Determinants of Urban Expansion and Agricultural Land Conversion in 25 EU

Countries

In the study of Williams and Ustaoglu (2017) stated that the land transformed from

agricultural to urban use can have a huge result on the sustainability of the broader

environment, economic and social welfare. Many works relating to trends of land use

change consisted of case studies of local areas particular territories, or

countries[CITATION Wil17 \l 13321 ].

According to the study of Williams and Ustaoglu (2017) the changes in different land

uses or land use processes are also available based on time series spatial data

analysis and qualitative/quantitative analysis of landscape change drivers in Europe.

Many European studies analyze the urban expansion process using comprehensive

national or country-level approaches[CITATION Wil17 \l 13321 ].

It was stated in the study that through the application of land use modelling they follow

oriented approach that focuses on possible future policy solutions and the involvement

of several factors that drives land use change. The researchers adapted the

microeconomic theory that explains land use change describing the transfer of

agricultural land to urban development, which is seen as the result of decisions made by

competing individual land users seeking to maximize income from individual land

parcels.[CITATION Wil17 \l 13321 ].

multiple social, cultural, political and environmental factors actually drive the conversion

process to land use. The key drivers of the land use change from empirical literature

include socioeconomic forces urbanization, technological developments, biophysical

factors, land use policies and new land demands for conservation of nature and

ecosystem security[ CITATION Wil17 \l 13321 ].

Economic factors

Based on the assumption of bid- rent theory, land is distributed in equilibrium to the

economic use that produces the highest revenue. This theory also indicates that land of

higher quality is more productive than the lower quality and produces higher

income[CITATION Wil17 \l 13321 ].

Biophysical factors

In the study of Williams and Ustaoglu (2017) about the “Determinants of urban

expansion and agricultural land conversion in 25 EU Countries” discusses that the

parcel of land has specific biophysical and climatic features that assess suitability for

range of uses whether location for residential, industrial or commercial development

[CITATION Wil17 \l 13321 ].

conversion in the US were the farm size, land gradient/slope, and distance to developed

urban areas and transport infrastructure [CITATION Wil17 \l 13321 ]..

Demographic and Social factors

In the study about the “Determinants of urban expansion and agricultural land

conversion in 25 EU Countries” shows that the owners/ farmers significantly considered

the demographic and social characteristics such as population, age and gender of the

household members, family status, and size of the household. of farm land. These

factors can affect land users’ decisions to maintain or change the land’s current

use[CITATION Wil17 \l 13321 ].

In the study about the “Determinants of urban expansion and agricultural land

conversion in 25 EU Countries” describes that the farmers’ socio-cultural features that

affect land use change decisions are: schooling, place of living, beliefs, norms, attitudes

and preferences [CITATION Wil17 \l 13321 ].

Technological factors

It was discussed by Williams and Ustaoglu in the study about the “Determinants of

urban expansion and agricultural land conversion in 25 EU Countries” that the efficiency

of labor and capital engaged in the cycle of agricultural production affects the land use

transition decisions of landowners which is the technological factors. Other factors that

increase livelihood of land use change include alternative employment opportunities in

urbanization and rural urban migration are related to a transition from an agricultural

economy to industrial and service-based operations, which are key factors in the

conversion of agricultural land[CITATION Wil17 \l 13321 ].

Analyzing and modeling the impacts of agricultural land conversion

In the study of “Analyzing and modeling the impacts of agricultural land conversion”

discusses that the uncontrolled of agricultural land conversion significantly impacts the

general environment particularly on agricultural products. Some environmental impacts

include reduced biodiversity, reduced air, water and soil quantities and quality, changes

in the global changes in the global carbon cycle, increase energy consumption, forest

degradation, increasing the number of environmental disasters and their severity,

increases greenhouse gases emission and raising the global temperature [ CITATION Asa14

\l 13321 ].

Agricultural Land Conversion, Land Economic Value, and Sustainable

Agriculture: A Case Study in East Java, Indonesia

In the previous study of “Agricultural Land Conversion, Land Economic Value, and

Sustainable Agriculture a Case Study in East Java, Indonesia” by Rondhi, Pratiwi,

Handini and Sunartomo, land represents one of life’s most important factor in economic

growth. Nevertheless, the finite and unrenewable nature of the supply of land causes
competition in land use, typically between the agricultural and non- agricultural

sectors[ CITATION Ron18 \l 13321 ].

According to Rondhi, Pratiwi, Handini, and Sunartomo, the transfer of agricultural land is

induced, based on traditional position theory, by the relatively higher rent generated

from urban land use compared to agricultural land use. The increased income from

urban land use will further encourage agriculture land conversion [ CITATION Ron18 \l 13321

According to Rondhi, Pratiwi, Handini, and Sunartomo, the agriculture land conversion

will be constrained by increasing rent from agricultural land. Lots of factors actually

affect land rent for urban and agricultural uses. Past soil economic value studies show

that having significantly affects the farmers’ decision to purchase or not sell their land

for non-agricultural purposes[ CITATION Ron18 \l 13321 ]

In the previous study of “Agricultural Land Conversion, Land Economic Value, and

Sustainable Agriculture a Case Study in East Java, Indonesia” by Rondhi and others

(2018), the increase in the value of farmland encourages a dispute of land use both

between farmers and non-farmers. The rise of agricultural economic value due to

urbanization in Bangladesh makes real estate and individual developers invest and

grow buildings in restricted areas, including productive farmland [ CITATION Ron18 \l 13321 ].
Emerging Land Conversion from Agriculture to Urban Development: Situation

and raised Concerns in Vietnam

According to Quang and Westen (2012), the transfer of land form agricultural to non-

agricultural uses in Vietnam is the result of changes in institutions including laws, actors

and organizations that have been seen as response to rapid urbanization and

industrialization since 1990s[ CITATION Wes12 \l 13321 ].

According to Quang and Westen (2012), from national to local authority the

decentralization of land managements is taken place. Land can however be converted

for the purposes of state, collective, national defense, security and economic

development[ CITATION Wes12 \l 13321 ].

Collectivization

In the study of “Emerging Land Conversion from Agriculture to Urban Development:

Situation and raised Concerns in Vietnam” by Westen and Quang (2012), the quickly

push villagers into agriculture with six basic arguments agreed by the national leaders.

(i)Collective farming would increase farm production significantly; (ii)collectivization

would boost living conditions.

iii) holding land in the hands of those who farm land, not separately but as a community;

(iv) improving the mindset of the farmers by working together which is a necessary part 

of socialist society;(V) other elements of the socialist political economy were crucial; and 

(vi) collectivisation became part of national security[ CITATION Wes12 \l 13321 ].

According to Quang and Westen, farm households were allowed to rent, buy and sell

own capital and working capital, equipment and machinery with decollectivization

[ CITATION Wes12 \l 13321 ].

In the study of “Emerging Land Conversion from Agriculture to Urban Development:

Situation and raised Concerns in Vietnam”, showed in the study the land conversion is

characterized as a process of land use change through which land is converted from

agricultural to non- agricultural uses such as buildings in new areas, infrastructure

projects relocation area and creation of tourism industry [ CITATION Wes12 \l 13321 ]..

CONVERSION OF PRIME AGRICULTURAL LAND TO NON-AGRICULTURAL

USES IN ONE AREA OF THE SUNBELT

According to the Ramsey and Corty (1982), the sun belt is potentially more extreme

than migration of people and industries in other parts of United States to south in terms

of Conversion of agricultural land into non-agricultural uses. The region’s natural

population growth and the influx of people and industries from other countries,

increasing amounts of agricultural are being transformed into non- agricultural uses.

The market place usually allocates land to the highest bidder and non-agricultural

consumers tend to outbid farmers for land use [ CITATION Ram82 \l 13321 ].
Optimal Land Use Planning by using GIS

In the study of Optimal Land use Planning by using GIS, a country like India land use

planning has earned little attention in rural areas primarily agricultural land. The country

has its own socio-economic and cultural aspiration and ambitions. A thorough

knowledge of the natural resources of a country, its existence, geographical distribution

and magnitude, limits present stage of utilization and scope for better use is essential to

make decisions wisely and to create an order faced for national efforts [ CITATION Red15 \l

13321 ].

According to Reddy (2015) in his study “Optimal Land use Planning by using GIS” in

rural areas, land use planning up to recently received scant attention compared with

urban planning. The following action plan for creation of land, soil and water resources

was drawn up on the basis of careful analysis of knowledge on climate, land use/ land

cover[ CITATION Red15 \l 13321 ].

Reclaiming Social Equity in Land Use Planning for Sustainable Cities

In the study of Reclaiming Social Equity in Land Use Planning for Sustainable Cities,

Philippine cities ' rapid growth has carried several problems and difficulties involving

sprawl, environmental degradation, unemployment, lack of adequate housing, increased

exposure to hazards, and a general decline in urban residents ' quality of life [ CITATION

Sag17 \l 13321 ].
According to the researchers of “Reclaiming Social Equity in Land Use Planning for

Sustainable Cities”, they emphasized the need to extend conservation as a driving

principle for land use planning by emphasizing social equity and fairness as a major

component of sustainability[ CITATION Sag17 \l 13321 ].

In the study they described land use planning is a critical part of urban sustainable

changes. Land use planning also works a key role as part of their climate change

adaptation measures in decreasing weakness and increasing the resilience of

cities[ CITATION Sag17 \l 13321 ].

Importance of Land Use Planning and its Considerations

In the study of “Importance of Land Use Planning and its Considerations”, many

landowners utilize their land for some reason to the owner's desires, but as society

develops, constraints begin to emerge that prohibited use of one's land if those users

would have a destructive effect on neighboring property [ CITATION Pat17 \l 13321 ].

Importance of Land Use Planning

of various activities within an urban area to solve the problems that arise in its

development. It is used for the advancement of urban growth in all major aspects of

potential implementation including land uses planning [ CITATION Pat17 \l 13321 ].

In the Land Use Planning process, we can establish the available land resources in an

appropriate need while at the same time limiting their misuse. Each component interacts

with another, planning process depends on the different major factors in the planning

process[ CITATION Pat17 \l 13321 ].

It was stated by Patel and Shastri (2017) that land use planning plays a central role in

creating a healthy environment for the urban household. Strategic planning of different

land uses such as recreational area, road-network, and effective transport system often

takes care of their basic needs[ CITATION Pat17 \l 13321 ].

Environmental Impact Assessment of Land Use Planning in Wuhan City Based on

Ecological Suitability Analysis

In the study of “Environmental Impact Assessment of Land Use Planning in Wuhan City

Based on Ecological Suitability Analysis” land use planning is a method of efficient land

resource allocation, which is often used to plan and coordinate research area land use

in terms of land size, land use layout and spatial distribution. It plays a major role in the

proper distribution of land resources and in organizing land use [ CITATION Jie10 \l 13321 ].
According to researchers of “Environmental Impact Assessment of Land Use Planning

in Wuhan City Based on Ecological Suitability Analysis” land use planning affects

regional ecological quality, ecosystem services, and also affects the regional socio-

economic climate system through modification of land use patterns and

structure[ CITATION Jie10 \l 13321 ].

Land Use Planning in Metro Manila and the Urban Fringe: Implications on the

Land and Real Estate Market

In the study of “Land Use Planning in Metro Manila and the Urban Fringe:

Implications on the Land and Real Estate Market”, land and unchanging activity were

closely related to economic performance. During periods of economic expansion, the

real estate market becomes very active while inactive in times of recession [ CITATION

Mag06 \l 13321 ].

According to Magno-Ballesteros, the availability of land and the accompanying issues

that arise from overlapping and competing for land uses place importance on the

"nature" of land and real estate developments. In its broadest sense, planning is a direct

intervention by the government[CITATION Mag06 \l 13321 ].

According to the researcher, Magno- Ballestero (2000), the government's standard

measure for land use planning includes physical, environmental, and zoning plans, is
the government's standard measure. Land Use Plans provide the parameters for urban

land development[CITATION Mag06 \l 13321 ].

In the study of Magno- Ballesteros (2000), plans set the parameters on the scale and

pattern of developments in urban land and provide the means for managing issues and

possibilities resulting from conflicting and complementary land use [CITATION Mag06 \l

13321 ].

The Physical Environment

According to Magno-Ballesteros (2000) in terms of physical environment, such

municipalities' adjacent position made it an inevitable consequence for them to grow

together as the City of Manila became highly urbanized.

Pattern of Urban Settlement

In the study of Land Use Planning in Metro Manila and the Urban Fringe:

Implications on the Land and Real Estate Market by Magno-Ballesteros (2000)

discussesthat. The community structure in the metropolitan region was changing

considerably. Density not only has risen in all areas but change in urban structure has

occurred[CITATION Mag06 \l 13321 ].

According to Magno-Ballesteros in terms of pattern of land ownership, the private

property ownership in the Philippines was placed in the hands in both conventional

wealthy and urban elite. These family members have the resources, political influence

and access to knowledge that enabled them to build up individual right and replaceable

public lands through sales under the local rulers [CITATION Mag06 \l 13321 ].

Government Efforts Toward Comprehensive Urban Planning

According to Magno-Ballesteros (2000) in terms of Government Efforts Toward

Comprehensive Urban Planning, the government has primarily introduced intervention

on land use via land development control system. This system needs that changes in

land use and the development of structure on land must pass through a permit licensing

system[CITATION Mag06 \l 13321 ].

References

Asad, A., Barati, A., & Kalantari, K. (2014). Analyzing and modeling the impacts of
agricultural land conversion. The business and management, 176-182.
Beattie, L. (2006). The Reality of Land Use Planning. Thesis, University of Aukland.
Cordova, L. V. (2009). Citizen Participation and Land Use Planning .
Jie, L., Jing, Y., Wang, Y., & Shu-xia, Y. (2010). Environmental Impact Assessment of
Land Use Planning in Wuhan. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 185–191.
Magno-Ballesteros, M. (2000). Land Use Planning In Metro Manila and Urban Fringe:
Implications on the Land and Real Estate Market. Philippine Institute for
Development Studies.
Patel, T. N., & Shastri, P. (2017). Importance of Land Use Planning and its
Considerations. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in
Computing and Communication, 69 – 71.
Ramsey, F., & Corty, F. L. (1982). Conversion of Prime Agricultural Land to Non-
Agricultural Uses in one Area of the Sunbelt. Southern Journal Of Agricultural
Economics.
Reddy, M. S. (2015). Optimal Land Use Planning by using GIS. IJARF, 40-44.
Rondhi, M., Pratwi, A. P., Handini, V. T., & Sunartomo, A. F. (2018). Agricultural Land
Conversion. Land Economic Value, and Suatainable Agriculture; A case study in
East Java, Indonesia. land, 1-19.
Saguin, K. C., Chanco, C. J., Tan, A. I., & Ortega, A. A. (2017). Reclaming Social
Equaity in Land Use Planning for Sustainable Cities. Public Policy , 100-123.
Westen, G. V., & Quang, N. P. (2012). Emerging Land Use from Agriculture to Urban
Development: Situation and Raised Concerns in Vietnam . International
Development Studies.
Williams, B., & Ustaoglu, E. (2017). Determinants of Urban Expansion and Agricultural
Land Conversion in 25 EU Countries. Springer.
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
URDANETA CAMPUS

AD 423
PLANNING 3
TITLE: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
DATE DUE: 27 FEBRUARY 2020

STUDENT
VALENZUELA, KEZIAH JAN J. AGNES M. BEGINIO
15-UR-0453 FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE
.