“VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF

MULTIMACHINE SYSTEM”
Minor Project Report

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(Electrical Power Systems)

By
ADITYA
TIWARI
(19MEEE01)

Department of Electrical
Engineering INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
NIRMA UNIVERSITY
AHMEDABAD 382 481

MAY 2020
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Minor Project Report entitled

“Voltage stability Analysis of Multimachine System ”submitted
by Mr. Aditya Tiwari towards the partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of degree in Master of Technology
(Electrical Engineering) in the field of Electrical Power
Systems of Nirma University is the record of work carried out
by him/her under our supervision and guidance.

Date:

Institute - Guide

Head of Department
Name of Guide Department of Electrical Engineering
Designation Institute of Technology
Address Nirma University
Ahmedabad
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgement (i)

Abstract (ii)

List of Figures/Captions (iii)

List of Tables (iv)

Nomenclature/Abbreviations (v)

Contents (vi)

Chapter 1: VOLTAGE STABILITY 1

+ Introduction 1

+ Voltage Stability 2

+ Classification of Voltage stability 2

+ Voltage Instability and Voltage collapse 3

Chapter 2: VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS 4

2.1 Voltage Stability of 2 Bus system 4

Chapter 3: VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS METHODS 6

+ Introduction 6

+ PV Curve Method 7

+ QV Curve Method 8

+ Modal Method 9
+ Continuation Power flow Method 11

Chapter 4: RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 12

+ Introduction 12

+ IEEE 2 Bus system 12

+ IEEE 14 Bus system 14

+ Conclusion 17

References 18
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 2 Bus system 4

2.2 Voltage as function of load 5

active and reactive power
3.1 PV Curve 7

3.2 QV Curve 8

3.3 An illustration of Prediction 11

Correction step
4.1 PV Curve for 2 Bus system 12

4.2 PV Curve for 2 Bus system 13

4.3 QV Curve for 2 Bus system 13

4.4 QV Curve for 2 Bus system 14

4.5 Loadability curve for Bus 4 14

4.6 Loadability curve for Bus 9 15

4.7 Loadability curve for Bus 11 15

4.8 Loadability curve for Bus 14 16

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

4.1 Maximum Loadability points 16

Nomenclature

List of Symbols

P Real power

Q Reactive power

J Jacobian matrix

JR Reduced system Jacobian matrix

∆V Change in the voltage value

∆Q Change in the reactive power

∆δ Change in the bus angle

∆P Change in the real power

I Current

X Reactance

E Emf

η Left eigenvector of reduced Jacobian matrix JR

ξ Right eigenvector of reduced Jacobian matrix JR

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, I would like to express my heartiest gratitude to Prof.

Akhilesh Panwar for his comments, guidance and advice in the preparation of
this Project from scratch to successfully accomplish. Besides, I would like to
thank Prof. Kuntal Bhattacharjee for his lectures and guidance on Power System
Analysis which enhance my knowledge to complete the project. My deepest
appreciation goes to my family, friends and colleagues as well for their patience
and cooperation during the entire process. Finally, I was also greatly indebted to
who helped our research very much directly and indirectly.
 ABSTRACT

Voltage stability analysis in Power system is important in order to

maintain the equilibrium of the system. Voltage stability has become a major
concern for the safe operation of many power systems. Voltage becomes stable if
magnitude of voltage at load bus is within the acceptable limits else it is unstable.
This report presents Voltage stability analysis of multimachine system using PV
curve, QV curve method and CPF method. Plotting of PV curve and QV curve
,Loadability curves using Continuation power flow method is done on MATLAB
software.

Voltage stability is defined as the ability of the power system to return to stable
operation when it is subjected to a disturbance. Different methods used for the
analysis of Voltage stability are PV, QV curve, Modal method and CPF
method. PV curve and QV curve are time consuming methods. Computation
time can be reduced by CPF method. Active power margin and Reactive power
margin are determined from PV and QV curves. Since Voltage stability is
related with the load dynamics. Voltage Stability analysis is done on Load
buses of the system. PV and QV curve methods are performed on 2 bus system
and CPF method on 14 bus system.
 CHAPTER 1

VOLTAGE STABILITY

Introduction

Interconnection of Power system is done for economical reasons like cost

reduction and to improve reliability of the system. But this lead to system
complexity and further lead to system collapse. Voltage stability is a problem in
power systems which are faulted or having shortage of reactive power. Voltage
stability problem concerns the whole power system, although it usually has a large
involvement in one critical area of power system. Due to the voltage instability, a
power system may undergo voltage collapse, if the post disturbance equilibrium
voltage near loads is below acceptable limits.

Voltage collapse is also defined as a process by which the voltage instability

provides advantages of a very low voltage profile in the essential part of the system.
Voltage collapse may be total or partial blackout. Voltage stabililty is related with
Load Dynamics. The main cause of Voltage instability is Reactive power imbalance.
Facts devices are used for compensation of Reactive Power. Steady state Voltage
stability analysis is carried by different methods like PV curve, QV curve method,
Modal method and Continuation Power flow method.
Voltage Stability

It refer to the ability of Power system to maintain steady voltage at all buses in the
system after being subjected to a disturbance from a given initial operating point.
The system state enters the voltage instability region when a disturbance or an
increase in load demand results in an uncontrollable and continuous drop in system
voltage. A system is said to be in voltage stable state if at a given operating
condition for any bus in the system, the bus voltage magnitude increases as the
reactive power injection at the same bus is increased.

Classification of Voltage stability

1. Large disturbance voltage stability

2. Small disturbance voltage stability

Large disturbance Voltage stability
It is concerned with a system stability to control voltages following a large
disturbance such as system faults, loss of load, or loss of generation. For
determination of this form of stability requires the examination of the dynamic
performance of the system over a period sufficient to capture of such devices as
under load tap changing transformers, generator field, and current limiters. Large
disturbance voltage studies can be studied by using non-linear time domain
simulations which include proper modelling.

Small disturbance Voltage stability

The operating state of a power system is said to have small disturbances voltage
stability if the system has small disturbances, a voltage near loads does not change
or remain close to the pre-disturbance values. The concept of small disturbance
stability is related to steady state and be analyzed using a small-signal model of the
system.
Short-Term Voltage Stability

Short-term voltage stability involves dynamics of fast acting load components such
as induction motors, electronically controlled loads and HVDC converters. The
study period of interest is in the order of several seconds, and analysis requires
solution of appropriate system differential equations.

Long-Term Voltage Stability

Long-term voltage stability involves slower acting equipment such as tap-changing

transformers, thermostatically controlled loads and generator current limiters.
Instability is due to the loss of long-term equilibrium, post-disturbance steady-state
operating point being small disturbance unstable, or a lack of attraction towards the
stable post disturbance equilibrium.

Voltage Instability and Voltage Collapse

Voltage Instability

Voltage instability occurs when a power system fails to maintain the voltage at all
buses in the system remain unchanged right after the system is being subjected to a
disturbance. Voltage instability is a non-linear phenomenon. The instability is
manifested once the network crosses the maximum deliverable power limit. A
system enters a state of voltage instability when a disturbance, increase in load
demand, or change in system condition causes a progressive and uncontrollable
decline in voltage.

Voltage collapse

Voltage collapse is also defined as a process by which the voltage instability provides
advantages of a very low voltage profile in the essential part of the system. Voltage
collapse may be total or partial blackout. The terms voltage instability and voltage
collapse are often used interchangeably.
 CHAPTER 2

VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS

Voltage Stability of 2 bus system

Voltage stability is explained with 2 bus system and the load is of constant power
type.

Fig. 2.1 2 Bus system

Real power transfer from bus 1 to 2 is given by

P=(EV/X).Sinδ (1)
Reactive power transfer from bus 1 to 2 is given by

Q=-(V^2)/X+(EV/X).Cosδ (2)

E= E∠δ is the voltage at bus 1

V  V0 is the voltage at bus 2
X= Reactance of the line
d = power angle.

Let v = V/E, p = P.X/E2 and q = Q.X/E2

p=vSinδ (3)

q=-v^2+v.cosδ (4)

v^2(sin^2δ+cos^2δ) =p^2+(q+v^2)^2
v^4+v^2(2q-1)+(p^2+q^2) = 0 (5)
Positive real solution of voltage are
v1=(0.5-q+sqrt(0.25-p^2-q))^0.5 (6)
v2= (0.5-q-sqrt(0.25-p^2-q))^0.5 (7)

Fig. 2.2 Voltage as a function of load active and reactive powers

There are two solutions for voltage corresponding to each point (p.q) one is the high
voltage or stable solution, which is the actual voltage at the bus, and the other one is
the low voltage or unstable solution. The point at which 2 solutions of voltage are
equal represents Maximum power points. Starting from any operating point on the
upper part of increase in p or q or both brings system closer to the maximum power
point. Voltage is unstable for increase in p and q beyond the maximum Power point.
 CHAPTER 3

VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS

METHODS

Introduction

Voltage Stability Analysis is carried out using different methods. Some of the
conventional methods for Voltage stability analysis are as follows.

1. PV Curve Method
2. QV Curve Method
3. Modal Method
4. Continuation Power flow Method

The Voltage stability analysis can be done using different methods.

Maximum loadability point is mainly obtained using PV curve and QV curve
methods. The distance between operating point and maximum loading point is taken
as the stability criterion. PV curve method is one of the widely used methods for
Voltage stability analysis. QV curve method is used to investigate voltage instability
problem during post transient period. Active power margin and Reactive power
margin are obtained from PV and QV curves respectively. Modal analysis is used as
an indicator of the closeness of operating point to the Point of voltage collapse.
Continuation power flow (CPF) method is used to obtain Power flow solutions near
or at the voltage collapse point. The CPF method is based on an iterative process
involving predictor and corrector steps.
PV CURVE METHOD

This is one of the widely used methods of voltage stability analysis. This
gives the available amount of active power margin before the point of voltage
instability. Power transfer variation from one bus to another bus affects the bus
Voltages. Power systems are operated in the upper part of the PV Curve. This part of
PV curve is statically and dynamically stable. The head of the curve is called
maximum loading point. The critical point where the solutions unite is the voltage
collapse point. The maximum loading point is the voltage collapse point when
constant power loads are considered. There are 2 solutions of Voltage for each P,
one is stable Voltage and other is unstable Voltage. Above critical point System is
stable and below critical point system is unstable. Maximum Real power P occurs at
the Critical point.

Fig. 3.1 PV Curve

QV CURVE METHOD

The QV curve method is one of the most popular ways to investigate voltage
instability problems in power systems during the post transient period. This method
shows variation in reactive power at a bus affects the same bus voltage. This method
is used to find Reactive power margin. QV curve is also plotted for load bus. QV
curve is the general method used for Voltage stability analysis. QV Curve is shown
below in figure 4. There are 2 values of voltages for each Q, one is stable Voltage
and other is unstable Voltage. Above Critical point System is stable and below
Critical point System is unstable.

Fig. 3.2 QV Curve

MODAL METHOD

Modal Analysis is carried mainly depending on the power flow equations.

This method is based on Jacobian matrix JR of the power system.The determinant of
JR is calculated until it reaches a minimum value by increasing the load on the
system. It identifies Positive and Negative eigen values which is an indicator of
system stability. In a power system positive eigen value indicates Stable system
while negative eigen value indicates Unstable system. The least eigen value
indicates the proximity of the system to voltage instability. The eigen values are
used to calculate the participation factors which indicates the generator, branches
and buses .Modal analysis is used as an indicator of the closeness of operating point
to the point of Voltage collapse.

Power flow equations

ΔP= JpδΔδ +JpvΔV (8)

ΔQ = JqδΔδ +JqvΔV (9)

For calculating V-Q sensitivities

ΔP=0

JpδΔδ +JpvΔV =0

Δδ = - Jpδ-1.JPV.V (10)

∆Q = JR.∆V (11)

ΔV = JR-1 Q (12)
 Modal analysis of JR results in the following.

JR   

R JR 1 1 

The matrix JR represents linearized relationship between bus Voltage (ΔV) and bus
Reactive power injection (ΔQ). The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the reduced
order Jacobian matrix JR are used for the voltage stability characteristics analysis. If
the eigenvalues of JR are all positive then the system is stable. JR can be taken as a
symmetric matrix and hence the eigenvalues of JR are being purely real. If all the
eigenvalues are positive, JR is positive definite and V-Q sensitivities is also positive,
indicating the Voltage stable system.

If one of the eigenvalues is negative then the system is Voltage unstable. Zero
eigenvalue of JR indicates that the system is on the verge of voltage instability. The
important eigenvalues are the critical eigenvalues of the reduced Jacobian matrix JR.
It is not needed to evaluate all the eigenvalues of JR of a large power system when
the minimum eigenvalue is 0 Voltage instability occurs.
CONTINUATION POWER FLOW METHOD

This method is used to obtain Power flow solution at or near the Voltage
collapse point. In this method the Predictor- Corrector scheme is used to find the
solution. It includes state variable load parameter and step length for the load
parameter. The 2 modes used in this method is local parameterized and
perpendicular iteration .CPF method finds successive load solutions according to
load scenario. A tangent predictor is used to estimate the next solution for
specified pattern of load increase. The exact solution is determined by corrector
step using NR method. Now new prediction is made for specified increase in the
load based upon the new tangent predictor method. Now corrector step is applied
and process continues until critical point is reached.

Fig. 3.3 An illustration of Prediction correction step

 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Introduction

This chapter presents the results of IEEE 2 bus system and IEEE 14 bus
system. Voltage stability analysis is performed on IEEE 2 bus system and IEEE 14
bus System. Loadability limit is defined using Voltage stability analysis. PV and QV
Curve methods are performed on Standard 2 bus system and CPF method on IEEE
14 bus system.

IEEE 2 Bus system

The IEEE 2 bus system consists of bus 1 as Generator bus and bus 2 as the
load bus. PV curves are drawn for constant Power load model. Real Power margin
is obtained from the PV curve. Fig. 4.1 and 4.2 shows PV Curve plot for 2 bus
system. Reactive Power margin is calculated from QV curve. QV curves are drawn
for the constant Power load model. Fig.4.3 and 4.4 shows QV Curve plot for the 2
bus system.

Fig. 4.1 PV Curve for 2 bus system

 Fig. 4.2 PV Curve for 2 bus system

Fig. 4.3 QV Curve for 2 bus system

 Fig. 4.4 QV Curve for 2 bus system

IEEE 14 bus system

Continuation Power flow method is used for stability analysis of IEEE 14

bus system. Pure Load bus is used for plotting of Loadability curve using CPF. In
Loadability curve Bus voltage is plotted with load parameter. CPF method is useful
for finding Maximum Loadability point. Loadability Curves for Load Bus 4,9,10
and 14 are plotted below.

Fig. 4.5 Loadability curve for Bus 4

Fig. 4.6 Loadability curve for Bus 9

Fig.4.7 Loadability curve for Bus 10

 Fig. 4.8 Loadability Curve for Bus 14

Table 4.1 Maximum Loadabilty Points

Bus Number Lambda Max V at Lambda Max
4 4.0593 0.7041
9 4.0592 0.7102
10 4.0591 0.7292
14 4.0585 0.6880
 CONCLUSION

In this work Voltage stability analysis is performed using different methods

such as PV, QV curve method and CPF method. Simulation is performed on
MATLAB for Standard 2 bus and 14 bus system. PV and QV curves are plotted for
the 2 bus system. Continuation Power flow method is performed on the 14 bus
system.

Active power and Reactive power margin are determined from the PV curve and QV
Curve. Maximum Loadability limit is determined using PV curve and QV curve. QV
curve method is mainly used for Voltage stability problem. Power flow solution is
difficult to obtain at voltage collapse point. Continuation power flow method is used
to obtain Power flow solutions near or at the voltage collapse point.CPF method
allows the load voltage to be computed even if the power flow Jacobian matrix is
singular.
REFERENCES

[1] C. W. Taylor, Power System Voltage Stability, McGraw-Hill, 1994.

[2] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, McGraw-Hill, 1993.
[3]T. V. Cutsem, C. Vournas, Voltage Stability of Electric Power Systems, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 1998.
[4] I. Dobson, “Towards a Theory of Voltage Collapse in Electric Power
Systems”, Systems and Control Letters 13, 1989, pp.253-262.
[5] G. K. Morison, B. Gao and P. Kundur, "Voltage stability analysis using static and
dynamic approaches", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 8, No. 3,
August 1993, pp. 1159–1171.
[6] S Chakrabarti, Dept of EE, IIT Kanpur, Notes on Power system stability
[7] C.L.Wadhwa, Electrical power systems, 2010
[8] B. Gao, G.K. Morison, and P. Kundur, "Voltage stability evaluation using
modal analysis," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 7, No. 4, November
1992, pp.1529–1542.