Institute of Technology of Cambodia Differential Equations (2019-20)

I2-TD1
(VECTOR SPACE)

1. For any x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ), y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ) ∈ R3 and α ∈ R, we define an addition in R3 and

scalar multiplication with element in R by

x + y = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) + (y1 , y2 , y3 ) = (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 , x3 + y3 )

α.x = α (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (αx1 , αx2 , αx3 ) .

Show that (R3 , +, .) is a vector space over R.

2. For any x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ) ∈ R2 and α ∈ R, we define two operations by

x ⊕ y = (x1 , x2 ) ⊕ (y1 , y2 ) = (x1 + y1 , 2x2 + y2 ) and α ∗ x = α ∗ (x1 , x2 ) = (αx1 , αx2 ).

Is (R2 , ⊕, ∗) a vector space over R? Justify your answer.

3. For any x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ) ∈ R2 and α ∈ R, we define two operations by

x ⊕ y = (x1 , x2 ) ⊕ (y1 , y2 ) = (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 ) and α ∗ x = α ∗ (x1 , x2 ) = (2x1 , αx2 ).

Is (R2 , ⊕, ∗) a vector space over R? Justify your answer.

4. Let V = {(x, 1) ∈ R2 | x ∈ R}. For any u = (x, 1), v = (y, 1) ∈ V and α ∈ R, we define

u ⊕ v = (x + y, 1)
α ∗ u = (αx, 1)

Show that (V, ⊕, ∗) is a vector space over R.

5. Show that (R+ , ⊕, ∗, R) is a vector space where

x ⊕ y = xy and α ∗ x = xα

for x, y ∈ R+ and α ∈ R.

6. For any x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ), y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ) ∈ R3 and α ∈ R, let us define

x ⊕ y = (x1 + y1 + 1, x2 + y2 + 1, x3 + y3 + 1)
α ∗ x = (αx1 + α − 1, αx2 + α − 1, αx3 + α − 1)

Show that (R3 , ⊕, ∗) is a vector space over R.

7. Determine if the following sets are subspaces of R3 under the usual operations.

(a) W1 = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 : x1 + x2 + x3 = 0}
(b) W2 = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 : x1 = 2x2 and x3 = −x2 }
(c) W3 = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 : x1 = x23 }

8. Determine if the following sets are subspaces of FRR = {f : f : R → R} under the usual
operations.

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(a) F1 = {f ∈ C 1 : f 0 (1) + f (2) = 0} (c) F3 = {f : f (0) = 3}.

(b) F2 = {f : f (0) + f (1) = 3}. (d) F4 = {f : f (1) = 2f 0 (1)}.

9. Determine if the following sets are subspaces of Rn×n under the usual operations.

(a) The set of all upper triangular matrices.

(b) The set of all symmetric matrices.
(c) The set of all orthogonal matrices.
(d) The set of all matrices A such that A2 = 0.

10. Let G and H be two subspaces of V . Show that G ∩ H is also a subspace of V .

11. Let G and H be two subspaces of V . Show that

(G ∪ H subspace of V ) ⇐⇒ (G ⊂ F or F ⊂ G)

12. Let G and H be two subspaces of V . Show that G + H is also a subspace of V.

13. Let G and H be subspaces of V . Show that

G+H =G∩H ⇐⇒ G = H.

14. Let F, G and H be three subspaces of V satisfy

F ∩ G = F ∩ H, F +G=F +H and G ⊂ H

Show that G = H.

15. If S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } is a subset of vector space V . Show that Span(S) is the smallest
subspace of V containing set S.

16. Determine the values of x and y so that the vector (2, 3, x, y) is an element of the subspace
of R4 spanned by (2, −1, 3, 5) and (1, 3, 7, 2).

17. Which of the following are spanning sets for R4 ? Justify your answers.

(a) {(1, 1, 1, 2), (1, 0, 1, 0), (2, 1, −2, 3)}

(b) {(1, 1, 2, 1), (2, 3, 1, 2), (2, 1, 2, 1), (1, 2, 1, 2)}
(c) {(0, 2, 1, 0), (1, −1, 0, 1), (0, 0, −2, 1), (1, 1, −1, 2)}
(d) {(2, 1, 2, 1), (2, 3, 1, 2), (3, 1, 2, −1), (1, −2, 1, −3), (1, 0, 0, −2)}
(e) {(1, 1, −1, 1), (2, 3, −1, 2), (3, 1, 2, 1), (1, −2, 1, 3), (1, −1, 1, −2)}

18. Determine whether the following vectors are linearly independent.

(a) (1, 1, 0), (2, 1, 0), (2, 3, 4)

(b) (1, 1, −1, 2), (1, 2, 1, 1), (2, 1, 2, 3)
       
1 1 2 3 2 1 1 2
(c) , , ,
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
(d) et , e2t , e3t

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(e) cos2 t, sin2 t, cos 2t

19. Let f (x) = ln(1 + x), x ∈ R+ . Let f1 = f ; f2 = f ◦ f and f3 = f ◦ f ◦ f. Show that the set
{f1 , f2 , f3 } is linearly independent.

20. Let {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } be a linearly independent set of V and α1 , . . . , αn ∈ R. Suppose that

u = α 1 x1 + α 2 x2 + · · · + α n xn and ∀1 ≤ i ≤ n, yi = xi + u

What condition on αi , for the set {y1 , y2 , . . . , yn } is linearly independent.

21. Let {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } be a linearly independent set of V . For k = 1, 2, . . . , n, we let yk =

xk + xk+1 and yn = xn + x1 . Study the linearly independent of {y1 , y2 , . . . , yn }.

22. Determine which of the following sets are bases for R3 if the vectors in R3 , or for R4 if the
vectors in R4 , or for P2 (R) if the vectors in P2 (R).

(a) (1, −1, 2), (2, 1, 0), (2, 3, 4)

(b) (2, −1, 2), (2, −1, 1), (0, 1, 1), (5, 2, 7)
(c) (1, 1, −1, 1), (2, 3, −1, 2), (3, 1, −2, 1), (1, 2, −1, 3)
(d) (1, 1, −1, 1), (2, 2, −1, 2), (1, 1, −2, 1)
(e) 1 + 2x + x2 , 3 + x2 , x + x2
(f) 1 − 2x − 2x2 , −2 + 3x − x2 , 1 − x − 6x2

23. Let F be a subspace of R4 defined by

F = {(w, x, y, z) ∈ R4 | w = 2x − y and z = w + x + y}

Find a basis and dimension of F .

24. Let F and G be two subset of R4 defined by

F = {(x, y, z, t) ∈ R4 | x − 2y = 0 and y − 2z = 0}
G = {(x, y, z, t) ∈ R4 | x + z = 0 and y + t = 0}

(a) Show that F and G are subspaces of R4 .

(b) Find a basis for F , a basis for G and a basis for F + G.
(c) Deduce that R4 = F + G.

25. Let V be the vector space of n-square matrices over a field R. Show that V = U ⊕ W,
where U and W are the subspaces of symmetric and antisymmetric matrices, respectively.

26. Prove that if W1 and W2 are finite-dimensional subspaces of a vector space V , then the
subspace W1 + W2 is finite-dimensional and

dim(W1 + W2 ) = dim W1 + dim W2 − dim(W1 ∩ W2 ).

If V = W1 + W2 , then deduce that

V = W1 ⊕ W2 ⇐⇒ dim V = dim W1 + dim W2 .

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27. Let S1 , S2 , . . . , Sp be subspaces of V . Suppose that

X X
V = Si and dim(Si ) = dim(V ).
1≤i≤p 1≤i≤p

Show that
V = S1 ⊕ S2 ⊕ · · · ⊕ Sp

28. In the vector space R4 , consider the vectors

a = (1, 2, −1, 3), b = (2, 4, 1, −2), c = (3, 6, 3, −7), d = (1, 2, −4, 11), e = (2, 4, −5, 14)

Let F be a subspace of R4 spanned by {a, b, c} and G be a subspace of R4 spanned by

{d, e}.

(a) Determine the bases for F and G, then deduce the dimension of F and G.
(b) Show that F = G.

29. In the vector space R4 , consider the vectors

a = (1, 3, 0, 3), b = (2, 1, 3, −2), c = (0, 1, 0, 0), d = (1, 0, −1, −1)

Let F be a subspace of R4 spanned by {a, b} and G be a subspace of R4 spanned by {c, d}.

(a) Determine the bases for F and G, then deduce the dimension of F and G.
(b) Determine F ∩ G.
(c) Deduce F + G. What can we conclude?

30. For n ≥ 2, we define Rn [X], the set of polynomial of degree less than or equal n with
coefficients in R. Let
F = {P ∈ Rn [X] | P (1) = P 0 (1) = 0}.

(a) Show that F is a subspace of Rn [X].

(b) Show that P belongs to F if and only if (X − 1)2 divides P .
(c) Determine the basis and dimension of F.

31. Let Rn [X] be the set of all real polynomials of degree at most n and let

Pk (x) = (x + 1)k+1 − xk+1 , k = 0, 1, . . . , n

Show that {P0 , P1 , . . . , Pn } is a basis for Rn [X].

32. Let S1 , S2 , S3 , S4 be four subspaces of R4 and v1 = (1, 1, 1, 2) , v2 = (2, 1, 2, 1) , v3 =

(1, 0, 1, −1), v4 = (3, −1, −1, 4) , v5 = (1, 3, 1, 2) , v6 = (1, −2, −1, 1) , v7 = (2, 1, 1, 4) , v8 =
(−1, 3, −1, 2). Let S1 be spanned by v1 , v2 , v3 , S2 be spanned by v4 , v5 , v6 , S3 be spanned
by v7 , S4 be spanned by v8 .

(a) Find a basis and the dimension of each of the subspaces S1 , S2 , S3 , S4 , S1 + S2 , S1 +

S2 + S3 , S2 + S3 + S4 , and S1 + S3 + S4 .
(b) Show that R4 = S1 ⊕ S2 , R4 = S1 ⊕ S3 ⊕ S4 , and R4 = S2 ⊕ S3 ⊕ S4 .
(c) Show that R4 is the sum of S1 , S2 , S3 , S4 . Show that R4 is not the direct sum of the
four subspaces S1 , S2 , S3 , S4 .

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33. Let S1 be a subspace of R5 spanned by (1, 1, 1, 2, 1) , (2, 1, 1, 3, 2) , (1, 0, 0, 1, 1) , (1, 2, 2, 3, 3)

and S2 be a subspace of R5 spanned by (1, −1, −1, 0, −1) , (3, 1, 1, 4, 3) , (2, 2, 2, 3, 4).

(a) Find a basis B1 and the dimension of S1 . Find the coordinates of (2, −1, −1, 1, 0) with
respect to B1 .
(b) Find a basis and the dimension of S2 , S1 + S2 , and S1 ∩ S2 .

34. Consider the vector space P3 (x) of real polynomials in x of degree ≤ 3.

(a) Show that B = {1, 1 − t, (1 − t)2 , (1 − t)3 } is a basis of P3 (x).

(b) Find the coordinates of vector v(t) = 2 + 3t − t2 + t3 with respect to basis B.

35. Let Pm be the set of all real polynomials of degrees at most m.

(a) Show that B = {1, t − 1, . . . , (t − 1)m } is a basis for Pm .

(b) Determine the coordinates of (t + 2)m with respect to the basis B.

36. Let n ∈ N and a, b ∈ R with a 6= b. Let R2n [X] be the set of all real polynomials of degree
at most 2n.


(a) Show that B = { (x − a)k 0≤k≤2n } is a basis for R2n [X].
(b) Determine the coordinates of (x − a)n (x − b)n with respect to basis B.

37. Let B1 = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)} and B2 = {(1, 1, −1), (1, −1, 0), (2, 0, 0)} be two
ordered bases for R3 . Find a transition matrix from ordered basis B1 to ordered basis B2
and also a transition matrix from ordered basis B2 to ordered basis B1 . Then find the
coordinates of v = (1, −1, 0) in ordered basis B2 .

38. Determine whether the following vector spaces equipped with real mappings are inner
product spaces. If any, define the norm and the distance associated with each of these
inner products.

(a) R4 equipped with hx ; yi = 4x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 + 3x3 y3 + 7x4 y4 .

(b) R3 equipped with hx ; yi = x1 y1 + x2 y2 − 2x3 y3 .
Z 1
0
(c) C [0; 1] equipped with hf1 ; f2 i = tf1 (t) f2 (t) dt.
0
(d) P3 equipped with

a0 + a1 t + a2 t2 + a3 t3 ; b0 + b1 t + b2 t2 + b3 t3 = a0 b0 + a1 b1 + 2a2 b2 + a3 b3 .



39. Let ϕ : Mn (R) → R defined by

ϕ(A, B) = tr(At B)

Show that ϕ is an inner product in Mn (R).

40. Let h; i1 , h; i2 be two mappings from R3 × R3 to R defined by

hx ; yi1 = x1 y1 + x2 y2 + x3 y3 and hx ; yi2 = x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 + 3x3 y3 .

Let v1 = (1, 1, 1) , v2 = (1, 1, −2) , v3 = (1, 1, −1) three vectors in R3 .

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(a) Show that h; i1 , h; i2 are inner products. Find the norm of v1 forh; i1 and for h; i2 . Find
the distance between v1 and v2 for h; i1 and for h; i2 .
(b) Show that v1 and v2 are orthogonal with respect to h; i1 but are not orthogonal with
respect to h; i2 .
(c) Show that v1 and v3 are orthogonal with respect to h; i2 but are not orthogonal with
respect to h; i1 .
41. Let R3 be a vector space equipped with the inner product
hx ; yi = 4x1 y1 + 3x2 y2 + 5x3 y3 .
Let v1 = (1, 1, 1), v2 = (1, 2, −2), v3 = (−5, 5, 1) be three vectors in R3 .
(a) Show that B = {v1 , v2 , v3 } is an orthogonal basis for R3 . Derive an orthonormal basis
B0 for R3 from B.
(b) Let v = (2, 1, 2). Determine the coordinates of v with respect to B then with respect
to B0 .
(c) Find the scalar and vector projections of v onto v2 .
42. Find an orthogonal basis for the subspace W of R4 where
W = {(x, y, z, w) ∈ R4 : x − y − z = 0 and x + z = 0}.

43. Let R4 be a vector space equipped with the inner product

hx ; yi = x1 y1 + x2 y2 + x3 y3 + 2x4 y4 .
Let v1 = (1, 2, 1, 2), v2 = (2, 1, 2, 1), v3 = (1, 1, 2, 2), v4 = (2, 2, 1, 1), v5 = (1, 2, 1, 3) be five
vectors in R4 , S1 be a subspace of R4 spanned by v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 , and S2 be a subspace of R4
spanned by v1 , v2 , v3 , v5 .
(a) Determine a basis and the dimension for S1 , denoted by B1 . Use Gram-Schmidt
process to transform B1 to an orthogonal and orthonormal basis for S1 .
(b) Show that B2 = {v1 , v2 , v3 , v5 } is a basis for S2 , then deduce that S2 = R4 . Use
Gram-Schmidt process to transform B2 to an orthogonal basis for S2 .
44. Find W ⊥ , the orthogonal complement of W, where
W = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x + 3y − z = 0}.

45. Let V = C[−1, 1]. Suppose that Se and So denote the subspaces of V consisting of the
even and odd functions, respectively. Prove that Se⊥ = So , where the inner product on V
is defined by Z 1
hf, gi = f (t)g(t) dt.
−1

46. Let W1 and W2 be subspaces of a finite-dimensional inner product space. Prove that
(W1 + W2 )⊥ = W1⊥ ∩ W2⊥ and (W1 ∩ W2 )⊥ = W1⊥ + W2⊥

47. Let W be a subspace of a finite-dimensional vector space V . Show that

(a) (W ⊥ )⊥ = W
(b) V = W ⊕ W ⊥

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