EE 101: Basic Electronics

Opamp and its applications

Nagarjuna Nallam

Department of EEE, IIT Guwahati, India

EE 101: Basic Electronics

An opamp

rout
Vip
Vip
Vout = Av 0 vind rin Av 0 vid vout
Vin
Vin

An opamp Equivalent model of an opamp

Vip +Vin
Differential input Vid = Vip − Vin Common-mode input Vic = 2

For an ideal opamp Vout

VDD
rin = ∞
rout = 0
Vid
Av 0 → ∞ −VDD

Freq. Range is 0 → ∞

EE 101: Basic Electronics

An ideal opamp

Vip
Vip
Vout = Av 0 Vind Vid Av 0 Vid Vout
Vin
Vin

An ideal opamp Macro model of an ideal opamp

Notes on ideal opamp:

1. Amplifies even differential DC signals (voltages)

2. Rejects all common-mode signals including DC voltages

EE 101: Basic Electronics

An opamp circuit

Zf

Vin Z1
− Vout
Vip +

Zf Zf

Vin Z1 Vin = 0 Z1
− − Vout2
Vout1
Vip = 0
+
Vip +

sub-circuit IN sub-circuit NI

Superposition: Vout = Vout1 + Vout2

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Sub-circuit IN: Inverting Amplifier
Zf

Vin Z1
−
Vx Vout1
Vip = 0
+
sub-circuit IN

Let us assume the gain of the opamp = Av

Vout1 = Av × (0 − Vx ) = −Av Vx

As Av → ∞, Vx → 0

No current flows into the opamp.

Vin −Vx Vx −Vout1
Z1 = Zf

Vout Zf
=−
Vin Z1

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Negative feedback: Virtual Short with no current

Zf

Vin Z1
−
Vout1
Vip
+
sub-circuit IN

Virtual short for voltages (no current flows)

Only if the opamp is in negative feedback

and Av → ∞

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Analysis of inverting amplifier

Vin
Z1 = −Vout1
Zf

Vin Zf
− Vout1
Z1 0V
Vip
+
sub-circuit IN

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Analysis of non-inverting amplifier

−Vip Vip −Vout1

Z1 = Zf

Vin Zf
−
Z1 Vip Vout2
Vip
+
sub-circuit NI

Vout2 Zf
Voltage gain Vip =1+ Z1

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Opamp applications - 1
Rf Rf
R1 R1
V1
Vout Vout

V1
Inverting Amp. Non-inverting Amp.
Rf
R1
V1
R2 Vout
V2 Vout
V1

Weighted summer Non-inverting buffer

Rf R2 R4

R1
R3
V1
Vout R1
R2 V1
Vout
V2

R3
Difference Amp. Inverting Amp.

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Opamp applications - 2

vs is

Given a voltage signal, Given a current signal,

how to convert it into a how to convert it into a

current signal? voltage signal?

vs RL iL is RL vL

vs
iL = RL vL = i L R L

Larger the RL , smaller is the iL . Smaller the RL , smaller is the vL .

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Opamp applications - 2

vs is

Given a voltage signal, Given a current signal,

how to convert it into a how to convert it into a

current signal? voltage signal?

vs 2-port RL iL is 2-port RL vL

iL should be independent of RL vL should be independent of RL

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Opamp applications - 2

V-I Converter I-V Converter

Rf
R1
RL iL
−
−
is
vs + RL vL
+

iL = −vs
R1 is independent of RL vL = −is Rf is independent of RL

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Opamp applications - 2
V-I Converter I-V Converter

Rf
R1 −
RL iL
−
is
vs + RL vL
+

iL = −vs
is independent of RL vL = −is Rf is independent of RL
R1

V-I Converter for grounded loads

R1
Rf
−
vs
vs R1 iL = R1
+ Rf

RL iL

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Current Amplifier

I-I Converter

R2

R1
RL iL
−
is
+

R1 R1
iL = is + is R 2
= (1 + R2 )is

A current amplifier: load current is independent of RL .

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Integrator

1
R
is C vc = C is dt

Analog Voltage Integration:

R1 k
R
R − C
vc = C vs dt
k
vs V-I vc = C vs dt
C vs
+

1
R
vc = R1 C vs dt

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Differentiator

1
R
is C vc = C is dt

Analog Voltage Integration:

R1 k
R
R − C
vc = C vs dt
k
vs V-I vc = C vs dt
C vs
+

1
R
vc = R1 C vs dt
Analog Voltage Differentiation:

C
1
R
−vs = vout dt
− Rf Rf C

vs
+ vout = −Rf C dv
dt
s

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Opamp applications - 2

Phase shifter:

|Zf |∠θ2

|Z1 |∠θ1
vin −
vout
+

vout = | ZZ1f |∠(θ2 − θ1 )vin

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Opamp applications - Summary

1. Inverting and Non-inverting Amplifiers, Voltage buffer

2. Voltage Summer, Voltage subtractor
3. V-I converter or Transconductor or Voltage Controlled Current
Source
4. I-V converter or Transresistor or Current Controlled Voltage
Source
5. I-I converter or Current amplifier or Current Controlled
Current Source
6. Voltage integrator
7. Voltage differentiator
8. Phase shifter

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Further Learning ...

[1] A. Sedra and K. C. Smith, “Microelectronic Circuits,” 6th Ed., Oxford

university press, 2011.

EE 101: Basic Electronics

 Backup slides

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Opamp applications - 1

Rf Rf
R1 R1
v1
vout vout

v1
Inverting Amp. Non-inverting Amp.
Rf Rf
R1 vout R1 vout

v1 vx vx
G (0 − vx ) G (vx − 0)
v1

v1 −vx v1 −vout v1 −vx vout

vout = −Gvx ; R1 = R1 +Rf vout = Gvx ; R1 = R1 +Rf
v1 + vout v1 −vout v1 − vout vout
R1
G
= R1 +Rf R1
G
= R1 +Rf
−Rf /R1
vout = v1 R1 +Rf vout = v1 (Rf +R 1 )/R1
R1 +Rf
1+ GR1
1+ GR1
As G → ∞, As G → ∞,
vout vout Rf
v1 = −Rf
R1 v1 =1+ R1
EE 101: Basic Electronics
Opamp applications - 1

Rf
R1
v1
vout
R2
v2 vout
v1

Weighted Summer Non-inverting buffer

Rf Rf = 0
R1
v1 vout R1 = ∞ vout
R2
v2 vx
vx G (0 − vx ) G (vx − 0)
v1

As G → ∞, As G → ∞,

Rf Rf
vout = −[ R 1
v1 + R 2 v2 ] vout = v1

EE 101: Basic Electronics

Opamp applications - 1
Rf R2 R4

R1
R3
v1
vout R1
R2 v1
vout
v2

R3
Difference Amp. Inverting Amp.

R3 R1 +Rf Rf
vout = R2 +R3 R1 v2 − R 1 v1

If R3
R2 = Rf
R1 , ?
Rf
vout = R1 (v2 − v1 )

EE 101: Basic Electronics