EE 101: Electrical Sciences

Operational Amplifiers

Nagarjuna Nallam
Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati,
Guwahati, Assam 781039
 A single-ended amplifier

vin Gvin vout

Vin G
Vout

An ideal voltage amplifier Equivalent model

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 A single-ended signal

Vin G vin Gvin vout

Vout

An ideal voltage amplifier Equivalent model

A VA , VB
VAB
B
Voltage at node A
Voltage at node B (0 V)

Single-ended potential/signal: referenced with respect to ground.

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 A differential signal

Vin G Vout vin Gvin vout

An ideal differential voltage amplifier Equivalent model

VA − VB
VA , VB
A
A
0.5 6 θ
VAB Voltage at node A (|vp |/2)
B 0.5 6 π + θ
B Voltage at node B (|vp |/2)
Special case of a floating signal

Differential potential/signal: referenced with respect to each other terminal.

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 A common-mode signal

VOU T Vout
VOC
output dc voltage (VOC )
VIC

VIN time

Input bias voltage required (VIC )

vA − vB
vA , vB
A VIC
0.5 6 θ
Voltage at node A (|vp |/2)
VIC + 0.5 π + θ
6
− B Voltage at node B (|vp |/2)
VA +VB
VIC = 2

Common-mode potential/signal: average of the two differential signals.

(present in both the signals, not necessarily dc)

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 Need for differential processing

Single-ended signal processing:

Differential signal processing:

Input common-mode signal

Rejected at the output

Input differential signal

Processed to the output

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 An ideal opamp

Rout
vip
vip
vout = Gvind Rin Gvid vout
vin
vin

An operational amplifier (OpAmp) An equivalent model

Differential input vid = vip − vin

vout
For an ideal opamp . . . VDD

Rin = ∞
vid
Rout = 0 −VDD
G→∞

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 Opamp applications - 1

Rf Rf
R1 R1
v1
vout vout

v1
Inverting Amp. Non-inverting Amp.
Rf
R1
v1
R2 vout
v2 vout
v1

Weighted summer Non-inverting buffer

Rf R2 R4

R1
R3
v1
vout R1
R2 v1
vout
v2

R3
Difference Amp. Inverting Amp.

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 Opamp applications - 1

Rf Rf
R1 R1
v1
vout vout

v1
Inverting Amp. Non-inverting Amp.
Rf Rf
R1 vout R1 vout
v1 vx vx
G(0 − vx ) G(vx − 0)
v1

v1 −vx v1 −vout v1 −vx vout

vout = −Gvx ; R1
= R1 +Rf
vout = Gvx ; R1
= R1 +Rf
v v
v1 + out v1 −vout v1 − out vout
R1
G
= R1 +Rf R1
G
= R1 +Rf
−Rf /R1 (Rf +R1 )/R1
vout = v1 R1 +Rf vout = v1 R1 +Rf
1+ GR1
1+ GR1
As G → ∞, As G → ∞,
vout −Rf vout Rf
v1
= R1 v1
=1+ R1

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 Opamp applications - 1

Rf
R1
v1
vout
R2
v2 vout
v1

Weighted Summer Non-inverting buffer

Rf Rf = 0
R1
v1 vout R1 = ∞ vout
R2
v2 vx
vx G(0 − vx ) G(vx − 0)
v1

As G → ∞, As G → ∞,

R Rf
vout = −[ Rf1 v1 + v]
R2 2 vout = v1

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 Opamp applications - 1

Rf R2 R4

R1
R3
v1
vout R1
R2 v1
vout
v2

R3
Difference Amp. Inverting Amp.

R3 R1 +Rf Rf
vout = R2 +R3 R1
v2 − v
R1 1

If R3
R2
=
Rf
R1
, ?
Rf
vout = R1
(v2 − v1 )

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 Opamp applications - 2

vs is

Given a voltage signal, Given a current signal,

how to convert it into a how to convert it into a
current signal? voltage signal?

vs RL iL is RL vL

vs
iL = RL
vL = iL RL

Larger the RL , smaller is the iL . Smaller the RL , smaller is the vL .

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 Opamp applications - 2

vs is

Given a voltage signal, Given a current signal,

how to convert it into a how to convert it into a
current signal? voltage signal?

vs 2-port RL iL is 2-port RL vL

iL should be independent of RL vL should be independent of RL

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 Opamp applications - 2

V-I Converter I-V Converter

Rf
R1 −
RL iL
−
is
vs + RL vL
+

iL = −vs
is independent of RL vL = −is Rf is independent of RL
R1

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 Opamp applications - 2

V-I Converter I-V Converter

Rf
R1
RL iL
−
− is
vs + RL vL
+

iL = −vs
is independent of RL vL = −is Rf is independent of RL
R1

V-I Converter for grounded loads

R1
Rf
−
vs
vs R1 iL = R1
+ Rf

RL iL

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 Opamp applications - 2

I-I Converter

R2

R1
RL iL
− is
is
+

R2 R2
iL = is + is R1
= (1 + )i
R1 s

A current amplifier: load current is independent of RL .

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 Opamp applications - 2

1 R
is C vc = C
is dt

Analog Voltage Integration:

R1 k R
− vc = C
vs dt
k R C
vs V-I vc = C
vs dt
C vs
+

1 R
vc = R1 C
vs dt

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 Opamp applications - 2

1 R
is C vc = C
is dt

Analog Voltage Integration:

R1 k R
R
− C
vc = C
vs dt
k
vs V-I vc = C
vs dt
C vs
+

1 R
vc = R1 C
vs dt
Analog Voltage Differentiation:

C 1 R
Rf −vs = vout dt
− Rf C

vs
+ vout = −Rf C dv
dt
s

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 Opamp applications - 2

Phase shifter:

|Zf |6 θ2
|Z1 |6 θ1
vin −
vout
+

Z
vout = | Zf1 |6 (θ2 − θ1 )vin

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 Opamp applications - Summary

1. Inverting and Non-inverting Amplifiers, Voltage buffer

2. Voltage Summer, Voltage subtractor

3. V-I converter or Transconductor or Voltage Controlled Current

Source

4. I-V converter or Transresistor or Current Controlled Voltage

Source

5. I-I converter or Current amplifier or Current Controlled Current

Source

6. Voltage integrator

7. Voltage differentiator

8. Phase shifter

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati

 Further Learning ...

[1] A. Sedra and K. C. Smith, “Microelectronic Circuits,” 6th Ed., Oxford university
press, 2011.

EE 101: Electrical Sciences c Nagarjuna Nallam, IIT Guwahati