Subject Specialist:

XI Mathematics Formulae Faizan Ahmed

“Merging man and Math”
Fom the Desk of: Faizan Ahmed
Chap#01 SETS
Number of elements in a set A = O(A), Set of Natural Numbers : N= {1,2,3,…}, Set of Whole Numbers :W= {0,1,2,3,…}, Set of Integers:Z= {o,±1, ±2, ±3,…}
Set of Odd Numbers :O = {±1, ±2, ±3,…}, Set of Positive Prime Numbers: P= {2,3,5,7,11,…}. Set of Even Numbers:E = {0, ±2, ±4,…},
Set of Rational Numbers :Q = {x│x= ; p,q є Z, q ≠ 0}, Set of Irrational Numbers :Q’ = {x│x ≠ ; p,q є Z, q ≠ 0}, Set of Real Numbers:R = Q U Q’ , Q U Q’ =Ø = Null set
A is an improper subset of B ⟹A⊆B A is proper subset of B ⟹ A⊂B A and B are equivalent sets i.e. O(A) = O(B) ⟹ A∼B
union of A and B ⟹ AUB intersection of A and B ⟹ A∩B
A and B are equal sets: A=B

Complement of A = − A Identity laws: AU Ø=A, A∩ Ø=Ø, AU = , A∩ =

A and B are exhaustive sets if AUB = A, B and C are exhaustive sets if AUBUC =

Complement laws: (A’)’= A, Ø‘ = , A U A’= , A∩ A’= Ø, ‘ = Ø

Difference of A and B=A-B Cartesian Product of A and B = A×B
Demorgan’s laws:(AUB)’=A’ ∩B’, (A∩ B)’=A’ U B’

Distributive law of intersection over union: A ∩ (B UC) = (A ∩ B)U (A ∩ C)

Associative laws: (AUB)UC = AU(BUC), (A∩ B) ∩ C = A∩ (B∩C) Commutative laws: AUB=BUA, A∩ B = B∩ A

Distributive law of Cartesian product over union: A ×(BUC) = (A×B)U(A×C) Distributive law of Cartesian product over intersection: A ×(B∩ C) = (A×B) ∩(A×C)
Distributive law of union of intersection: AU(B∩ C) = (AUB) ∩(AUC)

Chap#02 REAL AND COMPLEX NUMBER SYSTEMS

Complex number = ℂ = ℝ × ℝ = {(a,b) |a ℝ,b ℝ}, = √− , 2 =− ,(a,b) = a+b =a+ b, conjugate of (a,b) = (a,-b), conjugate of a+b = a-b
Equality: (a,b) = (c,d) ⟹a=c and b=d
Modulus of z = | z |
Addition: (a,b)+(c,d)= (a+c, b+d) Subtraction: (a,b) − (c,d) = (a-c , b-d) Multiplication: (a,b)(c,d)= (ac-bd, ad+bc)
(a,b) ÷ (c,d) = , Conjugate coordinate of z=(x,y) = x+ y are: x = ,y=
Additive inverse of (a,b) = (-a,-b) and additive inverse of a+b = a-b Multiplicative inverse of (a,b) = ,

Chap#03 EQUATIONS
2 ±√ #
If ax +bx+c=0, a≠ 0, is the Quadratic equation and x= is the quadratic formula,
(a+b)2 = a2+2ab+b2 a2–b2 = (a+b)(a-b) (a+b)3 = a3+b3+3ab(a+b) (a-b)3 = a3 – b3 –3ab(a – b) (a+b+c)2 = a2+b2+c2+2ab+2bc+2ca
a2+b2 = (a+b)2 – 2ab a3+ b3 = (a+b)3 – 3ab(a+b) a3+b3 = (a+b)(a2-ab+b2) a3-b3 = (a-b)(a2+ab+b2) a3+b3+c3 – 3abc = (a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2-ab-bc-ca)
Cube roots of unity are 1, $,$ where $ also $& = 1, 1+ $ +$ = 0,
% √& % √& 2 Nature of Roots: Discriminant = D = b2 – 4ac
&$ = =−
If D=0, then roots are equal If D >0, i.e. +ve then roots are real and unequal If D<0 i.e. –ve then roots are complex and unequal
If D is a perfect square then roots are rational otherwise irrational Relation b/w the roots' ()* + and the coefficient of a quadratic equationax2+bx+c=0 are as follows:
Sum of roots = ' + + = Product of roots ='+ = To form a quadratic equation when its roots are given: x2 – Sx + P = 0 where
S = Sum of roots and P = product of roots

Chap#04 MATRICES
4
Column matrix: No. of column =1 e.g. -
0
−6
Square matrix: No. of rows = No. of columns Row matrix: No. row = 1 e..g. [2,-9,4]

Rectangular matrix:No. of rows ≠ No. of columns 10 4 −5 10 0 0

2 3 −5 Upper triangular matrix: 6 0 −2 9 9 Lower triangular matrix: 633 −2 0 9
e.g. - 0
0 8 4 0 0 2 4 2 12
Idempotent matrix: : = A Involutive matrix: : = I
1 0
Diagonal matrix: in which different elements are
present only in diagonal e..g. - 0
0 4
Symmetric matrix: : = A
;
Anti-symmetric matrix: :; = −A
( = 0 0 0 ( 0 0 1 0 0
Orthogonal matrix: A · At = I
( <
Transpose of a matrix: A = - 0 ⟹ :; = - 0 0 0 1 0
= * < * Null matrix: > = - 0, > = 60 0 09 Scalar matrix: A = 60 ( 09 Unit matrix: ? = - 0, ? =60 1 09
0 0 & 0 1 &
0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 0 1

Order of a matrix: Rows× Column e.g. if a matrix has order 2×3 then it has 2 rows and 3 columns
OR Zero matrix OR Identity matrix
Addition of matrices: Order of A should be equal to order of B
Subtraction of matrices: Order of A should be equal to order of B Multiplication of two matrices: No. of Column = No. of rows of B

DETERMINANTS & INVERSE MATRICES

: B C
E F D F D E
Expanding a determinant by @%: AD E F A = AI I −BI I +CI I = A(EI - FH) – B (DI -FG) +C (DH - EG)
H ? G ? G H
G H ?
: B C
E F B C B C
Expanding a determinant by C% : AD E F A = A I I −DI I + GI I = A(EI - FH) –D(BI - CH) + G(BF - CE)
H ? H ? E F
G H ?
: BC D F G H E G H E F H E F G
Similarly a 4×4 determinant can be evaluated in the same manner:J E F G H J= : A K N L A − B A ? N L A + C A ? K L A − D A ? K N A
? KN L
M O > L O > L M > L M O
L MO >
Properties of a determinant:1. |:| = |:; | 2. The interchanging of two rows or columns of a matrix A changes the sign of its determinant. 3. If any two rows or columns of a
square matrix A are same the |:| = 0. 4. If all elements in a row or in a column of a square matrix A are zero then |:| = 0.
(%% (% (%& ;
Q R Q
Singular matrix:|:| = 0 and Non-singular matrix:|:| ≠ 0. Adjoint A = 6( % ( ( & 9 , Multiplicative inverse : % =
(&% (& (&& |Q|
.

Compiled by: Faizan Ahmed math.pgseducation.com

 Cramer’s Rule: If a system of non-homogenous equations is a follow, (% S + ( T + (& U = (# , <% S + < T + <& U = <# , =% S + = T + =& U = =#
(% ( (& (# ( (& (% (# (& (% ( (#
|QV | |Q | |Q |
Now, |:| = A<% < <& A, |:% | = A<# < <& A , |: | = A<% <# <& A , |:& | = A<% < <# Athen S = , T = |Q| , U = |Q|W
=% = =& =# = =& =% =# =& =% = =# |Q|

(% ( (& S (#
Matrix method: 6<% < <& 9 XTY = 6<# 9Now, AX = B ⟹X = : % B
=% = =& U =#

Chap#05 GROUPS
Binary Operation: satisfies the closure property w.r.t. ⋆ OR a⋆b S ∀ a,b S. Properties of a Binary operation are as follow:
1.. Commutative: a⋆b = b⋆a 2. Associative: (a⋆b) ⋆ c = a⋆ (b ⋆c) 3. Identity element:a ⋆e = a 4. Inverse element: a ⋆ b = e
Groupoid:(S, ⋆)satisfies the closure property w.r.t. ⋆ OR a⋆b S ∀ a,b S. Semi Group OR Associative Groupoid satisfies 1. a⋆b S 2. (a⋆b) ⋆ c = a⋆ (b ⋆c)
Group:satisfies 1.a⋆b S 2.(a⋆b) ⋆ c = a⋆ (b ⋆c) 3. a ⋆e = a 4. a ⋆ b = e Abelian Group: (G, ⋆)is a group which satisfies a⋆b = b⋆a

×
Multiplication OR Composite table: Let S={1,2,3,4} and we have to make composite table under usual multiplication. Then,
1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 4
2 2 4 6 8
3 3 6 9 12
4 4 8 12 16

Chap#06 SEQUENCES & SERIES

Arithmetic Progression OR Arithmetic Sequence:Arithmetic progression is a progression in which common difference is present so the question is that what is the common

\] =a + (n-1)d, where a=first term, n=number of terms, d=\ − \% =common difference, \] = l = nth term.
difference; second term minus first term, third term minus second term, every next term minus preceding term we get a constant answer, that constant answer is called c.d.

\%= a = first term \ = a+d = second term \& = a + 2d = third term

Arithmetic Series:When we want to find the sum of an arithmetic sequence then it becomes Arithmetic series. Sum of n terms ^_: a] = { 2a + (n-1)d} OR a] = {a+l}
] ]

n A.M’s b/w ‘a’ and ‘b’ are :% , : , :& , … :] where: a=first term, b=last term, n=no. of means, d =
] %
Arithmetic mean: Single mean b/w ‘a’ and ‘b’ is
:% = a+d, : = a+2d, :& = a + 3d . . . :] = a+nd = b−d Let three numbers in A.P. are (a-2d), a , (a+2d) Let four numbers in A.P. are (a-3d), (a-d), (a+d),(a+3d)
Let five numbers in A.P. are (a-4d), (a-2d), a, (a+2d), (a+4d) Let six numbers is A.P. are (a-5d), (a-3d), (a-d), (a+d), (a+3d), (a+5d)
GeometricProgression OR Geometric Sequence: Geometric progression is a progression in which common ratio is present so the question is that what is the common ratio;

\] = ac] % , where a = first term, n = number of terms, r= = common ratio, \] = l = nth term.
second term divided by first term, third term divided second term, every next term divided by preceding term we get a constant answer, that constant answer is called c.r.
d
dV
\%= a = first term \ = ar = second term \& = ae = third term
Geometric Series:When we want to find the sum of a geometric sequence then it becomes geometric series. Sum of n terms is when:
r <1,a] = ORa] = and when r >1,a] = OR a] = , l = last term, a] =Sum of n terms.
(% g h ) gj (g h %) gj
% g % g g % g %
Infinite Geometric Series: Is a geometric series in which number of terms are infinite, here always r < 1 and S denotes the sum of infinite terms.
S=
% g
,r<1 Geometric Means (G.M.): Single mean b/w ‘a’ and ‘b’ is √(< Let 3 numbers in G.P. are , a, ar
g
V

n G.M’s b/w ‘a’ and ‘b’ are G% , G , G& , … G] where: a=first term, b=last term, n=no. of means, r =
hkV g g
Let 4 numbers in G.P. are W , , ar , ar3
= common ratio

g g
Let five numbers in G.P. are , , a , ar, ar2
HarmonicProgression OR Harmonic Sequence:Harmonic progression itself is not a progression but the reciprocal of A.P.
General Term: \] =nth term, \] = (] %)( )

where n = no. of terms, a= first term, b= second term of the H.P.

Chap#07 PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS

Counting: O(A)= number of elements in set A, If A={11,2,13,} then Counting principles:If A and B are overlapping sets then, O(A)+O(B)=O(AUB)+O(A∩B)
O(A)=3

]! ]!
No. of permutations: )lm = No. of Combinations: )om =
If A and B are disjoint sets i.e. A∩B= Ø then O(AUB) = O(A) + O(B) Factorial notation: Factorial n = n!, n!= n(n-1)! n!=n(n-1)(n-2)! n!=n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)!

(] g)!
n!=n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3) . . . 3 . 2 . 1 0!=1 1!=1 2!=2 3!=6
g!(] g)!
) )! (r %)!
Group permutation:P = e, _, p =
e! ._! .p!
Circular permutation: P = (n-1)! Permutation round a necklace: P =

= )se 2. )lt
) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Theorems: 1. e!
e
=1 3. e − 1 + e = ) + 1 4.)lV = ) 5. ) − e = e 6.)lh = )!7. 0 = 1 8. 1 =n 9. ) = 1 10. (n+1)n! = (n+1)!
e
(g u)! (gV g gW . . . gh )! % (]g)!
3. P = v w
g! . u! gV !.g ! . . . gh ! ]! (g!)h
Division into Sections OR Parcels: 1. P = 2. P =

INTRODUCTION TO ROBABILITY
Sample Space:A set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the Sample Space and is denoted by S.
Event:Any subset of a sample space is called an event and is denoted by A.
x(Q)
x(y)
Probability: P(A) = where P(A) = probability of event A, O(A) = no. of elements is set A, O(S) = No. of elements in set S.
Complementary events: P(A’) = 1 – P(A) Total probability: P(AUB)+P(A∩B)=P(A)+P(B) If A and B are independent events i.e. A∩B= Ø, thenP(AUB) = P(A) + P(B)

Compiled by: Faizan Ahmed math.pgseducation.com

Chap#08 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
If P(n) is a proposition about a positive integer n such that:

%
∑ ) =1 + 2 + 3 + . . . n =
r(r %) r(r %)( r %)
1. P(n) is true for n = 1 2. P(n) is true for any positive integer n = k 3. P(n) is true for n = k+1, then P(n) is true for every positive integer.
13 + 23 + 33 + . . . +n3 = #
{
2 2 2
1 +2 +3 +.... + n2 = n2(n+1)2

BINOMIAL THEOREM
Binomial Theorem:(( + <) = ( + n( ( < + (] & <& . . . . + <] (1 + S)| =1 + nx +
] ] ] % ](] %) ] ](] %)(] &) ](] %) 2 ](] %)(] ) 3
! &! ! &!
b+ x + x +. . . .
2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 3 4
(a+b) = a5+5a4b+10a3b2+10a2b3+5ab4+b5
5

(1 + S) % = 1 –x + x2-x3+x4- . . . (1 − S) % = 1 +x + x2+x3+x4+ . . . (1 + S) = 1 –2x +3 x2-4x3+5x4- . . . (1 − S) = 1 +2x +3 x2+ 4x3+5x4+ . . .

Binomial Expansions: (a+b) = a + 2ab + b (a+b) = a +3a b+3ab + b (a+b) = a + 4a b + 6a b +4ab +b

General Term of ((A + B))] is \g % = )om :] g B g Note: r never being in ratio Middle terms: 1. If n = even then\g % =
]
th term
2. If n = odd then \g
] %
th term and \g
] & Binomial Coefficients: Coefficient of \% = )ot = 1
% = % = th term
Coefficient of \ = )oV = n Coefficient of \& = )o =
](] %)
Coefficient of \# = )oW =
](] %)(] )
Coefficient of \• = )o€ =
](] %)(] )(] &)
! &! #!

General Term for (1 + S)| : \g =v

r(r %)(r )(r &). . . (r • %)
w Sg (1 + S)| = 1+nx
% g!
First approximation:

Second approximation: (1 + S)| = 1 + nx + ](] ! %) x2

Chap#09 FUNDAMENTALS OF TRIGONOMETRY

Relation b/w Radian and Degree: ‚ radians = 1800 degrees, 1 Radian =
%ƒ„ …
… %ƒ„
Degrees = 57.30, 1 Degree = radians = 0.001745 Radians
Relation b/w Arc-length (S), Radius (r) and Central angle (†) is S=r†, Note: 1. ‘†’ must be in Radian 2. The units of ‘S’ and ‘r’ should be same.
The positive angle is measured in anti-clockwise order. The negative angle is measured in clockwise order.

Angle in anti-clockwise direction Signs of the Trigonometric Functions in 4-quadrants Angle in clockwise direction in 4-
4-quadrants quadrants
2nd 900-1800 0-900Ist 2ndSin‡, cosec‡ = +ve all All +ve Ist 2nd 1800-2700 2700-3600 Ist
others =-ve
3rd 1800-2700 2700-3600 4th 3rdtan‡,cot‡= +ve all Cos‡, sec‡ = +ve, 4th 3rd 900-1800 0-900 4th
others =-ve all others =-ve

Trigonometric Identities: Sin2† + cos2† = 1 1 + tan2† = senc2† 1 + cot2† = cosec2† Sin † = y, cos † = x uˆ]‰ Šu‰
Šu‰ uˆ]‰
tan † = cot † =
tan† =
% % % % % %
uˆ]‰ Šu‹ ‰ ; ]‰ Š;‰ Šu‰ u‹ ‰
Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios: cosec † = sin † = Cot = sec † = Cos† =

Angle ‡ Œ
= 30
Œ
= 45
Œ
= 60
Œ
= 90
Table for Trigonometric ratios:

• Ž • •
0 0 0 0
0
1 1 √3
= 0.5 = 0.707
2
Sin† 0 1
√2 2
√3 1 1
= 0.866 = 0.707
2
Cos† 1 0
2 √2
1 √3 ∞
= 0.577
Tan† 0 1
√3
Cosec† ∞ 2 √2 2 1
√3
Sec† 1 2 √2 2 ∞
√3
cot† ∞ √3 1 1 0
√3

Chap#10 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Distance Formula: d = “(S − S% ) + (T − T% ) ”V ” •V •
Mid-point formula: x= and y =
Fundamental Law:cos(' − +)=cos' cos++ sin' sin+ cos(' + +)=cos' cos+ - sin' sin+ sin(' + +)=sin' cos++cos' sin+ sin(' − +)=sin' cos+ − cos' sin+
tan (' + +) =
; ]– ; ]—
tan (' − +) =
; ]– ; ]— Sin2† = 2sin†cos† Cos2†= cos2† − sin2†
% ; ]– ; ]— % ; ]– ; ]—

Cos2†= 2cos2† − 1, Cos2†= 1 – 2sin2† ; ]‰

sin = ± ™ cos = ± ™
‰ % Šu‰ ‰ % Šu‰
% ; ] ‰
tan2† =

tan = ± ™ = =
% Šu‰ % Šu‰ uˆ]‰
1.sin'.cos+ = {sin(' + +)+sin(' − +)} 2. cos'. _^)+ = {sin(' + +) − sin(' − +)}
Product to Sum and Difference formulae:
% %
% Šu‰ uˆ]‰ % Šu‰

3. cos'.cos+ = {cos(' + +)+ cos(' − +)} 4. sin'.sin+ = − {cos(' + +) − cos(' − +)}

% %

_^) =œ_
š › š › š › š › š › š ›
Sum and Difference to Product formulae:1. sinU + sinV = 2sin cos 2. sinU− sinV = 2cos 3. cosU+ cosV = 2cos
4. cosU− cosV = −2 sin _^) cos † = cos2 − sin2 = 2cos2 − 1 = 1 − 2sin2
š › š › ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰
sin † = 2sin cos
• • •
; ] % ; ] ; ]
• Cos †= •

tan † = •
% ; ] % ; ] % ; ]
sin † =

Compiled by: Faizan Ahmed math.pgseducation.com

Chap#11 GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Period of sin † is 2‚ ; sin(† + 2‚) = sin † Period of cos † is 2‚ ; cos(† + 2‚) = cos † Period of tan † is ‚ ; tan(† + ‚) = tan †

Graph of cos† Graph of Sine† Graph of tan †

Chap#12 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLES

uˆ]– uˆ]— uˆ]ž
OR( = < + = − 2(<.cos'
uˆ]–
Law of Sines: = = OR = uˆ]— = uˆ]ž Law of Cosines: cos' =

OR < = ( + = − 2(=.cos+ OR = = ( + < − 2(<.cosŸ

cos+ = cosŸ =
¡¢ ¢¡£ £¡
; ] ; ] ; ]
k¢ ¢k£ £k
; ] ; ] ; ]
Law of tangents: = = =

Half angle formulae: sin = ™ sin = ™ sin = ™ cos = ™ cos = ™

– (u )(u ) + (u )(u ) Ÿ (u )(u ) ' u(u ) + u(u )

– g — g ž g
) ) )
cos = ™ tan = ™ tan = ™ tan = ™
Ÿ u(u ) – (u )(u + (u )(u Ÿ (u )(u u u
u
tan = tan = tan =
u(u ) u(u ) u(u )
(u )(u )(u ) Area of triangle ABC: ¤ = ab sin Ÿ
%
¤ = bc sin +
%

u
2
s =semi perimeter , s = r =

¤ = ca sin Ÿ
%
¤ = “_(_ − ()(_ − <)(_ − =) 1 2uˆ]—.uˆ]ž 1 2uˆ]–.uˆ]ž 1 2uˆ]–.uˆ]—
¤= ¤= ¤=
2 uˆ]– 2 uˆ]— 2 uˆ]ž
a b c
¥
u
uˆ]– uˆ]— uˆ]ž
r = Radius of Inscribed circle (Incircle) r =
#¤
R= Radius of Circum circle, R = = = OR R =
¤ ¤ ¤
e% , e , e& = radius of escribed circle, e% = , e = , e& = _−=
_−( _−<

Chap#13 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS &

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Subject Specialist:
Tan A ± tan B =tan
Q ± ¦
Faizan Ahmed
% ∓ Q¨

“Merging man and Math”

Compiled by: Faizan Ahmed math.pgseducation.com