Nama : Agus Sulistiono

Nim : 180384204025
Prodi : Pendidikan Kimia K.010
Tugas : Biuk Resume Minggu Ke-2

Link Video Melani Dwi (Iron Quickly Rust In The Sea)

Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (from Latin: ferrum)

and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. This is the most
common element on earth based on mass, forming most of the outer and inner core
of the earth. Iron is the fourth largest element in the earth's crust. Its abundance in
rocky planets like the earth due to the abundance of production due to fusion
reactions in large-mass stars, where nickel-56 production (which decays into the
most common iron isotope) is the last exothermic nuclear fusion reaction. As a
result, radioactive nickel is the last element produced before the supernova's great
collapse. The collapse scattered iron radionuclide precursors into space. Like no
other group 8, only in the wide oxidation range, −2 to +6, while +2 and +3 are the
most numerous. Meteorites and other low oxygen environments, but reactive with
oxygen and air. The surface of fresh iron looks sparkling silvery gray, but is
oxidized in normal air to produce iron oxide hydrates, known as rust. Unlike other
metals which form a passivation oxide layer, iron oxide places more space than the
metal itself and then peels off, exposing fresh surfaces to corrosion.
Corrosion is one of the causes of damage due to chemical reactions
between metals and substances in the environment that form the desired
composition. Corrosion is an electrochemical process. In the corrosion stage,
certain parts of the metal and oxygen or electrolytes increase the reduction. Rust is
the result of corrosion, namely the oxidation of a metal. Corrosion is a natural
process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically-stable form such as
oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. It is the gradual destruction of materials (usually a
metal) by chemical and/or electrochemical reaction with their environment.
Corrosion engineering is the field dedicated to controlling and preventing
corrosion.
 Corrosion degrades the useful properties of materials and structures
including strength, appearance and permeability to liquids and gases. Factors
affecting iron rusting :
1. temperature and water
The higher the temperature, the faster the corrosion occurs. This is as
the rate of chemical reactions increases with increasing temperature. Like oxygen,
water also plays a role in the corrosion process. The more often the metal (iron) is
exposed to water, the faster the metal will corrode. In addition, the presence of
water vapor in the air expressed with humidity also affects iron corrosion. In this
case, air that contains a lot of water vapor will accelerate corrosion
2. oxygen
Oxygen plays a role in the corrosion process because oxygen is
reduced in the iron that acts as a cathode. Based on this, the more oxygen in a
place, the faster the iron (metal) corrosion will occur.
3. Electrolytes
The presence of electrolytes such as NaCl salt in the corrosion
medium will accelerate corrosion, as electrolyte ions help to deliver free electrons
released from oxidation reactions in the anode region to the reduction reactions in
the cathode region. This is what makes iron so easy to rust in sea area, because
when temperature hot, the sun make sea water evaporate, where the steam
produced contains salt. then the steam will be blown away aging that can move
anywhere then if the vapor containing salt is exposed to the metal iron the metal
will be more quickly corroded or corroded.
The rusting process, rusting of iron refers to the formation of rust, a
mixture of iron oxides, on the surface of iron objects or structures. This rust is
formed from a redox reaction between oxygen and iron in an environment
containing water (such as water containing high levels of moisture). The rusting of
iron is characterized by the formation of a layer of a red, flaky substance that easily
crumbles into a powder.
The exposure of iron (or an alloy of iron) to oxygen in the presence of
moisture leads to the formation of rust. This reaction is not instantaneous, it
generally proceeds over a considerably large time frame. The oxygen atoms bond
with iron atoms, resulting in the formation of iron oxides. This weakens the bonds
between the iron atoms in the object/structure.
 The reaction of the rusting of iron involves an increase in the
oxidation state of iron, accompanied by a loss of electrons. Rust is mostly made up
of two different oxides of iron that vary in the oxidation state of the iron atom.
Corrosion occurs through redox rections, where metals undergo
oxidation, whereas oxygen undergoes reduction. Metal rust is generally in the form
of oxide or carbonate. Rust in iron is a brown-red substance with the chemical
formula Fe2O3 • x H2O. Iron oxide (rust) can peel off, so that the newly exposed
surface gradually undergoes corrosion. Unlike aluminum, the result of corrosion in
the form of Al2O3 forms a layer that protects the metal layer from further corrosion.
This can explain why iron panes break faster if left unchecked, while aluminum
pans are more durable. Rusting causes iron to become flaky and weak, degrading
its strength, appearance, and permeability. Rusted iron does not hold the desirable
properties of iron. The rusting of iron can lead to damage to automobiles, railings,
grills, and many other iron structures.
The collapse of the Silver Bridge in 1967 and the Mianus River bridge
in 1983 is attributed to the corrosion of the steel/iron components of the bridge.
Many buildings made up of reinforced concrete also undergo structural failures
over long periods of time due to rusting. Rusted iron can be a breeding ground for
bacteria that cause tetanus. Cuts from these objects that pierce the skin can be
dangerous. Since rusting occurs at an accelerated rate in humid conditions, the
insides of water pipes and tanks are susceptible to it. This causes the pipes to carry
brown or black water containing an unsafe amount of iron oxides. How to Prevent
Corrosion of Iron :
1. Using a protective coating to prevent direct contact with H2O and O2
Examples of protective coatings that can be used include paint and oil
and, plastic coating, and other metal coatings, such as tin. Zink . chromium. In
paint coating and plastic coating, if the paint is scratched / peeled off or the plastic
is peeled, corrosion will begin to occur when the part is exposed to the air. For oil
and grease coatings, it is necessary to apply periodically.
2. Using cathode protection
a. Use other metals that are more reactive as a sacrificial anode
Other metals that are more reactive than iron, such as Zn, Cr, Al, and
Mg, will function as sacrificial anodes which supply the electrons used to reduce
oxygen to the iron cathode. This method of cathode protection can be done by
coating such as in galvanization and chrome plating or by simply connecting the
sacrificial anode metal with iron. For example, iron pipes planted underground and
marine vessels are generally connected by magnesium rods. Magnesium will
function as a sacrificial anode and iron to be a cathode that is protected from
corrosion (E ° Fe = −0.44 V; E ° Cr = −2.37 V). The magnesium rod must be
replaced periodically.
b. Supply electricity from outside
To protect underground iron tanks, inert anodes such as graphite
connected to a power source can also be used. Electrons from the electricity source
will flow into the anode, then oxidation that occurs in the anode will release
electrons which will flow towards the cathode of the iron tank through the ground
electrolyte. Carat is a common name for iron oxide. The best known form of rust is
the reddish coating that forms flakes in iron and steel (Fe2O3), but rust is also
available in other colors including yellow, brown, orange, and even green! The
different colors reflect various chemical compositions of rust. Special rust refers to
oxides in iron or iron alloys, such as steel. Other metal oxidation has another name.
For example there are stains on silver and verdigris on copper. aim that the used
cans are easily damaged and destroyed.
Video Rafina Sagita (Hot Springs)
As we know that Indonesia has extraordinary natural wealth, we can
see that based on the landscape it has, it is very diverse and exists in all part of
Indonesia. This natural wealth is a tourist attraction in Indonesia. The role of
tourism in Indonesia continues to develop and become a global phenomenon in the
21st century. One of the natural potentials that Indonesia has is a hot water source.
Hot springs or hot springs are springs that are produced due to the
release of ground water from the earth's crust after being heated geothermal. The
water that comes out is above 37 ° C (human body temperature), but some hot
springs emit water up to the boiling point. Hot springs or hot springs come from
rocks in the magma kitchen that can store heat for thousands of years. Ground
water that drops and comes into contact with magma will then be heated and tend
to rise to the surface through cracks in rocks and form hot springs. Since springs
are high enough to allow them to melt some of the surrounding rocks and to make
the hot springs contain considerable mineral levels such as sulfur and calcium,
radium and other. While heat provided some hot springs have a safe temperature
for bathing by some it is not surprising that many hot springs are used for
recreational purposes or for medicinal purposes minerals inside the hot water.
When viewed from the process, hot springs are divided into two types,
namely springs originating from non-gravity energy and springs originating from
gravitational power. Hot springs produced by non-gravity power can be in the form
of gaps, warm springs, volcanic springs, and also the hot springs themselves. In
general, the formation of hot springs occurs when there is rain water or ground
water that is experiencing the heating process by magma that is below the surface
of the earth. The existence of cracks or faults on the surface of the earth causes the
water to enter into the earth's mantle layer. This is where the water undergoes a
heating process when it forms with hot rocks.
Not just here, the pressure from the earth makes the hot water move
up through the cracks and fractures. The pressure generated is not small, it also
affects how fast and far the hot water flows later. Hot springs that come out are
usually located not far from the volcano area. For hot water around the volcano is
usually warmed up by magma. So that the water produced is very hot and
pressurized strongly, it can even gush onto the surface of the earth and is better
known as a geyser. However, if it has reached the surface only in the form of water
vapor alone, this is called fumarole. Meanwhile, if the hot springs that come out
mixed with mud or clay, then the area is called a hot mud puddle. Sometimes the
color, smell, and properties of hot springs will vary - each place, this is due to the
type of mineral content contained in the hot water itself.
It turns out that if we soak or bathe in natural hot water this has many
benefits
a. Relaxation and Relieve Stress
Bathing or bathing in a pool of natural hot water is the right solution
for those who experience stress. For those who are not stressed, this activity can be
suitable for relaxing the body that is exhausted due to daily activities. But it should
be noted about the temperature of the water, it is recommended around 30-35
degrees celsius. Bathing or bathing in warm water is very good to relieve tension,
especially if done in a hot spring in the open air while enjoying the natural scenery.
Guaranteed stress will disappear away and the body becomes more relaxed.
b. Remove the poison
In addition to relieving stress, soaking or taking a warm bath around
32-35 degrees celsius can open pores, thus helping to expel toxins or poisons in the
body. Then a warm bath can also help lower blood sugar levels, cure muscle aches,
and help keep the colon working properly. The recommended time is 10 to 20
minutes.
c. Treating Eczema & Infection
Bathing or taking a hot bath can also treat certain skin diseases, such
as eczema, rashes, or itching. Soaking for 10-20 minutes is recommended. In
addition, soaking for about 15-20 minutes can also help cure skin infections. This
is influenced by the nature of sulfur containing antiseptics.
d. Relieve Flu and Headaches
Soaking your feet in natu ral hot water can help cure colds and
headaches, as well as refreshing tired legs. When finished, rinse your feet with cold
water. This activity is recommended for 10-20 minutes.
e. Treating Insomnia
Not only treating the flu, soaking or bathing in a pool of natural hot
water is also very good for those of you who have insomnia problems or those who
have sleep problems. With this activity, we will be able to sleep more soundly. The
duration is recommended for 10-20 minutes. This treatment is also useful for tired
feet, nose bleeding, flu, and constipation.
f. Streamlining blood circulation
Blood circulation in the body will be more smooth by bathing or
bathing in hot water. This will be very beneficial for the health of vital organs in
the body, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and others.
g. Treat acne
In addition to bathing or bathing in natural hot water. The sulfur
content in natural hot water can treat acne on the face. The trick, just rub a few
times hot water that contains sulfur.
h. Relieve complaints of bone disease
Bathing or bathing in a natural hot spring pool can also relieve
complaints of bone diseases, such as rheumatism, shoulder pain, wrist and foot
pain.
i. Lowering Cholesterol Levels
The benefits of bathing and hot baths can also reduce cholesterol
levels in the blood, restore body fitness, increase vitality, maintain the freshness of
joints and muscles, and are very effective in relieving aches. Meanwhile, sourced
from the results of scientific research published in the "New England Journal of
Medicine", shows some important findings regarding the benefits of hot showers,
namely as follows:
1. Research in Japan shows the results of 10 minutes soaking in hot water
can improve heart health, especially for men.
2. Hot shower can remove poison. Water with temperatures between 32-35
centigrade can open pores and help remove toxins in the body.
3. Cure aching muscle aches.
4. Take a hot shower for 10-20 minutes to keep the colon working properly.
5. Hot bath therapy can help overcome skin diseases.
6. Soaking feet in hot water can help cure colds, headaches and help refresh
tired feet.
The content contained in hot water namely Sulfur, by itself, is not toxic to
our bodies. However, some people are very allergic to sulfur relatives such as
sulfides and sulfa drugs. Sulfides are used as food preservatives and can trigger
asthma and other allergic reactions in sensitive people. Whereas sulfa drugs can
cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), skin rashes, high fever, headaches, fatigue,
and stomach problems. Tell your doctor if you think you might be allergic to
substances that contain sulfur. If you want to soak in natural hot water, you should
first listen to tips on bathing in hot water. So that we really get the benefits, not the
opposite can be bad for our health.
Video Suhaima (Water Hardness)
Water is a source of life for all organisms that exist on earth. There are
two types of water on earth, surface water that remembers the surface of the earth,
and also ground water which then enters underground gaps. For humans, water is a
daily necessity, from drinking and eating to matters relating to work such as
bathing, washing, and also in any activity including industrial activities. But
without us realizing that besides bringing benefits it turns out that in water there are
also all kinds of problems, in addition to pollution problems that occur in our
environment, water also occurs naturally due to the phenomenon of water hardness.
People like to use soap because of its high solubility in water with the formation of
ions and foam. The convenience of using soap is constrained when using hard
water. Hard water inhibits the formation of ions and foams due to the presence of
divalent metal cations, these ions will react with soap to form deposits in water. As
a result, it requires a lot of soap to produce foam, foam formed after the two main
cations causing hardness is calcium Ca and magnesium Mg settles, in addition
there are also strontium ions, ferrous iron and manganese.
Water on earth is accommodated in layers of the earth's crust or
lithosphere which consists of layers of soil and rocks. Land that is located above
the lithosphere, the potential for hardness will be higher. The question is what is
meant by hardness, then what is the relationship with the state of this lithosphere.
Hardness is a condition in which water contains certain minerals in certain levels,
generally are Ca and Mg ions in the form of carbonate salts or CaCo3. The
relationship between the earth's lithosphere and hardness can be proven by the
presence of alkaline mineral elements in the soil and rocks, therefore all surfaces
on the earth are no exception to the phenomenon of water hardness where water
falls down through rain and passes through soil or rocks containing minerals the
mineral. The process of softening hard water consists of three types, namely the
heating process, adding lime and soda ash, and filtering it with ion exchange resins.
By heating water, a portion of CaCo3 and MgCo3 will settle which usually sticks
to the walls of the container. MgCo3 and CaCo3 can actually dissolve in cold
water, but the higher the water temperature, the smaller the solubility.
The principle of adding soda lime is to make dissolved calcium Ca and
Magnesium Mg ions into solids so they can be deposited or filtered.
Adding lime Ca (OH) 2 and soda ash (Na2CO3) will form insoluble calcium and
magnesium salts, which can be deposited and can be separated from water.
Calcium salt and magnesium salt formed are white deposits, formed long enough
depending on concentration. It is feared that the addition of lime can increase the
pH of water, therefore it is necessary to calculate the amount of CaOH added. Don't
let new problems arise with increasing pH. Good water used for bathing or washing
is in the pH range of 6.6-7.5. Ion exchange resin or ion exchange polymer is a resin
or polymer that acts as a medium for ion exchange that can be purchased at
chemical stores. There are several ion exchange resins produced by various
factories, each having its own trade name. To eliminate hardness, the resin used is
a cation exchange resin that contains cations such as sodium. In addition to resins
there are several ion exchange agents from nature, which are popularly used are
zeolite. Knowing the hardness of water The easiest way to find out the water you
always use is hard water or not by using soap. When the water you use is hard
water, the soap will be difficult to foam, even if it is bubbly, foaming a little. Then
to find out the type of water hardness is by heating. If it turns out that after heating,
the soap remains difficult to foam, it means that you are using fixed hard water.
People like to use soap because of its high solubility in water with the
formation of ions and foam. The convenience of using soap is constrained when
using hard water. Hard water inhibits the formation of ions and foams due to the
presence of divalent metal cations, these will react with soap to form deposits in
water. As a result, it requires a lot of soap to produce foam, foam formed after the
two main causes causing hardness is calcium Ca and magnesium Mg settles, in
addition there are also strontium ions, ferrous iron and manganese. Water on earth
is accommodated in layers of the earth's crust or lithosphere which consists of
layers of soil and rocks. Land that is located above the lithosphere, the potential for
hardness will be higher. The question is what is meant by hardness, then what is
the relationship with the state of this lithosphere. Hardness is a condition in which
water contains certain minerals in certain levels, generally are Ca and Mg ions in
the form of carbonate salts or CaCo3.
The relationship between the earth's lithosphere and hardness can be
proven by the presence of alkaline mineral elements in the soil and rocks, therefore
all surfaces on the earth are no exception to the phenomenon of water hardness
where water falls down through rain and passes through soil or rocks containing
minerals the mineral.
 The process of softening hard water consists of three types, namely the
heating process, adding lime and soda ash, and filtering it with ion exchange resins.
By heating water, a portion of CaCo3 and MgCo3 will settle which usually sticks
to the walls of the container. MgCo3 and CaCo3 can actually dissolve in cold
water, but the higher the water temperature, the smaller the solubility. The
principle of adding soda lime is to dissolve calcium Ca and Magnesium Mg ions
into solids so they can be deposited or filtered. Adding lime Ca (OH) 2 and soda
ash (Na2CO3) will form insoluble calcium and magnesium salts, which can be
deposited and can be separated from water. Calcium salt and magnesium salt
formed are white deposits, formed long enough depending on concentration. It is
feared that the addition of lime can increase the pH of water, therefore it is
necessary to calculate the amount of CaOH added. Don't let new problems arise
with increasing pH. Good water used for bathing or washing is in the pH range of
6.6-7.5.
Ion exchange resin or ion exchange polymer is a resin or polymer that acts
as a medium for ion exchange that can be purchased at chemical stores. There are
several ion exchange resins produced by various factories, each having its own
trade name. To eliminate hardness, the resin used is a cation exchange resin that
contains cations such as sodium. In addition to resins there are several ion
exchange agents from nature, which are popularly used are zeolites Knowing the
hardness of water The easiest way to find out the water you always use is hard
water or not by using soap. When the water you use is hard water, the soap will be
difficult to foam, even if it is bubbly, foaming a little. Then to find out the type of
water hardness is by heating. If it turns out that after heating, the soap remains
difficult to foam, it means that you are using fixed hard water.
Video Akbar Muttaqin (The Pink Colored Sea Phenomenon)
The phenomenon of Sangalaki Island in the Derawan Islands "The sea
water turns pink" The online media reporter, indeed had the opportunity to visit
Derawan with the winners of the 2016 d'traveler of the Year last week. When
visiting Sangalaki Island, the online media reporter found that the sea water around
the coast turned pink. Changes in sea water occur on the beach. Instantly the water
that had been clear slowly turned pink, very beautiful. But it turns out this very
dangerous phenomenon called red algae blooming, can also be called Red Tide.
This is a seasonal sea phenomenon that occurs in rocky coastal areas. However,
this phenomenon turned out to be dangerous. Because red tide contains certain
toxins. If eaten by fish or birds or other biota, can cause death.
Red tide occurs due to the rise of phytoplankton called dinoflagellates to
the sea surface by upwelling (currents that move from under the sea to the surface)
and current transport. This can inhibit the interaction of oxygen exchange between
the atmosphere and the sea, and decreased oxygen content. However, for observers
of the coastal environment, Abidzar Al Giffari, claimed to still doubt that what
happened on the island of Sangalaki is a red tide phenomenon.
The broad distribution referred to Abid, usually red waters are almost the
entire area of the waters around the coast, unlike the case seen in the waters of
Sangalaki. According to Abid to prove the need for water testing, because visually
difficult to guess. "The one in Sangalaki is just a spot and like a belt of
distribution," He admitted, the color change to brownish red water, in certain
seasons often occurs in Derawan waters. These changes can be many causes. Such
as sedimentation, household waste, pollutants or due to seasonal and weather
factors. Although it is still doubtful, logically the red tide phenomenon can occur,
especially in the waters of Sangalaki Island. This is based on the position of
Sangalaki, often the occurrence of upwelling (undercurrent which rises to the
surface), where when the current rises, phytoplankton are carried along. What type
of phytoplankton ??
"Phytoplankton of the type dinoflagelata". Furthermore, Sangalaki Island
is famous for the presence of Manta Rays. The reason for this existence is related
to upwelling. Due to the movement of water masses from within, upwelling is rich
in plankton. And that is the food for Manta Rays. "The occurrence of upwelling is
in the Sangalaki and Kakaban positions, because there is a deep sea,"
 Explained, with the research method we can calculate the distribution of
plankton. And believe the waters of Sangalaki including high. What is manta?
"Manta is a type of eating plankton feeder, just like the Whale Shark
(whale shark)". The red tide phenomenon can damage coral reefs, as well as other
marine biota. Abid states that the condition of corals in the waters of the Derawan
Islands is much damaged. Even in Sangalaki now the damage is very severe. The
cause is destructive fishing such as cyanide, bombs and sedimentation. The most
severe damage, he mentioned, was a large group of corals (Balikukup, Derawan,
Semama, and Panjang Island). "The really bad thing is Balik Balik, because there
are often fish bombings."
 Video Fernis C. Giawa (Seawater Resources as Raw Material for Salt Makers
in the East Java Coastal)
There are 2 (two) types of salt production processes known in
Indonesia, namely: multilevel crystallization technology and total crystallization
technology. Whereas the condition of the process of making community salt is
carried out in salt fields with relatively narrow ownership area and using total
crystallization technology, so that the salt product produced tends to have NaCl
levels ranging from land productivity. This shows that the quality of people's salt
does not meet the categories set by the Indonesian National Standards (SNI) or
efforts to increase land productivity is higher. According to Hernanto and
Kwartatmono show that there are three salt sources obtained from nature until now,
namely :
• Sea water and salt lake water
Salt sourced from seawater is found in Mexico, Brazil, China, Australia and
Indonesia, reaching of production. Whereas sourced from salt lake water are found
in Jordan, or (Dead Sea), United States (Great Salt Lake), and Australia reaching
of total world product.
• Deposits in land and salt mines
There are in the United States, the Netherlands, China, and Thailand which reach ±
40% of total world product production
• Water in the ground
The amount is very small and is considered less economical. In Indonesia there are
in the Purwodadi region of Central Java. By paying attention to the description
above shows that the salt raw material derived from seawater is decomposed in
ionic composition, there is a degree of concentration of the precipitating
compound, the process of making salt by the evaporation method, the strategy of
implementing a salt self-sufficiency program. then in this fundamental research
there are 2 (two) fundamental problems that can be explained, namely :
1. Mapping and identification of the suitability of the existence of salt
fields in the North Coast of East Java Island, South Coast of Madura Island, and
South Coast of East Java.
2. The dynamics pattern of physical - chemical parameters in the source of raw
materials for sea water and as a washing medium for salt products of the people in
the North Coast of East Java and the South Coast of Madura Island.
3. Salt or better known as table salt, is included in the mineral halide class or
known as halite, with a chemical composition as Sodium Chloride (NaCl). so it
will be deposited after gypsum is deposited in the process of evaporation of sea
water.
4. According to Jumaeri, et al that evaporated sea water will produce salt
crystals, commonly referred to as krosok salt. If there is no further process, then the
resulting krosok salt is still mixed with other dissolved compounds, such as, KBr
and KCl in small amounts
Saksono shows that the washing process can affect the composition of salt. Mg
percent lost due to washing will be greater than Ca. The size of washed salt
particles also affects the effectiveness of removing Ca, Mg and reducing
substances. This is due to the increasing surface area of the washing water contact
with the surface of the salt. Washing using a salt solution, shows that the
lower the concentration of the salt solution, the more effective it is in removing Mg
compounds in salt.
Some properties of salt or Sodium Chloride are crystalline or white
powder with a cube-shaped isomeric system, molecular weights, and water soluble.
Natural salts always contain Magnesium Chloride, Magnesium Sulfate Magnesium
Bromide, and other trace compounds, so that the color of salt in addition to
transparent Crystals can also be yellow, red, blue or purple. Salt is widely used in a
variety of products and is estimated. Around the product uses salt as an additive
(The Salt Manufacturer's Association, United Kingdom). salt tooused for
marinating fish, alkali chlorine industry, food industry, industrial textiles, tanning
leather, bath salts / spas, petroleum, pharmaceuticals and plantations (Dit. Industry,
of various needs and their use, then salt as a commodity will always be needed by
humans as well as human needs will food, so the function of salt for consumption
cannot be replaced. Method performed:
• Determination of Research Locations
• Salt Land Identification and Mapping
• Evaporation and Disk Mill Models
• Physical and Chemical Parameter Test.
• Spatial Analysis – Statistics
 Mapping and identification of krosok salt, sea water, concentrated
water, and precipitated compounds as strategic commodities in the East Java
region Some conclusions are drawn, namely :
1. Mapping and identifying seawater minerals as raw material for sal
making shows the difference in weight in the ion composition and the effect of the
type tides and current dynamics.
2. The existence of salt fields in the East Java region of Pantura can still be
obtained maintained. While the development of salt fields around the Kali estuary
Porong is not recommended, but an alternative development in the Region South
East Java is very potential to be developed as a salt field future.
3. Physical testing
of sea water as a source of raw materials for salt crystals and washing media
krosok salt shows there is a phenomenon of difference in temperature, humidity,
and salinity in several areas of North, East, and South Coast East Java.
4. Test estimation with confidence intervals showing NaCl levels for krosok
salt in East Java give an indication that there are 2 (two) efforts that can be made
to increasing levels of NaCl, namely :
a. salt land management, and
b. touch of multilevel evaporation technology and purification of krosok
salt.
5. Evaporation technology models for seawater show a more stratified
method better than total crystallization. The multilevel evaporation method
provides excellence in the process of decomposition and deposition of mineral
elements sea water
BE to get salt krosok with high levels of NaCl, besides that there is potential for
mineral water as an impact of the results of the sea water evaporation process
itself.
6. The disk mill technology model for krosok salt shows the inputtreatment
together between krosok salt, air, and fresh / brackish / sea / old water influence the
speed of the softening process of salt with kroso reaching a maximum capacity of 1
hour.
Video Yaumil (The Phenomenon of Aurora)
An aurora (latin word mean “sunrise”) is natural light display in the sky
in the poles (north and south) caused by the collision of energetic charged particles
with atoms in the high altitude atmosphere. In the northern latitude, the effect is
known as aurora borealis (aurora: the goddess dawn dawn, borealis : north wind).
While min the antarctic region, the effect is known as aurora australis. They
illuminate the northern and southern horizon as greenish mglow or sometime faint
red, occasionally blue but most often in fluorescent green. Auroras can be seen at
night becaouse their light is not as strong as the light of the day.
The aurora phenomenon accurs when the msun produces solar wind.
Solar wind is a stream of electrons and protonswhich are released from the msun
due to the high kinetic emergy. These particles are charged and contain energy,
which means they contribute to electricity. In other way, our planet is surrounded
by a super-sized magnetic sheath which is usually called the magnetic field of the
earth. Sometime this jsolar wind hits the earth. Some of these charged particles
lead to the poles of the earthaspeed that keeps growing. The collision betweenthese
particles and atoms present in the earth’s atmosphere, it releases the energy that
causes the formation of colorful auroras at the poles of the earth, which looks a big
circle around the pole. AURORA Why aurora is only found in the earth’s poles?
This is because the north and south pole magnetic field pull the protons and
electrons from the solar wind. So the phenomenon is more common in the polar
regions.
However, sometimes the aurora mcan also appear at the top of the
mountain in a tropical climate, but this phenomenon is ex tremely rare. Aurora
phenomena have been observed on other planets than earth that have a magnetic
field, such as jupiter, saturn and more recently mars. It is believed to be a
widespread phenomenon in the solar system mand beyond.