subcomponents of a BMS:
1. Cell monitoring unit (CMU): The CMU measures cell voltage, temperature, and additional
parameters on cell level and provides cell-level balancing.
2. Module management unit (MMU): Manages and controls a group of CMUs or a group of cells.
3. Pack management unit (PMU): It manages MMUs, makes decisions & state estimations,
communicates with external systems and controls battery safety functions.
Depending on the way in which these sub-components are connected, the topology shall be
distinguished as:
1. Centralized architecture: CMUs, MMUs & PMU are combined into one single printed circuit board
(PCB), handling all the BMS functions. The PCB is directly connected to the battery cells.
Centralized BMSs are simple and compact, but not suitable for high voltage systems because
of wiring complexity and isolation issues.
2. Modular/master-slave architecture: MMUs are separated from the PMU PCB and are placed
close to the battery modules, thus reducing the wiring complexity. The MMUs then transfer the
cell parameter measurements to the PMU via a communication interface. Thus, in contrast to
the centralized BMS topology, the PMU is connected indirectly to the individual cells in a
modular arrangement.
3. A further advanced variant of the modular topology is the master-slave-topology: Here, the
functions and elements of the slaves, also called cell supervision circuits (CSC), are reduced to
a minimum and functions that relate to the complete battery system are implemented only on
the master. Therefore, with this topology the cost of the slave modules is further reduced [2].
4. Distributed BMS topology: Here, several stand-alone PMUs are present which supervise their
own set of cells or supercells. The different PMUs can communicate with each other and,
depending on the requirements, either work autonomously or receive and issue control
commands from other PMUs. This topology offers maximum flexibility and scalability, but has
also the highest complexity and costs, since a complete arrangement of CMUs, MMUs, and
PMUs is required for each set of cells or supercells.
Distributed BMSs topologies are the most expensive and versatile, and simplest to install. Modular
and master-slave BMSs topologies offer a good compromise of the advantages and disadvantages of
the other two topologies [37].
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3.2 STANDARDIZATION POTENTIAL OF BMS FUNCTIONALITIES AND THEIR
VALIDATION METHODS
This subchapter enumerates the functionalities to be performed by a BMS, rationalizes them and
presents validation methods for them.
3.2.1 CELL VOLTAGE MONITORING
The BMS should monitor the voltage across all the cells in the battery pack. The BMS should detect
and react to monitored cell-voltages crossing the minimum or maximum operational limits specified
by the cell manufacturer. Additionally, monitoring cell-voltages would support the BMS to perform
other functionalities, such as:
1. Perform cell voltage balancing (see detailed in chapter 3.2.4).
2. Perform OCV measurement for SoC recalibration.
If cells are not operated under specified cell voltage limits, this could lead to cell degradation and
accelerated aging. In an application with individual cells connected in parallel, the parallel terminal
should be monitored as single cell voltage [38] .
3.2.1.1 Test procedure for protection against cell-voltage limit violation
The existing standard applicable for testing overvoltage and undervoltage protection functionality of
a BMS, is ISO 12405-2 - Electrically propelled road vehicles -Test specification for lithium-ion traction
battery packs and systems, of which chapter 2 focuses on high energy applications.
The test procedure for BMS performance, in the scope of cells being operated within cell-voltage limits
is briefed below.
This test shall be conducted at room temperature. At all the cell terminals BMS measures voltages of
each cell. For the tests, voltage of a cell is simulated/emulated at,
1. Nominal voltage;
2. Below minimum voltage limit and
3. Above maximum voltage limit.
Whenever the cell terminal voltages violate the upper or lower voltage limits, the BMS should
immediately detect it and stop further charging or discharging of the battery by disconnecting with
the power system. [10]
3.2.2 CURRENT FLOW THROUGH BATTERY PACK MONITORING
The BMS should monitor the current flowing through the battery pack. The BMS should detect and
react to the charging or discharging current flowing through the cells crossing the maximum
operational limits specified by the cell manufacturer. Additionally, monitoring the current flow would
support the BMS to perform other functionalities such as,
1. avoiding thermal runaway caused by current flow above operational limits,
2. ampere hour counting for SoC estimation,
3. WH counting for SoE and
4. other SoX functions (detailed in chapter 3.2.7).
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3.2.2.1 Test procedure for protection against current limit violation
The existing standard applicable for testing overcurrent protection functionality of a BMS, is ISO
12405-2 - Electrically propelled road vehicles -Test specification for lithium-ion traction battery packs
and systems, in which chapter 2 focuses on high energy applications. The test procedure named as
Short-circuit protection test in the above-mentioned standard is explained below:
Regarding the test procedure to validate this BMS functionality, using an external tester, initially the
cell is charged with a permissible current and gradually the charge current is increased until it grows
higher than the manufacturer specified limit. The same procedure is repeated in the discharging
direction too. In both cases, the BMS functionality shall be observed.
These tests are repeated several times both in charge and discharge directions at various combinations
of temperatures and cell terminal voltages. In all the combinations, the BMS should be able to detect
the overcurrent situation and limit it to a maximum allowable value.
3.2.3 CELL TEMPERATURE MONITORING
The BMS should monitor the cell temperatures in the battery pack. The BMS should detect and react
to monitored cell-temperatures crossing the minimum or maximum operational limits specified by the
cell manufacturer. Additionally, monitoring cells temperature would support the BMS to perform other
functionalities such as,
1. avoiding thermal runaway caused by operating cell above maximum temperature limits,
2. avoiding accelerated aging because of operating cells at temperatures higher than 40°C [39].
3. avoiding charging at low operating temperatures (specified in data sheet), which could lead to
lithium plating which intern could lead to internal short circuit [40],
4. expecting capacity reduction during charging and discharging (due to raise in internal
resistance at lower temperatures),
5. SoX functions (detailed in chapter 3.2.7) and
6. Thermal management (if applicable).
Cells in a battery pack operated at different temperatures would lead to inhomogeneous ageing of
cells. Gradient between cells should be monitored and possibility avoided.
The BMS should continuously monitor the temperatures of critical points of the cells. If the battery
pack is being provided with a thermal management system, the BMS can either actuate thermal
management system control or send a ‘cooling/ heating’ request to the concerned system. This can
help the cells to be operated within the allowed cell temperature limits stated in the cell data sheet,
and avoid thermal runaway.
3.2.3.1 Test procedure for protection against temperature limit violation
The existing standard applicable for testing overtemperature protection of battery systems are ISO
12405-2, ISO 6469-1. [41]
The test procedure for a BMS to operate cells within cell-temperature limits is briefed below.
The BMS should detect the temperature and be able to evaluate whether or not the limits have been
reached, and protect the battery system as per manufacturer defined specifications.
1. The cell shall be connected to a load and initially kept at room temperature.
2. It shall be operated with permissible continuous charge and discharge currents.
3. The battery system temperature shall be continuously increased at a rate of 1K/min until it
reaches the maximum allowable temperature.
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4. Then the cell shall be brought back to room temperature while still operating within permissible
range of current flow. Then the temperature is reduced at the rate of 1K/min till it reaches
minimum recommended operating temperature.
The same procedure shall be repeated by heating up or cooling down one or more temperature sensors
to over and under temperature limits and the BMS shall still detect the temperature limit violations
and limit the battery operation. [41]
3.2.4 CELL BALANCING
Cell balancing is homogenizing the series-connected cell voltages in the battery pack.
Cells in a battery pack could age differently compared to one another for the reasons mentioned in
chapter 3.2.1, 3.2.2 and 3.2.3. An aged cell would reach minimum or maximum limits of operation
earlier than a less-aged cell for discharging or charging respectively. In the presence of unevenly aged
cells in a battery pack, the useable capacity of the whole battery pack is reduced.
3.2.5 GALVANIC ISOLATION BETWEEN CIRCUITS WORKING AT DIFFERENT POTENTIALS
Galvanic isolation is the separation of electrical systems/subsystems by which non direct current can
flow and may possess different ground potentials [42] [43] [44]. The functional sections of the BMS
in a LV system or HV system the components of a BMS and depending on the application connected
systems should be galvanically isolated. In a BMS, a subsystem of BMS or an external system would
operate with grounds at different potentials. In electrical systems, components are galvanically
isolated to avoid the flow of direct current between them. This is especially important in systems and
subsystems with grounds operating at different potentials. Ground-loop currents constitute electrical
noise that can interfere with the operations of either circuit. If the difference in ground potentials is
sufficiently large, the resulting ground-loop current can pose a safety issue. [45] In a HV system, the
magnitude of such ground-loop currents could get high enough to lead to life endangering situations.
Ground-loop currents constitute electrical noise that can interfere with the operations of the circuits.
3.2.5.1 Test procedure for protection against insulation failure
The test procedure for insulation protection is intended to detect the insulation fault in between
positive / negative terminals and ground irrespective of whether load is connected or not, is listed in
standard ISO 6469-3, section 7.6. An adopted version of it is mentioned in deliverable, D2.5
“Development of reliability test procedures for EV BMS” [41], which is applicable for testing this BMS
functionality.
The battery system is brought to room temperature and the insulation fault shall be simulated using
a resistance. The test shall be executed for various combinations of operating voltages (Umin, Unominal
& Umax). The BMS shall detect the insulation fault within a very short period (usually in milliseconds
range) and execute manufacturer prescribed safety measures.
3.2.6 DATA COMMUNICATION
The communication interfaces are required for enabling data transfer between various subsystems
present within a BMS (internal) as well as with other sub-systems (external) present in an application
which the BMS is serving.
These interfaces should be flexible and universal for easy interfacing with microcontrollers and other
components present in the network, which are likely to come from different manufacturers.
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3.2.6.1 External interfaces
Controller Area Network (CAN) interfaces are widely adopted for communication between the BMS
and other subsystems present in an application network. CAN interfaces are highly preferred for being
highly universal, flexible and the ease of integrating components from different manufacturers.
The possibility and interface to log signals externally for diagnosis purpose is highly recommended.
Presence of an USB interface to connect the BMS with an external PC for data logging and diagnostics
purpose and OBD-II interfaces (in case of automotive applications) are common practices.
An additional interface shall be provided between the master module and insulation monitoring device
in order to make sure that there is no insulation failure in between the high-voltage contactors (up to
1000 V DC) of the electric vehicle.
Interface to electromagnetic relays are provided through digital buffers. These are used to assure
proper opening and closing of high-voltage terminals of the battery system. Additionally, these digital
buffer interfaces also transmit control and feedback on the status of electromagnetic relays responsible
for pre-charge and active discharge functionalities.
As the trend for reuse of an EV battery in second life stationary applications is gaining acceptance,
attention should be paid on providing suitable bridging mechanisms for the EV BMS to communicate
with various sub-systems that could be present in a 2nd life application, for which an EV BMS is not
initially designed.
3.2.6.2 Internal interfaces
In a BMS, for the subsystems present in it, an important communication channel is between main
controller and measurement modules. Both data transfer (from the measurement module to the
control module) and control commands have to be communicated (from the control module to the
measurement module).
Communications between sensors and control units shall be done through SPI or I2C interfaces.
All the communication lines should be isolated from other data signal lines and power lines in order to
avoid electromagnetic interferences.
3.2.6.3 Recommended protocols
Wired Wireless Other
BroadR-Reach Smart Mesh dust network Plastic optical fibre (POF)

(IEEE 2.4 GHz)
CAN / CAN FD
IsoSPI
Table 3: Possible communication interfaces for a battery management system
The possible interfaces and communications protocols for embedded systems are listed in Table 3.
The CAN interface being a standardised and widely used protocol in the automotive sector should be
used for communication in between the control units of the BMS.
Communications between sensors and control units shall be done through SPI or I2C interfaces.
All the communication lines should be isolated from other data signal lines and power lines in order to
avoid electromagnetic interferences.
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A diagnostic interface could be provided to allow data logging from BMS. CAN interface is widely
accepted. Interface to electromagnetic relays should be provided through digital buffers to assure
proper opening and closing of high-voltage terminals of the battery system.
3.2.6.4 BMS information to be communicated
The battery parameters acquired and computed are communicated to the higher-level system. They
include:
1. Statistics of cell (minimum, maximum and mean)
a. Cell voltage.
b. Cell Temperature.
c. Current flow.
2. SoC.
3. SoH.
4. SoP.
5. SoF.
6. BMS status.
7. Battery disconnecting unit status.
8. Battery pack cells configuration (no. of cell in parallel and series, and total).
3.2.7 SOX FUNCTIONS
This chapter deals with the definition of various state estimation parameters like State of Charge,
State of Health, State of Power and State of Functions. The reliability of such estimated pack
parameters depends on the inconsistency in the behavior/aging between the cells present in the
battery pack.
3.2.7.1 SoC
The State of Charge (SoC) of a battery is the measure of the actual level of charge it contains relative
to its maximum capacity. It can be represented as ratio between actual stored charge 𝑄𝑄actual and the
maximum capacity 𝑄𝑄max.
𝑄𝑄𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
SoC =
𝑄𝑄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
The maximum capacity can be defined as the charge stored inside a cell when it is in its fully charged
state. A fully charged state can be achieved by charging it with constant current (CC-mode) until the
upper cut-off voltage is reached and then continuing with constant voltage charging (CV-mode) until
the charging current falls below a fraction of 1C charge current (e.g. C/100) [46].
3.2.7.1 SoH
The state of health (SoH) is an indicator of degradation a battery as undergone compared to a new
battery. The SoH of a battery pack could be estimated using various factors. The most widely accepted
methods are based on battery capacity and impedance. A battery for a particular application can be
considered as it reached its end of life when its capacity falls below 80% of its beginning of life capacity
and when its impedance nearly doubles (200%) when compared to its beginning of life impedance
[47].
The fall in capacity affects the maximum amount of energy that can be stored and delivered by the
battery system while the rise in impedance affects the maximum deliverable power capability. The
SoH is represented either in numeric range of (0-1) or in percentage (0-100) %, where 0 or 0%
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indicate that the battery has reached its end of life, while 1 or 100% indicate that the battery is in its
beginning of life.
3.2.7.2 SoP
Similar to maintaining permissible SoC limits, maintaining the power limits of a cell should also be one
of the main tasks of a BMS, when it comes to high power demanding applications. Power limits tell us
how much power shall be drawn or fed into a cell without violating any of its operating limits (voltage,
current & temperature). [48]
Operating cells at higher power levels will accelerate aging. The BMS should compute the optimized
power limits in accordance with the application expectations considering safety, power performance
and longevity.
3.2.7.3 SoF
The state of function (SoF) is a parameter stating whether a battery system can serve an application
or not. It combines SoC, SoH, SoP and also load conditions to estimate the power capability of a
battery system to serve that particular application.
SoF is an estimate of continuous or peak power output capability based on load and battery state. SoF
shall be defined either in digital format [0 or 1] or in continuous format 0~1. “The digital definition of
SoF shows whether the battery has sufficient power capability to carry out a specific function of the
application and the continuous one gives the current battery power capability contrast with the primary
power capability.” [49] Here, continuous format provides more insight about the extent to which the
application demand is satisfied.
3.2.7.1 SoE
The state of energy (SoE) of a battery is the parameter stating the ratio between remaining energy
(𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) and maximum available energy of a battery (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸). [50]
𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
SoE =
𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
SoE estimation is critical for energy optimization and management tasks, like range prediction in EVs,
backup time estimation in stationary applications etc. Both SoE and maximum available energy are
dependent on the ambient temperature, operating discharge/charge current rate and cell aging level.
[50]
3.2.8 CONTROLLING CONTACTOR SWITCHING
Monitoring the status and controlling the switching of the high voltage battery pack contactors is one
of the critical tasks of a BMS, failure of which may lead to electric shock or other safety hazards. For
safety reasons, the battery pack should completely disconnect itself to external charge and discharge
electrical connections, in case of battery safety parameters are violated.
The switching of contactors connection with load shall be achieved through relays which should be of
‘normally-open’ type. This is because, if the BMS contactor switching losses power due to any failure,
then the contactor terminals are automatically de-energized, and the pack is disconnected from the
load.
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3.2.9 HIGH CURRENT PROTECTION FUSE
A high-current fuse should be included in the design to protect the battery pack from charge or
discharge current flow outside the range of the safe operation limits specified by its manufacturer.
The fuse could be designed to be at single cell, or at each module, or at battery pack level.
3.2.10 ADDITIONAL FEATURES
3.2.10.1 Thermal management
Thermal management is an important aspect for battery packs, in order to assure long battery life as
well as for safety concerns. It is generally recommended to operate lithium-ion cells within a
temperature range of 10-40 °C for long life.
Either BMS should control thermal management functionality or send relevant information to the
higher system to perform thermal management.
3.2.10.2 Reverse polarity detection
3.2.10.2.1 HV connections
Reverse-polarity connection can occur in circumstances such as installation of a new battery,
reconnection of the original battery after repairs etc. The BMS should be able to detect a reverse
polarity connection whenever the battery contactors are closed, before supplying the connected load.
Operating a battery system with reverse polarity fault can lead to short circuit, damage to internal
electronics or even electrical shock. A reverse polarity sensor can be installed to monitor the HV
contactors and communicate its polarity status to the Master module of the BMS.
For low voltage systems up to 24 V, the reverse-polarity test is specified by the ISO 16750-2 standard.
For high voltage systems, polarity reversal testing can be done according to IEC 60060-1 standard.
3.2.10.2.1 Cell level
For low voltage applications, cell level reverse polarity detection shall be implemented similar to that
of in HV applications. These protections shall be done both at hardware and software levels.
3.2.10.3 Short circuit detection
It is not desirable to charge or discharge a battery system after safety fuse is blown out. The BMS
should detect this scenario and disconnect the battery pack to external power systems of the
application.
This scenario shall be simulated by opening a switch creating an open circuit. The battery system is
operated at various voltage levels and at combinations of various charge/discharge scenarios. In all
these cases, the BMS should be able to detect the activated fuse and take measures prescribed by
the manufacturer. The battery usage is limited or affected, and it should return to normal operation
only after an intervention of service personnel.
3.2.10.4 EMC compatibility
The ICs used in EV BMS are susceptible to electromagnetic interference from on-board electronics and
other components of the powertrain. These interferences when picked up by the connections between
the ICs and the control unit, can cause malfunction of components and can lead to safety issues in
EVs.
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The existing standard applicable for EMC compatibility test of BMS components are IEC-62132-4,
ISO11452-2 and ECE Regulation 10. The design factors to be considered for reducing the generation
and influence of electromagnetic interferences in PCBs are listed in [51].
3.3 STANDARDIZATION POTENTIAL OF TESTS FOR BMS
This sub-chapter is a compilation of different test standards and their adoption to BMS tests.
3.3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS
3.3.1.1 Humidity, dust and water tightness test
These tests are intended to study and validate the robustness of the BMS when operating under severe
environmental conditions like high amounts of dust, high levels of humidity etc. The possible failure
modes are electrical malfunction(s) caused by moisture (e.g. short circuit within PCB board
components when it gets in contact with water or leakage current triggered in the PCB components
due to presence of high moisture).
Accumulation of dust over time could insulate the conductive parts, increasing their resistance and
heat losses. This causes overheating of PCB components which may lead to malfunction or even failure
in worst cases.
3.3.1.1.1 Test procedure

The tests can be performed as per the procedure stated in IEC 60068-2-30. The BMS is maintained
at full operating mode with load connected according to ISO 16750-1 throughout the test sequence.
In practical applications, the BMS will be protected from direct contact of environment by using an
additional housing. Depending upon the design, there could be a dedicated housing for the BMS
components alone or the battery pack housing itself is enough to protect the BMS also. The housing
will protect the BMS from ambient humidity, water and dust [3].
3.3.1.2 External electromagnetic radiation test
The BMS must be designed such that the amount of electromagnetic emission it causes is minimal. It
should also have good immunity and isolation from any external electromagnetic noises.
The BMS should ideally have low levels of electromagnetic emissions as these may disturb the
operation of devices or components surrounding it.
The reference and applicable test procedure are: ECE Regulation 10.05.
Additionally, the housing plays a major role in shielding the BMS from external electromagnetic noise
as well as in reducing the electromagnetic radiation originating from the BMS. So, it is recommended
to conduct the above-mentioned tests on the BMS with the housing included.
3.3.1.3 Temperature change test
The references and applicable standard are: IEC 60068-2-14. The BMS should be able to withstand
the effect of thermal stress without any damage to its components or impediments to operation. The
tests are briefly introduced in the following subchapters 3.3.1.3.1 and 3.3.1.3.2. These tests are
elaborated in detail in the public deliverable, D2.5 “Development of reliability test procedures for EV
BMS”. [41]
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3.3.1.3.1 Gradual temperature change

The BMS wiring is disconnected and its ambient temperature is varied gradually between its maximum
and minimum limits at a rate of 1K/min. Then the BMS is brought back to room temperature and
tested at full operating mode with a load connected to assure that all BMS functions are performed
correctly.
3.3.1.3.2 Rapid temperature change

The BMS wiring is disconnected and the ambient temperature is varied quickly between its maximum
and minimum limits within 30 seconds transition time. Then the BMS is maintained at the reached
limits for 30 minutes to achieve temperature stabilization. This cycle is repeated 100 times. Then the
BMS is brought back to room temperature and tested at full operating mode with load connected to
assure that all BMS functions are performed correctly.
3.3.1.4 Mechanical shock & vibration test
3.3.1.4.1 Mechanical shock

The BMS shall be prepared with all external and internal wiring connected. The test shall be performed
according to the procedure stated in ISO 16750-3. If the direction of shock occurrence in the vehicle
is known, the test shall be applied in that direction. [52]
If the direction of the effect is not known, the shocks shall be applied in all six directions (±X, ±Y, ±Z)
according to parameters mentioned in the following table.
Parameter Value
Acceleration 500 m/ s²
Duration 6 ms
Test temperature Room temperature
Number of shocks 10 at each of the six directions
Table 4: Test parameters for mechanical shock test
3.3.1.4.2 Mechanical vibration

This test is intended to check whether the BMS experiences any malfunctions and/or breakage when
exposed to vibration. The vibration that BMS experiences shall be externally from rough-road-driving
conditions or internally from the powertrain vibrations.
The BMS shall be maintained at electrical operation with HV-load connected. The vibration test shall
be carried out according to ISO 16750-3 / IEC 60068-2-64.
The BMS shall be exposed to random vibrations in all three directions (X, Y, Z) using the following
parameters:
• RMS acceleration: 27,8 m/s²
• Frequencies: 10-2000Hz
• Duration of applied vibration: 8 hours/axis.
No visual or functional defects shall be observed at the end of the vibration test.
3.3.2 ADDITIONAL TESTS FOR BMS VALIDATION
In addition to the test procedures intended for validating the safety and performance functionalities
of a BMS that have been stated in the sections above, environmental tests should also be performed
in order to validate the robustness of the BMS when operating under severe ambient conditions.
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3.3.2.1 Fault injection test
Using a Hardware in the loop (HiL) testbench, various faults shall be injected into the system and the
response of the system should be tested. The fault detection time and response time for a give fault
should be recorded, mainly for functionalities described in Chapter 3.2 and other safety critical
functionalities. This provides an overview of BMS correctness and responsiveness.
3.3.2.2 SoC estimation performance test
There are several methods meant for keeping track of the actual charge level known as SoC
algorithms. This SoC algorithm is specific to the BMS manufacturer, while for benchmarking purpose
shall be compared with SoC from the external tester which is based on integrated current log. This
method is known as coulomb counting.
Figure 1: Test setup for SoC estimation validation [46]
Battery tests would be expected to be equipped with an accurate current sensor. Thus, for short
duration tests, SoC calculation from current integration will be accurate. Due to the nature of an
integration-based estimate however, the integration error will accumulate which results in high
deviation in the estimated SoC values. It is recommended to recalibrate the cell SoC based on its OCV,
when the cell is adequately relaxed.
The maximum cell capacity and actual charge level are strongly influenced by the operating conditions
such as temperature, load current. In a cell internally losses may increase due to aging.
Here, in order to evaluate the accuracy of BMS SoC estimation, it shall be compared with the residual
charge measured by an accurate battery tester. The battery system or an accurate model which could
simulate the battery performance shall be used for this test [46]. The test procedure flow is represented
in Figure 1.
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The load profiles used for cycling the battery system shall be chosen such that they cover different
driving scenarios, enabling the estimation of SoC algorithm accuracy irrespective of the driving
conditions/styles. C. Campestrini et al proposed three types of load cycles, namely low dynamic, high-
dynamic and long-term drive profile [53]. These profiles shall be applied at different temperatures
and SoC levels, after which the residual capacity is measured by the tester and compared with the
BMS logged SoC to judge the quality of the BMS algorithm.
3.3.2.3 SoH estimation performance test
Figure 2: Test setup for SoH estimation validation [54]

In order to evaluate the accuracy of the BMS SoH estimation, it should be compared with the capacity,
and internal resistance or impedance estimations/measurements recorded by an accurate battery
tester [54]. The battery system or an accurate model which could simulate the battery performance
shall be used for this test.
Both the battery system and the simulated battery should be cycled with a long-term load profile like
dynamic test profile, UDDS, FUDS, real world recorded application specific load cycle, or a reference
drive cycle used by the BMS manufacturer. The verification shall be done by comparing the modelled
values and the SoH values which are being presented by the BMS.
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The overall test procedure mentioned is illustrated in Figure 2. In addition to this, the BMS is
disconnected and using the external tester, the capacity and impedance of the tested battery are
measured.
The impedance shall be measured either by performing Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy or

by applying high current pulses at various SoC levels. The capacity shall be measured by performing
a standard complete (charge + discharge) cycle.
Since both the capacity and impedance depend strongly on temperature, these measurements shall
be done at different temperatures or at least in the temperature range where the application will be
mostly operating. Comparing these measured values with the BMS estimated values would give a
good evaluation on the reliability of BMS estimated SoH.
3.3.2.4 SoP estimation performance test
This test is intended to determine the dynamic power capability and the ohmic resistance of the battery
system. The aging of the cells used in the battery system impacts the ohmic resistance which in turns
limits the maximum deliverable power. Hence the BMS should be able to track the change in ohmic
resistance to accurately estimate the state of power of the battery system.
3.3.2.4.1 Pulse power characterization profile

The test applies a sequence of charge and discharge constant-current pulses which are within the
range of the maximum rated pulse currents specified by the cell manufacturer. The test sequence is
listed in Table 5, with current magnitude and duration.
Time Increment (s) Time cumulative (s) Current (A)

0 0 0
18 18 Imax
40 58 0
10 68 -0,75 Imax
40 108 0
Table 5: Pulse power characterization profile. [47]
These hybrid pulses shall be applied at various SoC levels to determine the discharge pulse power and
regenerative charge pulse power capabilities of the battery system without any of the safe operating
limits getting violated.
A sample applied HPPC current profile and the corresponding voltage response would look like in the
Figure 3 and Figure 3. The positive current denotes the discharge pulse and the negative current
denotes a charge pulse (from regenerative braking). The magnitude of the applied pulse current shall
be reduced if required, so that the cell stays within the manufactures specified voltage limits.
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Figure 3: Pulse power characterization profile-current vs time [s] [55]
Figure 4: Pulse power characterization profile-voltage vs time [s] [47]
3.3.2.5 SoE estimation performance test
There are several model based, neural network based methods for keeping track of the actual energy
level known as SoE algorithms. This SoE algorithm is specific to the BMS manufacturer. For
benchmarking they should be compared with SoE from the external tester, which is based on the
residual energy left in a battery after a dynamic load cycle. The test setup is identical to test presented
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in subchapter 3.3.2.2, ‘SoC estimation performance test:’. The test procedure follows similar
procedure to Figure 1.
The load profiles used for cycling the battery system should be chosen such that they would cover
different load scenarios, enabling the estimation of SoE algorithm accuracy irrespective of the power
demanding conditions. K. Mamadou et al proposed two types of load cycles, namely soft and hard
dynamic stress test profile. [7] These profiles shall be applied at different temperatures, after which
the residual energy is measured by the tester and compared with the BMS logged SoE to judge the
quality of the BMS algorithm.
3.3.2.6 Maximum available energy test
The test procedures for estimating maximum available energy as a function of temperature and
discharge/charge current rate are stated in standards ISO 12405 and IEC 62660-1.
1. The battery is brought to full charge and stabilised at a desired temperature,
2. then it is discharged at a current rate until its lower cut-off voltage is reached,
3. this test is repeated for various combinations of current rates and temperatures.
The delivered energy is estimated in each case. The results of these tests shows the Maximum
available energy of the battery pack [10] [56]
3.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BMS DEVELOPMENT
In addition to the generic requirements to be standardized for a BMS, additional functionalities are
recommended in the following sub-chapters.
3.4.1 SHUTDOWN ON POTENTIAL PHYSICAL DAMAGE
The BMS should detect damage or read-in ‘damage’ signal from the higher system-in-hierarchy. The
BMS should disconnect the electrical connection to external power systems (load/charger).
3.4.2 SYSTEM RESET ON DETECTION OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR OF MAIN CONTROLLING

COMPONENT OF THE BMS
When the BMS detects that its functionality or a component exhibiting abnormal behavior, the BMS
should reset that particular functional component or the BMS. It should depend on the application’s
operating mode and the severity of behavior.
3.4.3 TAMPER PROOFING BMS
Hardware and software of the of the BMS should be made tamper proof. Making the BMS tamper proof
and BMS being able to detect it, would improve the safe operation of the BMS. Further improvements
to operational safety include making the BMS sensitive to tampering.
3.4.4 VEHICLE AND CLOUD INTEGRATION
Monitoring the usage history of a battery system is very important for estimating remaining useful
life, warranty issues and suitability for specific 2nd life applications. The following parameters could be
tracked. The count and modes of battery pack been operated (but are not limited to):
1 outside certain limits.
2 type of charging cycles (low C rates, fast).
3 critical modes of operation.
4 critical load demands.
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Storing and analysing this data on board for life-time would be less practical. A cloud-based solution
could be adopted. But factors like deciding which data should be stored on cloud, duration of holding
the data and privacy could be an impediment to the viability of this solution.
The interface through which the application communicates, the database format for data storage shall
also be decided according to application specific requirements. Irrespective of the application, the
bidirectional data transfer should be encrypted, and cyber security measures must be taken to guard
the data stored in the server.
3.4.5 CONSOLIDATION/VIRTUALIZATION OF BMS FUNCTIONS ON CENTRAL VEHICLE

CONTROL UNITS/PLATFORMS
3.4.5.1 Requirements of current BMS architecture
With increasing use of advanced software features in EVs for improved performance and user
experience, the expectation of features offered by BMSs keeps mounting. The BMS must handle more
critical functionalities like safe monitoring and maintenance of operating limits (voltage, current,
temperature etc.). Additionally, it must also take care of other non-critical functionalities like state
estimation (SoC, SoH, SoF, SoP and SoE).
Using dedicated BMS hardware would increase the cost pressure, hence standardization/unification of
BMS components for universal coupling will be a good solution. This will in turn be helpful in satisfying
the increasing requirements for BMS hardware and software functional development norms.
Very complex algorithms are required to perform long term model-based analysis like aging
assessment, abuse monitoring etc. The BMS should also be open to third-party functionality
integration for improving application performance and safety over its lifetime. Given the trend, the
implementation of cloud solutions for advanced data processing and storage could also be adopted.
Designing and developing a BMS within cost boundaries, which can accomplish all the above-
mentioned tasks seems challenging.
3.4.5.2 Description Virtualization idea/principle
The idea of BMS virtualization is to replace the BMS master control module by a virtual machine which
runs directly on the vehicle control unit (ECU). By doing so, the dedicated BMS hardware can be limited
to slave control modules for monitoring and measurement alone, which in turn reduces the cost,
complexity and space occupied by the BMS hardware.
Most of the modern EVs are equipped with multicore platform vehicle control systems, for which
handling complex state estimation algorithms wouldn’t be an issue. This virtual machine can be
monitored by a hypervisor (A real-time operating system like PikeOS from SYSGO). This virtual
machine can be made capable of running on external PCs too for simulation and development
purposes.
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(Multicore-)VCU (Mixed-Criticality)
BMS Core App. BMS App. Other Apps. Cloud Solution

(e.g. Safety (e.g. Diagnosis, (e.g. HMI
functions, Electrical SOH, control for
management, Balancing) driver, climate Persistent
Thermal control) data logging,
management) e.g. SIL 0 visualization,
e.g. SIL 4 e.g. Linux alerting,
e.g. ELinOS deeper
analysis, etc.
Real-time embedded operating system and hypervisor (e.g.

PikeOS)
BMS Hardware (Sensors/Actuators)

U, I, T Commands
Measurement Battery disconnect Battery
Modules (LMMs) unit (BDU) cooling/heating
Figure 5: Possible Architecture for BMS Virtualization
3.4.5.3 Benefits of BMS Virtualization
The first and foremost benefit of BMS virtualization is the reduction in dedicated BMS hardware, as
we need only measurement and monitoring BMS modules. This in turn reduces the size, cost and
complexity of the BMS hardware.
Advanced model-based algorithms can be easily integrated through additional virtual machines on the
VCU platform without additional modification in BMS memory or processing hardware. This virtual
BMS can be used as a development tool (e.g. simulation building block).
Parallel running of applications with varying criticalities and safety level ratings is achieved the through
software isolation principle. This feature facilitates the process of achieving safety certifications.
3.4.5.4 Additional requirements on BMS hardware
Since the BMS control module (Master) is virtually moved to the VCU, the measurement modules
(Slave) and the battery disconnect unit should be enhanced by equipping them with a dedicated
microcontroller to communicate with the virtual machine master module.
3.4.6 OPEN-SOURCE BMS PLATFORM
An open-source BMS would be a generic BMS (and may include/offer specific functionalities
additionally) of which hardware and software are developed in collaboration with different
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development bodies, which could be distributed or redistributed. In an effort to increase collaboration

across various development entities and increase market share, it could be considered to have an
open-source BMS platform.
An open and flexible BMS platform should be defined with a basic structure upon which each BMS
manufacturer can add their hardware and software functionalities to build application specific BMS.
Existence of such platform can enable easy integration of 3rd party functionalities (e.g.: Complex state
estimation algorithm, safety enhancement functionality etc.) and save lot of development time which
would drive down the BMS cost too. [56]
3.5 AGREEABLE CONVENTIONS
This chapter is intended to mention some aspects of BMS functionality where a unified single
convention has not been agreed upon yet. The factors listed in this chapter are still specific to BMS
manufacturer or application. Unification and standardization of these parameters are highly significant
for development of a flexible BMS hardware and software platform enabling easy integration of BMS
subcomponents and functionalities from different manufacturers.
3.5.1 CURRENT FLOW DIRECTION SIGN
From BMS perspective and battery, the discharge current is signed negative and charge current is
signed positive. While communicating with our systems, this convention can avoid a
misunderstanding. The unanimity is also followed for coulomb counting, as it is the parameter of
dependence for SoC estimation through coulomb counting. It is convenient while integrating 3rd party
state estimation algorithms, safety functions, and new measurement sensors into an already existing
or an open BMS.
3.5.2 BMS ERROR DATA LOGGING
The usage history, abuse handling, error codes generated due to malfunctioning of hardware/software
functionalities shall be recorded in a non-volatile memory of the BMS. This information will be useful
for diagnostics and post application life analysis.
3.5.3 DYNAMIC MONITORING RATES FOR APPLICATIONS
The sampling rate should be adjusted to the application so that no maximum peak values are missed
out, but it should also be ensured that these peaks shouldn’t result in memory overflow.
Any irregularities in system performance that can be captured through measurements shouldn’t be
missed out due to the measurement resolution or sampling rate. The irregularities can be identified
by continuously monitoring the gradient of the monitored parameters with respect to the sampling
time.
Any sudden unexpected spike in the gradients should be treated as irregularities and the sampling
rate has to be increased accordingly to record the complete behavior.
The same concept shall be implemented while monitoring the cell voltages, currents and temperatures
when nearing the permissible operating limits.
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3.5.4 DATA FORMATS
The data format in which the measured signals are transferred between the BMS components as well
as with external systems has to be standardized in order to avoid any misperception in-between
systems from different manufacturers or when integrated with 3rd party functionalities.
3.5.4.1 Cell voltages
Generally measured cell voltage values are digitised and before being transferred to control modules
are multiplied with a scaling factor instead of transferring them as floating-point values. This is done
for memory management reason as well as for not losing any integer round off accuracy. This scaling
factor should be unified and standardized.
3.7 V should be represented as 37000 [100 * micro Volt].
3.5.4.2 Cell temperatures
In addition to unification of the multiplication scaling factor, the unit of cell temperature must also be
standardised in order to avoid any misinterpretation between functionalities or components which
make use of measured temperature.
25 °C is 298.15 K, it should be represented as 29815 [centi Kelvin].
3.5.4.3 Battery pack voltage
800 V should be represented as 800000 [mV].
3.5.4.4 Battery pack current
200 A should be represented as 20000 [mA]
3.5.4.5 SoC, SoH
The representation of state estimation parameters like SoC, SoH etc. are made either in scale (0-1)
or (0-100) % scale. This must be standardised in order to avoid any misinterpretation between
functionalities or components which make use of the state estimates.
For scale 0 to 100, 50.55 % should be represented as 5055 [100 * SoX percentage].
3.5.5 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENT SYNCHRONIZATION
Both the voltage and current measurements should be in synchronization with each other. Such
synchronized voltage and current measurements are important for BMS for estimation of power
parameters. A deterministic skew between voltage and current measurements could be allowed. [57]
3.5.6 SPECIFICATIONS FROM CELL MANUFACTURERS
The parameters in the specification documentation from cell manufacturer should follow a definite
standard to parameterize them. The test conditions, tolerances, test procedures followed, and
termination conditions, definition of standard cycle etc. must be standardized.
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4 BMS STANDARDIZATION FOR INTERFACES TO SUPPORT
SECOND-LIFE USE CASES OF BATTERIES
This chapter initially discusses the factors that should be considered while estimating the remaining
useful life of a battery and the collection of usage history data through OBD-II interface for further
post-processing.
Then a scenario of integrating an EV battery system (battery pack + BMS) into a 2nd life stationary
application is assumed, and the challenges faced, and possible solutions are also described. Finally,
since a 2nd life application may not require all the information an EV BMS has, a set of basic
information that the BMS must share are also listed.
4.1.1 DEFINING END OF LIFE
Even though the interest in using EVs is growing in recent years, in spite of considerable improvement
in battery technology as well as battery monitoring system reliability, the range anxiety and question
of remaining battery life still exists in users. This is because although SoC, SoH and distance to empty
estimates are displayed to the user while starting a car, its reliability depends on the driving style and
ambient conditions too.
Prognostics should be sub-divided into short term and long-term prognostics. Short term prognostics
mostly deals with real-time information like battery charge, temperature and sudden variations etc.
Other prognostics tasks are to make sure that the user is informed about any malfunction before it
leads to hazard. Long term prognostics focuses on estimation the SoH or RUL of the battery pack.
Different methods of estimating and representing RUL exist. One way is to define RUL as the length
of time from the present time to the end of useful life. [58] Second way is to define RUL as the number
of cycles the battery can be operated from present time to the end of its useful life [59]. This way of
representing RUL should be standardized and a unified practice of representation is recommended.
Since definition of a standard cycle is still an open topic, defining RUL in terms of time period should
be more meaningful from a user´s point of view.
While estimating the RUL of a battery pack, in addition to estimating its full range performance, the
performance required from it and its operating environmental conditions should also be considered.
These history of usage data can be collected through the OBD-II provision and transmitted for external
post processing.
For example: If a person owning an EV with 300 Km range at full charge, drives only 100 Km every
day, he can still use his car even if the pack capacity reaches 80% of its initial value. After assuring
through post processing and OBD-II diagnostics that the battery pack can still serve the EV application
without and safety concerns, in this case the pack can still deliver a full charge range of 240 Kilometers
even if it has reached its end of life as per SoH definition (<80% of initial capacity).
Even in the case of long-distance driving needs, just the number of charges increase. Hence, the user
doesn’t have to replace the battery pack soon reducing the cost of ownership as well as reducing the
warranty costs for the EV manufacturer. [60]
In addition to RUL estimation based of driving profile, recommendations regarding driving style,
optimal charging (avoiding unnecessary quick charges) can also be given to the user in order to reduce
the faster degradation of the cells in battery pack.
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4.1.2 OBD-II INTERFACE
The OBD standard was introduced in the early 90s in USA and the OBD-II standard spread to Europe
in the early 2000s. Since then the vehicles manufactured contained an OBD-II plug. It´s currently
mostly being used by service technicians, who can use it to connect an OBD reader/logger to evaluate
the status of all functionalities offered by a vehicle. After 2008 the standard of implementing CAN
protocol for OBD-II interfacing is followed. Since all the electronic units in EVs are connected by CAN,
this is an added advantage.
In case of an EVs battery pack status, information like pack SoC, SoH, voltage, current, available
energy, distance to empty, voltage and temperature differences between cells in pack etc. can be
collected via OBD-II server based mobile applications. Additionally, history of usage like number of
fast charges and normal charges made, driving profile, instant of abused usage etc. should also be
retrieved through OBD-II via CAN messages.
Collecting, processing and storing all the history of usage data on board turns out to be highly
computationally, demanding and complex, besides putting high demands on memory performance.
Hence generally the Real-time CAN data collected through the OBD-II port is transmitted to an
external network for performance analysis and storage. A separate micro-controller can be used for
requesting, collecting and transmitting data through the OBD-II port.
In addition to this state monitoring feature, some more critical units in the EV powertrain should also
be carefully monitored because failure or malfunction of these critical units may lead to reduced
product life time or even to a hazard in worst cases. Hence, an on-board diagnostics (OBD) feature
would be very handy for monitoring not only the critical units, but also in logging/transferring state
estimation related data for further post processing purposes.
4.1.3 INTERACTION WITH EUROPEAN INITIATIVE FOR SUSTAINABLE BATTERY REGULATION
The European Commission wants to support the use and manufacturing of batteries in Europe. As part
of its initiatives it studies the possibility for sustainable batteries on the European market. Emphasis
is on the energy use what results in a carbon footprint of the battery. Extending the battery life is an
important way to lower the carbon footprint. The propositions for requirements are given in the task
7 report of the ‘Preparatory Study on Ecodesign and Energy Labelling of rechargeable electrochemical
batteries with internal storage under FWC ENER/C3/2015-619-Lot 1’. [62] The BMS can play a key
role in giving confidence in the remaining battery quality. The current proposition has three impacts
on the BMS:
• obligatory partially open data from the BMS
• a possibility to update the BMS for second life applications
• a standardised BMS data connector.
The open data comprises similar items as in this Everlasting report like the number of charges and
fast charges, the ampere hour throughput and kWh throughput, occurred errors and negative events.
However, to follow a battery’s lifetime counters are proposed to follow up e.g. the temperature and
voltage. This information must be given on module level within the battery pack.
A special connector apart from the OBD connector is proposed since a battery can be taken out of the
electric vehicle and still the open part of BMS information has to be read.
It is possible that the BMS cannot suitably work after repurposing the battery. This can be related to
the SOC determination algorithms but also due to the cell balancing strategy. In these cases, the
hardware can be correct but the firmware not. Therefore, an upgradability of the BMS’ firmware is
prescribed. An additional advantage may be that no new UN 38.3 test is needed. However, only if it
can be ensured that the functional safety is not endangered.
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4.1.4 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL FOR SECOND LIFE APPLICATIONS
It is recommended to consider the factors explained in the section above while deciding on whether
or not the EV battery can serve the EV’s demand requirement. If this is not the case, it should be used
in a 2nd life application. Once the decision has been made to use it in a 2nd life application, the first
choice of it would be a stationary storage application (grid storage, home storage etc.), since weight
and space limitations for energy storage are less intensive than in EVs.
Some modifications have to be made on the battery system as well as the BMS before reusing for a
different application. Direct reuse of the battery modules is preferred as it is cost saving, while at the
same time reducing the risk of failure during reassembling. Since this work focuses on the BMS, we
address the transformations needed in the BMS alone. Unlike the direct reuse of battery modules, the
direct reuse of an EV BMS for a stationary application is limited by various factors like the difference
in the architecture of other connected devices connected in the network, the communication protocol
and the extent of accessing the confidential information inside the BMS.
The confidential information includes state estimation algorithms, security parameters etc., which the
EV manufacturer may not prefer to access or modify. If these factors are considered in advance while
designing the EV BMS itself, then direct reuse of both battery module and BMS together in a 2nd life
application could be facilitated. This topic gains much importance because, nearly in all EVs currently
on the market, the BMS is placed inside the battery pack and completely sealed.
Within an EV, the communications between various ECU’s, charger etc. happens using the CAN
protocol defined by the standard ISO 11898. When it comes to vehicle to grid communication, it’s the
charger which communicates directly with the grid and not the BMS. Even though there are several
standards like ISO 15118, IEC 61850 etc., which define vehicle to grid communication through the EV
charger, they can’t be applied in a stationary 2nd life application of an EV BMS, since an EV charger
may not be present in a stationary application. There would be an energy management system instead
which communicates with the BMS directly and a protocol should be defined for this communication
purpose.
When it comes to stationary storage applications, they can serve a range of use cases like home
storage, grid storage for production vs demand bridging, peak shaving etc. The nature of devices
connected to the BMS and the connection architecture differs with the application nature, complexity
as well as system provider. The most common possibilities are shown in Figure 6:
(a) BMS to EMU communication through inverter
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(b) Direct BMS to EMU communication

Figure 6: Possible Architecture for BMS connection with 2nd life application components [61]
As seen from the figure above, when it comes to stationary storage applications, additional
components like the inverter, energy management unit (EMU) etc. are included in the network. The
inverter/power electronics takes care of bidirectional ACDC conversion while battery is in charging
and discharging mode. The EMU is the subsystem which controls the operating mode of the battery
pack depending upon the load conditions.
The inverters are generally provided with communication possibilities like RJ-45 or Ethernet or TCP-
IP or RS-232 or CAN. The EV BMS already communicates through CAN, hence by choosing an inverter
with CAN capability makes its integration with an EV BMS easier. But care should be taken regarding
the differences in the configuration and the way of signal coding from device to device.
When it comes to direct communication between a BMS and an EMU, the BMS has a CAN bus, while
the EMU may not have any possibility of CAN bus. The EMUs are generally operated through SCADA
and communicate with other components in the network through TCP/IP connections.
Considering complete reuse of EV BMS, either Ethernet/TCP-IP ports could be included while designing
the EV BMS or else a bridging communication device could be manufactured and provided when the
EV battery pack is intended for 2nd life use case.
Even when coupling various electronic devices with a BMS through CAN communication, due to
differences in signal coding, the CAN matrix of those devices is necessary for decoding and
understanding the massages sent/received by them. But access to this CAN matrix is generally not
allowed by neither the EV BMS manufacturer nor any other component manufacturer because
confidentiality and security reasons.
Hence an additional filtering step should be included, which allows access to only the allowed required
information while blocking the non-disclosable ones. Instead of displaying the CAN codes as they are,
they should be transformed into different formats so that the receiver receives and understands only
the required information. These features are currently not supported by the CAN protocol. Hence a
higher-level public and open source protocol containing additional information about the data link,
physical layer as well as the type of application/info/device sending or requesting info through CAN
bus is recommended.
In addition to the CAN protocol used in EV BMS, the CANopen protocol should be included in the
network for communicating with the EMU/inverter fulfilling the above-mentioned
features/requirements.
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Figure 7: Bridging step between EV BMS and EMU/inverter
The CANopen protocol is also governed by the CiA301 standard which is a derivative of ISO 11898
which also standardises CAN protocol. The bridging step of CAN to CANopen code conversion should
be standardised by involvement of EV BMS manufacturers and stationary application EMU
manufacturers [61].
4.1.5 BMS SECOND-LIFE MODE
This is a suggestive mode of operation for BMSs. Applicable standards for second-life application can
play a role as a stakeholder, while working on requirements engineering of an application. This mode
of operation could be called as second-life mode. Only an authorized maintenance personnel is allowed
to change its mode of operation to second-life mode. The operational limits are adapted to the second-
life application. And, depth of information shared via communication channel (for e.g. CAN) is limited
and it is only relevant to the second-life application. A list of such relevant information is elaborated
in Chapter 4.1.5.
4.1.6 INFORMATION TO BE SHARED BY THE BMS
As explained in the chapter above, battery packs could be used for 2nd life applications. The higher-
level system would mostly change for its next life. For example, an EMU would require appropriate
information about the battery pack and its state. The BMS can provide them. But the EMU would not
require all the complex information and signals that an EV BMS would communicate. For controlling a
stationary application, it would require limited set of information and signals.
The table below contains a list of most relevant parameters from an EV BMS that would be sufficient
for an EMU. The data formats should be adopted from subchapter 3.4.4.
Parameter Treated purpose Type

Pack Voltage Momentous battery Instantaneous power calculations Variable
pack voltage
Maximum voltage of For charge power calculations Variable
the battery pack
Minimum voltage of For discharge power calculations Variable
the battery pack
Battery pack Battery pack current For safe operation of the battery pack Variable
current
Cell voltage Mean cell voltage in For monitoring cell information Variable
statistics the battery pack
Minimum cell voltage For safety Variable
in the battery pack
Maximum cell voltage For safety Variable
in the battery pack
Maximum cell voltage For locating difference in cell voltage Variable
position in the battery distribution
pack
Minimum cell voltage For locating difference in cell voltage Variable
position in the battery distribution
pack
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Cell temperature Mean cell temperature Battery pack working conditions Variable
statistics in the battery pack optimization, safety. Decision criterion
for thermal management system.
Minimum cell For safety Variable
temperature in the
battery pack
Maximum cell For safety Variable
temperature in the
battery pack
Maximum cell For locating difference in cell Variable
temperature position in temperature distribution
the battery pack
Minimum cell For locating difference in cell Variable
temperature position in temperature distribution
the battery pack
Battery pack Minimum allowed For maximum discharge power Constant
voltage limits battery pack voltage estimations and deep-discharge
protection
Maximum allowed For maximum charge power Constant
battery pack voltage estimations and over-charge
protection
Battery pack cell Minimum cell For initiating the heating system in Constant
Temperature temperature allowed in case of operation at lower
limits the battery pack temperatures, for safety and enhanced
performance
Maximum cell For initiating the cooling system in Constant
temperature allowed in case of operation at higher
the battery pack temperatures, for safety and long life
Battery pack Maximum allowed For power and energy calculations Variable
current limits discharge current
Maximum allowed For power and energy calculations Variable
charge current
Battery pack Maximum allowed For power and energy calculations Variable
power limits discharge power
Maximum allowed For power and energy calculations Variable
charge power
Initial capacity Initial capacity of the For energy, capacity fade and State of Constant
battery pack Health estimations
Current capacity Available capacity of For energy, State of Charge, State of Variable
the battery pack Health estimations
State of Charge State of charge of the For energy calculations Variable
battery pack
State of Health State of health of the For capacity update, energy and power Variable
battery pack estimations, and maintenance
planning
Operating mode Battery pack mode of Read current mode of operation, Variable
operation request relevant mode of operation
while operating e.g. Balancing,
maintenance
Battery identifier Battery Identification For Tracking battery pack over its Constant
number lifetime
Table 6: Information exchanged between an EV BMS and its 2nd life application
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5 BMS STANDARDIZATION FOR AN APPLICATION BY TAILORING

OF RELEVANT FUNCTIONAL SAFETY NORMS
This chapter analyses the potential hazards that may arise from malfunctions of electrical or electronic
components in battery powered applications. This study also deals with possible sources that would
lead to such functional failures for which automotive safety integrity levels are assigned. This chapter
only treats norms IEC 61508 and ISO 26262.
5.1.1 FUNCTIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Functional safety requirements are a set of qualitative requirements that were derived for generic
battery systems defined for the purposes of this report. Additional research and analysis must be done
to apply them to specific applications. The battery management system is intended to prevent and/or
mitigate faults that can lead to hazardous scenarios. Malfunctions of components associated with
battery system and their associated control systems also fall under these faults. A functional safety
process is an analytical method that can be used to analyse the safety implications of a battery system
design.
5.1.2 ANALYSIS STEPS
Functional safety analysis involves the following steps:

1. System definition: Initially the system boundaries within which the system is intended to
operate are identified. Then the components and their interactions with the system and other
components present within and outside the system are stated.
2. Hazard analysis: An application specific hazard analysis should be carried out to identify a list
of possible hazards that may occur due to malfunction of components as well as their control
functions.
3. ASIL assignment: The ISO 26262 risk assessment approach is applied to the identified hazards,
and an ASIL rating is assigned to each hazard.
4. Generation of safety goals: A list of safety goals are defined in order to overcome the identified
safety hazards as per their assigned ASIL ratings.
5. Safety analysis: This is performed on the relevant system components and interactions as
defined in Step 1.
6. Functional safety: Concept and functional safety requirements are performed at the system
and components level, based on research results and as per ISO 26262 guidelines [62].
5.1.3 GENERAL FUNCTIONS AND POSSIBLE MALFUNCTIONS OF A BMS
This section lists some of the general malfunctions related to BMS functionalities and corresponding
potential hazards:
BMS Function Malfunction Potential hazard

Acceptance of Excessive acceptance of Overheating of cell occurs which may lead
energy from regenerative energy or to venting or even thermal runaway.
charging & continuous acceptance of
regenerative energy even after completion
braking of full charge.
Energy delivery The energy demand is not Sudden loss of power delivery for the
fulfilled by the battery system. intended applications.
Battery system delivers energy Due to voltage level imbalances, the
when there is no demand. components within the system may get
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exposed to high-voltage and risk of

electric shock may occur.
High voltage Does not connect when No energy delivery to the connected load
contactors control required. or demand.
Unwanted HV contactors Loss of power for application served and
opening when there is energy system primary functions.
demand.
Unwanted HV contactors Due to voltage level imbalances, the
closing when there is no components within the system may get
energy demand. exposed to high-voltage and risk of
electric shock may occur.
Loss of interlock signal control Exposure to high voltage.
Thermal Does not initiate thermal Cell overheating or thermal runaway.
management management system.
control Commands under-cooling. Cell overheating or thermal runaway.
Commands under-heating. Accelerated cell degradation or internal
short due to lithium plating when
operated/charged at very low
temperatures.
State estimation Does not estimate SoC Overcharging and overheating of
accurately. cell/violation of allowed operational limits.
Does not estimate SoH Insufficient knowledge about the cell life
accurately. and capability to serve the intended
application efficiently.
Does not estimate SoP Overcharging and overheating of
accurately. cell/violation of allowed operational
limits/under-utilization of battery pack
capability.
Balancing Does not balance uneven cells. Incomplete charging/discharging of
battery pack. Inconsistent aging between
cells increases.
Pack monitoring Inaccurate/ no current Cell overheating and thermal runaway in
measurement case of higher current flow.
Inaccurate/ no voltage Exposure to high voltage, over-
measurement charge/discharge, no cell balancing.
Inaccurate/ no temperature Cell overheating or thermal runaway.
measurement Accelerated cell degradation or internal
short due to lithium plating when
operated/charged at very low
temperatures. Inaccurate estimation of
temperature dependent parameters from
model-based algorithms.
Communication and Loss of sensor Degradation or safety hazards due to
data transfer communication/corrupted violation of operation limits/Inaccurate
measurement signal estimation of SoC, SoP etc.
Loss of communication/wrong If HV contactors are not opened in case of
communication crash, exposure to high-voltage or short
circuit may occur.
Diagnostics Incorrect / no diagnostics Un-detected faults/failures leading to
unintended component failure/under-
performance/safety hazards.
Table 7: General functions and related malfunctions occurring on a BMS
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5.1.4 ASSIGNMENT OF ASIL RATINGS TO IDENTIFIED MALFUNCTIONS
In this step of the hazardous analysis, an ASIL rating (A, B, C, and D, with D being the most severe.
QM shall be addressed by quality management methods) is assigned to each identified potential
hazard.
The ASIL rating is based on parameters:

• E: Exposure (frequency of occurrence of an event),
• S: Severity (extent of harm), and
• C: Controllability (ability to avoid or control any harm).
Since the ASIL ratings are specific to associated applications and operating needs, some generic
malfunctions are selected for demonstration purpose.
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Function Malfunction Exposure E Severity S Controllability C ASIL

Acceptance of Cell Over- heating System in private closed Thermal event may
energy from (Thermal Event) location. E4 extend beyond the S2 This situation is C2 B
charging & system into the normally
regenerative Probability of occurrence is surroundings. controllable with fire
braking very common irrespective alarms, and being a
of operating modes. Severe and life- closed environment,
threatening injuries threat to people will
(survival probable) be less.
are possible.
System in public open E4 S2 C3 C
location. This situation
cannot be controlled
as people may not
Probability of occurrence is
be aware and threat
very common irrespective
of operating modes. to life is high as it
happens in an open
environment
Energy delivery/HV Sudden Loss of speed in Collision with other Hard to control in most C3 D
contactors control loss/decrease of vehicle applications. E4 vehicles leading to life S3 cases.
energy threatening injuries.
Loss of
contactors
control
Limited or complete Life threatening Situation can be C3 C
halt of load connected E4 injuries only in case of S2 handled in most
in case of stationary safety critical cases.
applications.
applications.
Table 8: Generic examples of functions and related ASIL ratings
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Inaccurate current Overcharging/Cell System in private closed E4 Thermal event may S2 This situation is C2 B
measurements Over- heating location. extend beyond system normally
(Thermal Event) into the surroundings. controllable with fire
Probability of occurrence is alarms, and being a
very common irrespective of Severe and life- closed environment,
operating modes. threatening injuries threat to people will
(survival probable) are be less.
E4 possible S2 This situation C3 C
System in public open cannot be controlled
location. as people may not
be aware and threat
Probability of occurrence is to life is high as it
very common irrespective of happens in an open
operating modes. environment
Thermal Cell Overheating System in private closed E4 Thermal event may S2 This situation is C2 B
management (Thermal Event) location. extend beyond the normally
control system into the controllable with fire
Probability of occurrence is surroundings. alarms, and being a
very common irrespective of closed environment,
operating modes. Severe and life- threat to people will
threatening injuries be less.
System in public open E4 (survival probable) are S2 This situation C3 C
location. Possible. cannot be controlled
as people may not
Probability of occurrence is be aware and threat
very common irrespective of to life is high as it
operating modes. happens in an open
environment
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State of charge Over-charging/ Over- System in private closed E4 Thermal event may S2 This situation is C3 C
estimations discharging/Overheati location. extend beyond system normally
ng into the surroundings. controllable with fire
Probability of occurrence is alarms, and being a
very common irrespective of Severe and life- closed environment,
operating modes. threatening injuries threat to people will
System in public open E2 possible S2 This situation C3 A
location. cannot be controlled
as people may not
environment
Balancing Uneven System in private closed E4 Thermal event may S2 This situation is C2 B
charging/discharging location. extend beyond system normally
of cells in battery into the surroundings. controllable with fire
pack/over-charging Probability of occurrence is alarms, and being a
(thermal event)/ very common irrespective of Severe and life- closed environment,
accelerated aging operating modes. threatening injuries threat to people will
System in public open E4 Possible. S2 This situation C3 C
location. cannot be controlled
as people may not
environment
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Loss of insulation or Electrical shock System in private closed E4 Electric shock/ S2 This situation is C3 C
short circuit location. Thermal event may normally
extend beyond controllable, and
Probability of occurrence is system into the being a closed
very common irrespective of surroundings. environment, threat
operating modes. to people will be
less.
E4 Severe and life- S3 This situation C3 D
System in public open threatening injuries cannot be controlled
location. (survival probable) as people may not
are be aware and threat
Probability of occurrence is possible to life is high as it
very common irrespective of happens in an open
operating modes. environment
Diagnostics/Commu Delay in fault System in private closed E4 Sudden failure of S2 This situation might C2 B
nication detection/loss of location. safety critical get hard to control
communication with function leading to depending upon the
components Probability of occurrence is hazards. nature of fault.
very common irrespective of
operating modes.
System in public open E4 Thermal events may S2 This situation C3 C

location. extend beyond cannot be controlled
system into the as people may not
Probability of occurrence is surroundings. be aware and threat
operating modes. Severe and life- happens in an open
threatening injuries environment
(survival probable)
are
possible
Table 11: Generic examples of functions and related ASIL ratings [62]
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CONCLUSIONS
The requirement for a standard for BMS functionalities and tests had been treated in this document.
Considering the inputs from existing standards, BMS development (in WP6 at LION Smart) and
summary from ‘BMS standardization workshop’ in the scope of Everlasting H2020 project, this report
had been finalized. The document audits into existing standards for BMS and battery packs. It
addresses the deficit in standards for a BMS development and validation. The functionalities of an
adequately safe BMS, and various tests applicable in general are formulated.
Additionally, BMS development in focus of battery packs used in a second life application are also
addressed. Furthermore, tailoring a BMS for automotive application has been discussed.
The standardization potential of the BMS had been successfully analysed. The outcome of this
document will be a basic set of standards which will further be validated. Furthermore, the goal is the
establishment of an international IEC association or working group to ensure the continuation of the
standardization activities beyond the duration of the project. The updates of this document will be
publicized on the everlasting BMS standardization website. (https://everlasting-project.eu/bms-
standardization/).
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Electric Vehicle Enhanced Range, Lifetime And Safety

D6.7 – Battery Management System

Project Acronym EVERLASTING

Grant Agreement 713771

Call Identifier H2020-GV8-2015

Type of Action Research and Innovation action

Project Duration 48 months (01/09/2016 – 31/08/2020)

Coordinator VLAAMSE INSTELLING VOOR TECHNOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK NV

Consortium COMMISSARIAT A L ENERGIE ATOMIQUE ET AUX ENERGIES ALTERNATIVES

SIEMENS INDUSTRY SOFTWARE SAS

TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAET MUENCHEN

TUV SUD BATTERY TESTING GMBH

RHEINISCH-WESTFAELISCHE TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE AACHEN

LION SMART GMBH

TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT EINDHOVEN

VDL ENABLING TRANSPORT SOLUTIONS

Title D6.7 – Battery Management System Standard

Related WP WP6 (Standardized Architecture)

Lead Beneficiary LION Smart

Author(s) Bharanitharan Jayaraman (LION Smart)

Dissemination level PUBLIC

Due Date M36

Submission date August 31, 2019

Status and Version Final, version 1.0

Version Date Author/Reviewer Notes

V0.1 12/08/2019 Bharanitharan Jayaraman, First draft

V0.3 21/08/2019 Khiem Trad (VITO) Peer review

V0.5 27/08/2019 Niles Fleischer (ALGOLiON) Peer review

V1.0 31/08/2019 Carlo Mol (VITO) Submission to the EC

This document is intended to be applied to functional BMS development. It presents the

3.5.4 Data formats ...................................................................................................... 45

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Figure 1: Test setup for SoC estimation validation [46] ............................................................ 37

Table 1: Standards relevant to an EV Battery management system ........................................... 24

1.1 WHAT IS A STANDARD?

1.2 RELEVANT STANDARDIZATION BODIES

1.2.1 EUROPEAN STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS (ESOS)

1.2.1.1 CEN (European Committee for Standardization)

1.2.1.2 CENELEC (European Committee for Electro-technical Standardization)

Designated as a European Standards Organization by the European Commission, CENELEC is a non-

1.2.1.3 ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)

1.2.2 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS

1.2.2.1 ISO (International Organization of Standardization)

ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, is an independent, non-governmental

1.2.2.2 IEC (International Electro technical Commission)

1.2.2.3 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) – ITU-T

1.2.3 OTHER STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS

AUTOSARs goals are:

2 MAPPING OF RELEVANT STANDARDS AND STANDARDIZATION

2.1 OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT STANDARDS FOR BMS

2.1.1 STANDARDS FOR BATTERY SYSTEMS IN GENERAL

2.1.2 STANDARDS FOR APPLICATION SPECIFIC BATTERY SYSTEMS

2.1.2.1 Standards related to electric vehicles

2.1.2.2 Standards related to stationary applications