TUTORIAL WEEK 6

Iterative Methods
▪ False Position Method

Prepared : Suffiyana Akhbar

 TUTORIAL WEEK 6

3.0 Applied Numerical Method with Application

CLO 4 Recall the types of iterative methods available: False
Position Method
CLO 5 Apply False Position method to solve chemical
engineering problems.
 EXAMPLE 1
A consecutive reaction is carried out in a PFR, where component A
reacts with component B to produce component C. Then the
product reacts with the excess component A and produces
component D. The conversion of component A to product is 95%
and the catalyst used is liquid caustic soda with concentration of of
0.6 kmol/m3. The concentration of component A in the feed stream
is 1.114 kmol/m3. The chemical reactions are as shown below;
𝑘1
𝐴 + 𝐵՜𝐶
𝑘2
𝐴 + 𝐶 ՜𝐷

Rate of reactions (kmol/m3.s) of component A from reaction 1 and 2

can be described below;

𝑟1 = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 0.5 𝐶𝐵 0.5 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡 . 𝑎

𝑟2 = 𝑘2 𝐶𝐴 0.5 𝐶𝐶 0.5 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡 . 𝑏

 EXAMPLE 1
where k1 and k2 are the specific reaction rates. The CA, CB and Ccatalyst is
the concentration of A, B and catalyst respectively (unit: kmol/m3); and
the dimensionless ratio of activity coefficient of the solution due to the
reactions are a and b.

The inlet stream, which contains A, B and catalyst enter the reactor at
temperature of 300K and flowrate of 250 m3/hr, and the resulting solution
is leaving the reactor at the same flowrate. The reaction starts at constant
reactor volume of 190 m3. However, because of the faulty of outlet valve,
the product is leaving the reactor at the rate of 300 m3/hr.

By assuming that the contents of the reactor are well mixed at all the
time, iterate the value of concentration of A at time, t=20 min after the
valve faulty started by using the False Position method. Table 1 shows
the parameters needed for this calculation. Your answer must be correct
to 4 decimal places and with tolerance of 1x10-4. You may start the first
and second guess values of CA at 0.1 kmol/m3 and 0.4 kmol/m3
respectively.
 EXAMPLE 1
Table 1 Parameters of reaction for the productions of component C and D

Parameters at equilibrium Values

Specific reaction rate, k1 (kmol-1.s-1) 2.93
Specific reaction rate, k2 (kmol-1.s-1) 1.64
Activity coefficient constant, a 0.14
Activity coefficient constant, b 0.18
Parameters at time, t=20 min Values
Concentration of B, CB (kmol/m3) 22.156
Concentration of C, CC (kmol/m3) 22.156
The change of concentration of A -0.2375
between t=0 and t=20min, dCA/dt
 SOLUTION:
𝑘1
Fo= 205 m3/hr 𝐴 + 𝐵՜𝐶
CAo= 1.114 kmol/m3 𝑘2 F = 300 m3/hr
Ccatalyst = 0.6 kmol/m3 𝐴 + 𝐶 ՜𝐷 CA

Step 1: Write general equation of CCE

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

= 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
− 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
+ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Step 2: 1 inlet flow, 1 outlet flow, comp. A involved as reactant for both
reactions

𝑑𝑉𝐶𝐴
= 𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝐴𝑜 − 𝐹𝐶𝐴 − 𝑉𝑟1 − 𝑉𝑟2
𝑑𝑡
 SOLUTION:
Step 3: Apply product rule
𝑑𝑉𝐶𝐴 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝐶𝐴
= 𝐶𝐴 +𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 from TCE
𝑑𝑉𝐶𝐴 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝐶𝐴 − 𝐶𝐴 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑉

from CCE

Step 4: Develop TCE

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 − 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝑑𝜌𝑉
= 𝜌𝐹𝑜 − 𝜌𝐹 ; 𝜌 is constant
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
= 𝐹𝑜 − 𝐹
𝑑𝑡
 SOLUTION:
Step 5: Substitute into equation

𝑑𝐶𝐴 (𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝐴𝑜 − 𝐹𝐶𝐴 − 𝑉𝑟1 − 𝑉𝑟2 ) − 𝐶𝐴 (𝐹𝑜 −𝐹)

=
𝑑𝑡 𝑉
𝑑𝐶𝐴 (𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝐴𝑜 − 𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝐴 )
= − 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
𝑑𝑡 𝑉
integrate from dV/dT

Step 6: Integrate dV/Dt to determine V; then substitute into equation

𝑑𝑉 𝑉 𝑡
= 𝐹𝑜 − 𝐹 න 𝑑𝑉 = න −95 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 190 0

𝑉 𝑡 Given;
න 𝑑𝑉 = න 𝐹𝑜 − 𝐹 𝑑𝑡 at t=0, V=190m3 𝑉 = −95𝑡 + 190
190 0 t=t, V=V
𝑉 𝑡
න 𝑑𝑉 = න 205 − 300 𝑑𝑡
190 0
 SOLUTION:
𝑑𝐶𝐴 (𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝐴𝑜 − 𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝐴 )
= − 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
𝑑𝑡 −95𝑡 + 190

Step 7: Substitute all the given values into equation

𝑟1 = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 0.5 𝐶𝐵 0.5 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡 . 𝑎

𝑟1 = 2.93(𝐶𝐴 0.5 )(22.156)0.5 (0.6)(0.14)

𝑟1 = 1.1585𝐶𝐴 0.5

𝑟2 = 𝑘2 𝐶𝐴 0.5 𝐶𝐶 0.5 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡 . 𝑏

𝑟2 = 1.64𝐶𝐴 0.5 22.156 0.5 (0.6)(0.18)

𝑟2 = 0.8337𝐶𝐴 0.5

𝑉 = −95(0.3333) + 190 t= 20 min= 0.3333 hr

𝑉 = 158.3365 𝑚3
 SOLUTION:
𝑑𝐶𝐴 (𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝐴𝑜 − 𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝐴 )
= − 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
𝑑𝑡 −95𝑡 + 190
𝑑𝐶𝐴 (205(1.114) − 205𝐶𝐴 )
= − 1.1585𝐶𝐴 0.5 − 0.8337𝐶𝐴 0.5
𝑑𝑡 158.3365
𝑑𝐶𝐴 Informed that the change of concentration of A
= −0.2375 between t=0 and t=20min, dCA/dt = -0.2375
𝑑𝑡

−0.2375 = 1.4423 − 1.2947𝐶𝐴 − 1.9922𝐶𝐴 0.5

𝑓(𝐶𝐴 ) = 1.4423 + 0.2375 − 1.2947𝐶𝐴 − 1.9922𝐶𝐴 0.5

𝑓 𝐶𝐴 = −1.9922𝐶𝐴 0.5 − 1.2947𝐶𝐴 + 1.6798 Final equation

 SOLUTION:
Step 8: Solving using False Position Method

Given initial guess CA=0.1 kmol/m3 and 0.4 kmol/m3

𝑓 0.1 = −1.9922 0.1 0.5 − 1.2947(0.1) + 1.6798

𝑓 0.1 = 0.9204 𝑓 0.1 = +ve ; 0.1 = upper value
𝑓 0.4 = −1.9922 0.4 0.5 − 1.2947(0.4) + 1.6798

𝑓 0.4 = −0.0979 𝑓 0.4 = -ve ; 0.4 = lower value

𝑓 𝐶𝑈 𝐶𝑈 − 𝐶𝐿
𝐶 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡1 = 𝐶𝑈 − Formula of False Position
𝑓 𝐶𝑈 − 𝑓 𝐶𝐿
0.9204 0.1 − 0.4
𝐶 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡1 = 0.1 −
0.9204 − (−0.0979)
𝐶 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡1 = 0.3712
𝑓 𝐶 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡1 = −1.9922 0.3712 0.5 − 1.2947(0.3712) + 1.6798
𝑓 𝐶 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡1 = −0.0145 𝑓 𝐶 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡1 = -ve ; 0.3712 = lower value
 SOLUTION:
Step 9: Calculate tolerance error

0.4 − 0.3712 𝐶old − 𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑤

𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟, 𝜀 = ;𝜀=
0.4 𝐶old

𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟, 𝜀 = 0.072 𝜀 is >10-4, continue iterate

Step 10: Continue with 2nd iteration

0.9204 0.1 − 0.3712

𝐶 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡2 = 0.1 −
0.9204 − (−0.0145)
𝐶 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡2 = 0.3670
0.3712 − 0.3670 𝐶old − 𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟, 𝜀 = ;𝜀=
0.3712 𝐶old

𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟, 𝜀 = 0.01131 𝜀 is >10-4, continue iterate

 SOLUTION:
Step 11: Continue iteration until tolerance error is less than 1x10 -4

No of iteration CA f(CA) 𝜀
0.4 -0.0979
0.1 0.9204
1 0.3712 -0.0145 0.072
2 0.3670 -0.0022 0.01131
3 0.3664 -0.0004 0.001635
4 0.3663 -0.0001 0.0002729
5 0.3663 -0.0001 0

Therefore, the CA = 0.3663 kmol/m3

 EXAMPLE 2
First order consecutive reactions take place in a single perfectly
mixed CSTR. The feed to the CSTR contains component R, with
initial concentration CRO (mol/m3) and small amount of component
S, with concentration of CSO (mol/m3) and component P, CPO
(mol/m3) from the recycle stream. The reactions in the reactor as
the following, where k1, k2 and k3 are the first order specific reaction
rates of the reactions:
 EXAMPLE 2
a) Prove that the dynamic equation for component S (mol/m3.min)
as follows when the ratio of inlet flowrate, Fo (m3/min) to the
outlet flowrate, F1 (m3/min) from the reactor is 2. The volume, V
of the reactor before the flowrate was changed to the above
parameters is 20 m3 and the Fo is 0.3 m3/min. Assume all
process liquid densities are constant.

𝑑𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑆𝑂 − 𝐶𝑆
= 0.3 + 𝑘1 𝐶𝑅 − 𝑘2 𝐶𝑆 + 𝑘3 𝐶𝑃
𝑑𝑡 0.15𝑡 + 20
 EXAMPLE 2
b) Determine the steady state value for concentration for component S,
(Cs) of the process liquid using False Position method. At time, t is 5
min, the initial parameters of concentration of component S, Cso is 5
mol/m3. Use the starting estimated value of component S
concentrations at CS1 and CS2 are 10 mol/m3 and 2.5 mol/m3,
respectively. Your calculated values must be correct to four decimal
places and with error tolerance of 10-4.

Table 1 represented the value of rate constants, concentration of

components, P and R of above system.

Parameters Values Units

k1 0.5 min-1
k2 1.0 min-1
k3 1.2 min-1
CP 6.0 mol/m3
CR 3.8 mol/m3
 SOLUTION (a):

Step 1: Write general equation of TCE

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 − 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

Step 2: 1 inlet flow, 1 outlet flow

𝑑𝜌𝑉
= 𝐹𝑜 𝜌𝑜 − 𝐹1 𝜌1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
= 𝐹𝑜 − 𝐹1 ; 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑜 = 𝜌1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡
 SOLUTION (a):

Step 1: Write general equation of CCE

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

= 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
− 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
+ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Step 2: 1 inlet flow, 1 outlet flow

𝑑𝑉𝐶𝑆
= 𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝑆𝑜 − 𝐹1 𝐶𝑆 + 𝑉𝑘1 𝐶𝑅 − 𝑉𝑘2 𝐶𝑆 + 𝑉𝑘3 𝐶𝑃
𝑑𝑡
𝑘2
𝑘1 𝑆՜𝑃 𝑆՚𝑃
product 𝑅՜𝑆 reactant
𝑘3 product
 SOLUTION (a):
Step 3: Apply product rule

𝑑𝐶𝑆 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 + 𝐶𝑆 = 𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝑆𝑜 − 𝐹1 𝐶𝑆 + 𝑉𝑘1 𝐶𝑅 − 𝑉𝑘2 𝐶𝑆 + 𝑉𝑘3 𝐶𝑃
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Step 4: Substitute dV/dt ; dV/dt can be develop using TCE

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 General

equation of TCE
= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 − 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝑑𝜌𝑉 1 inlet flow, 1

= 𝐹𝑜 𝜌𝑜 − 𝐹1 𝜌1 outlet flow
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
= 𝐹𝑜 − 𝐹1 ; 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑜 = 𝜌1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡
 SOLUTION (a):
𝑑𝐶𝑆 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 + 𝐶𝑆 = 𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝑆𝑜 − 𝐹1 𝐶𝑆 + 𝑉𝑘1 𝐶𝑅 − 𝑉𝑘2 𝐶𝑆 + 𝑉𝑘3 𝐶𝑃
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐶𝑆
𝑉 + 𝐶𝑆 𝐹𝑜 − 𝐹1 = 𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝑆𝑜 − 𝐹1 𝐶𝑆 + 𝑉𝑘1 𝐶𝑅 − 𝑉𝑘2 𝐶𝑆 + 𝑉𝑘3 𝐶𝑃
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐶𝑆 𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝑆𝑜 − 𝐹1 𝐶𝑆 + 𝑉𝑘1 𝐶𝑅 − 𝑉𝑘2 𝐶𝑆 + 𝑉𝑘3 𝐶𝑃 − 𝐶𝑆 𝐹𝑜 + 𝐶𝑆 𝐹1

=
𝑑𝑡 𝑉
𝑑𝐶𝑆 𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝑆𝑜 − 𝐶𝑆
= + 𝑘1 𝐶𝑅 − 𝑘2 𝐶𝑆 + 𝑘3 𝐶𝑃
𝑑𝑡 𝑉

Step 5: Integrate dV/dt to determine V; then substitute V into dCs/dt

𝑑𝑉 = 𝐹𝑜 − 𝐹1 𝑑𝑡

𝑉 𝑡=𝑡
න 𝑑𝑉 = න 𝐹𝑜 − 𝐹1 𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑜 𝑡=0
 SOLUTION (a):
Given at t=0;
Vo= 20 m3
Fo= 0.3 m3/min
Fo/F1= 2 ; therefore F1= 0.15 m3/min

𝑉 𝑡=𝑡
න 𝑑𝑉 = න 0.3 − 0.15 𝑑𝑡
20 𝑡=0

𝑉 𝑡=𝑡
න 𝑑𝑉 = න 0.15 𝑑𝑡
20 𝑡=0

𝑉 − 20 = 0.15𝑡

𝑉 = 0.15𝑡 + 20 Substitute into dCs/dt

𝑑𝐶𝑆 0.3 𝐶𝑆𝑜 − 𝐶𝑆

= + 𝑘1 𝐶𝑅 − 𝑘2 𝐶𝑆 + 𝑘3 𝐶𝑃 Proven
𝑑𝑡 0.15𝑡 + 20
 SOLUTION (b):
Step 1: Substitute all the given value to simplified the equation; at
steady state dCs/dt=0

𝑑𝐶𝑆 0.3 𝐶𝑆𝑜 − 𝐶𝑆

= + 𝑘1 𝐶𝑅 − 𝑘2 𝐶𝑆 + 𝑘3 𝐶𝑃
𝑑𝑡 0.15𝑡 + 20

𝑑𝐶𝑆 0.3 5 − 𝐶𝑆
= + 0.5𝑥3.8 − 1.0𝑥𝐶𝑆 + 1.2𝑥6.0
𝑑𝑡 0.15(5) + 20

0.3 5 − 𝐶𝑆
𝑓(𝐶𝑆 ) = + 1.9 − 𝐶𝑆 + 7.2
20.75

𝑓(𝐶𝑆 ) = 9.1723 − 1.0145𝐶𝑆

 SOLUTION (b):
Step 2: Substitute the initial guess into equation

1ST initial guess (Cs1)= 10 mol/m3

𝑓(𝐶𝑆1 ) = 9.1723 − 1.0145(10)

𝑓 𝐶𝑆1 = −0.9727 𝑓 𝐶𝑆1 = -ve ; Cs1 = lower value

2ND initial guess (Cs2)= 2.5 mol/m3

𝑓(𝐶𝑆2 ) = 9.1723 − 1.0145(2.5)

𝑓 𝐶𝑆1 = 6.6361 𝑓 𝐶𝑆2 = +ve ; Cs2 = upper value

 SOLUTION (b):
Step 3: 1st iteration using False Position method

𝑓 𝐶𝑈 𝐶𝑈 − 𝐶𝐿
𝐶 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 = 𝐶𝑈 − Formula of False Position
𝑓 𝐶𝑈 − 𝑓 𝐶𝐿

6.6361 2.5 − 10
𝐶 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 = 2.5 −
6.6361 − (−0.9727)

𝐶 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 = 9.0412

𝑓(𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡1 ) = 9.1723 − 1.0145(9.0412)

𝑓 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡1 = 2.6𝑥10−6 𝑓 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡1 = +ve ; C𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡1 = new upper value

 SOLUTION (b):
Step 4: Calculate tolerance error

6.631 − 9.0412 𝐶old − 𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑤

𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟, 𝜀 = ;𝜀=
6.631 𝐶old

𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟, 𝜀 = 0.3635 𝜀 is >10-4, continue iterate

Step 5: 2nd iteration using False Position method

𝑓 𝐶𝑈 𝐶𝑈 − 𝐶𝐿
𝐶 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡2 = 𝐶𝑈 −
𝑓 𝐶𝑈 − 𝑓 𝐶𝐿

2.6𝑥10−6 9.0412 − 10
𝐶 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡2 = 9.0412 −
2.6𝑥10−6 − (−0.9727)

𝐶 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡2 = 9.0412
 SOLUTION (b):
Step 6: Calculate tolerance error
9.0412 − 9.0412 𝐶old − 𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟, 𝜀 = ;𝜀=
9.0412 𝐶old
𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟, 𝜀 = 0

Therefore, Cs = 9.0412 mol/m3 Final answer