The Muslim Empires: How Do Muslims Celebrate Their Beliefs?
The Muslim Empires: How Do Muslims Celebrate Their Beliefs?
The Muslim Empires: How Do Muslims Celebrate Their Beliefs?
Empires 1450–1800
Section 1 The Ottoman Empire
Section 2 The Rule of the S.afavids
Section 3 The Grandeur of the Moguls
MAKING CONNECTIONS
How do Muslims celebrate
their beliefs?
Jama Masjid, the largest mosque in India, was built during the
Mogul Empire. The Muslims shown here are offering prayers during
the celebration known as Eid-Al-Fitr, or the Celebration of Breaking the
Fast. In this chapter, you will learn more about the history and culture
of Muslims.
• What are the most widely practiced religions in the United States?
• How do other religious groups practice their beliefs?
1453
Ottomans, led 1529 1588
MUSLIM by Mehmed II,
lay siege to
Ottomans are
defeated at
Rule of Shāh `Abbās
begins, leading to peak
EMPIRES Constantinople Vienna of the S.afavid dynasty
482
(l) Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (r) Bridgeman Art Library, Manish Swarup/AP Images
Muslim Key Events Religion Society
Empires and Rulers and Art and Culture
Ottoman
Empire
Categorizing . vid
Safa
Empire
Create a Folded
Mogul
1739 1757 Table to categorize Empire
1776
Thomas Jefferson writes the
Declaration of Independence (ISTORY /.,).%
Chapter Overview—Visit glencoe.com to preview Chapter 15.
484
EXPANSION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO 1699
Aral
10°E 20°E 30°E 50°E Sea
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OCEAN MOLDAVIA
AUSTRIA Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
Mohács 1526 HUNGARY
40°
N
Kosovo WALACHIA
1389 Black Sea
ITALY Caspian
Balkan Constantinople Sea
Corsica Rome Peninsula ( İstanbul) 1453
SPAIN
BULGARIA
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it Sardinia Tig
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a
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1. Location Name the places and
dates for three battles that took
place as the Ottomans expanded Ottoman lands, c. 1300
into Europe. Territorial growth:
2. Place Locate places of strategic c. 1300–1326 (Osman) 1520–1566 (Süleyman l
1326–1451 the Magnificent)
importance for Ottoman expansion.
1451–1481 (Mehmed II) 1566–1699
See Student WorksTM Plus 1481–1520 (ending Battle
or glencoe.com. under Selim I)
489
LITHUANIA
MOLDAVIA
CRI MEA
H U N G A RY
Venice
Po R
.
EUROPE WALACHIA
e R.
ub Blac k Sea
an
A
D
PAPAL
d
ri
STATES Sofia
a
ti
O
c
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a T Adrianople
10°E Rome
O Constantinople
M (İstanbul)
Naples A Ankara
Thessaloníki N
Bursa
40°N
EM
Aegean PI
Sea
RE
Smyrna
Athens
Sicily
Tunis
Cyprus
N
0 400 kilometers Crete
0 400 miles
W E
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a
S
20°E
Jerusalem
30°E
Ottoman Empire, 1300–1451
N
Black Sea
W E
Bosporus S
Straits
İstanbul linked the
European and Asian
halves of the
Ottoman Empire. EUROPE
Roman Emperor Golden ASIA
Horn
Constantine founded İstanbul
Constantinople in 330. (Constantinople)
Route to the
Mediterranean Sea
0 10 kilometers
0 10 miles
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
Araldo de Luca/CORBIS
The Fall of
A 1,500 foot chain strung
across the Golden Horn kept
Constantinople
enemy ships out.
Crossroads of Europe and Asia For centuries,
empires fought over the site of Constantinople because
of its strategic location. Constantinople was located
between Asia and Europe. The city controlled a choke
point, or narrow passageway, where overland trade
routes crossed the peninsula. Dominating the cross-
roads between continents, it became a wealthy trad-
The Bosporus
ing city.
The Bosporus, a strait, divides the peninsula and
links the Black Sea with the Mediterranean.
Constantinople was surrounded by water—The Golden
Horn, the Bosporus, and the Sea of Marmara—making
it easy to defend and giving it control of this important
passage between the Black Sea and the
Sea of Marmara
Mediterranean.
Walls and towers
surrounded the city, making New Rome In the fourth century, Emperor
it easy to defend. Constantine, recognizing its strategic importance, built
15th-century
a new capital for the Roman Empire on the site. The
city map of new Rome was named Constantinople—Constantine’s
Eu Tig
Constantinople City. When the Roman Empire split in A.D. 395,
ph
rat
es
ris R. Constantinople was the capital of the eastern half,
R.
which became the Byzantine Empire.
ASIA
A Turning Point in History By the time Mehmed II
laid siege to Constantinople, the city was all that
remained of the once powerful Byzantine Empire. On
May 29, 1453, the Turks took the city and linked the
40°E European and Asian parts of the Ottoman Empire.
·
Mehmed II renamed the city I stanbul. With the
Ottoman Empire in control of this important cross-
roads, Europeans looked to the seas for trading routes
to Asia. These explorations lead Europeans to Africa
and the Americas.
Sultan Mehmed II
conquered 1. Location What about İstanbul’s loca-
Constantinople tion made it an important trading
for the Ottoman
Empire in 1453.
center?
2. Place Examine the fifteenth century
map of Constantinople. Why would you
expect the city to control travel on the
waterways surrounding it?
Content Vocabulary
• shah (p. 492)
The S∙ afavid Empire
• orthodoxy (p. 494)
Unified as a Shia nation, the S∙afavid Empire reached its height
• anarchy (p. 494) under Shaˉh ‘Abbaˉs.
HISTORY & YOU You and your friends probably have a bond because you
Academic Vocabulary believe in the same things. Learn how the S∙afavids unified their empire.
• administrator (p. 494) • successor (p. 494)
People and Events After the empire of Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) collapsed in the
• S∙afavids (p. 492)
early fifteenth century, the area extending from Persia into central
• Shaˉh Esmaˉ‘ıˉl (p. 492)
Asia fell into anarchy. At the beginning of the sixteenth century,
• Azerbaijan (p. 492)
however, a new dynasty known as the S.afavids (sah•FAH•weedz)
• Caspian Sea (p. 492)
took control. Unlike many of their Isamic neighbors who were
• Tabrıˉz (p. 492)
Sunni Muslims, the S.afavids became ardent Shias. (As discussed
• Eşfahaˉn (p. 493)
in Chapter 6, the Sunnis and Shias were the two major groups in
• Riza-i-Abbasi (p. 495)
the Islamic religion.)
Reading Strategy
Comparing and Contrasting The S∙ afavid Dynasty
As you read this section, use a Venn diagram like The S.afavid dynasty was founded by Shāh Esmā‘ı̄l (ihs•
the one below to compare and contrast the MAH•eel), the descendant of S.afı̄ od-Dı̄n (thus the name S.afa-
Ottoman and S∙afavid Empires. vid). In the early fourteenth century, S.afı̄ od-Dı̄n had been the
leader of a community of Turkish ethnic groups in Azerbaijan,
near the Caspian Sea.
Ottoman S∙afavid In 1501, Esmā‘ı̄l, in his teens at the time, used his forces to seize
Empire Empire
much of Iran and Iraq. He then called himself the shah, or king,
of a new Persian state. Esmā‘ı̄l sent Shia preachers into the Anato-
lian Peninsula to convert members of Turkish tribes in the Otto-
man Empire. The Ottoman sultan tried to halt this activity, but
Esmā‘ı̄l refused to stop. Esmā‘ı̄l also ordered the massacre of Sunni
Muslims when he conquered Baghdad in 1508.
Alarmed by these activities, the Ottoman sultan, Selim I,
advanced against the S.afavids in Persia. With their muskets and
artillery, the Ottomans won a major battle near Tabrıˉz. However,
Selim could not maintain control of the area. A few years later,
Esmā‘ı̄l regained Tabrıˉz.
During the following decades, the S.afavids tried to consolidate
their rule throughout Persia and in areas to the west. The S.afavids
were faced with the problem of integrating various Turkish peo-
ples with the settled Persian-speaking population of the urban
492
S∙ AVAFID EMPIRE, 1501–1722
Safavid
· Empire
Ottoman Empire
Mogul Empire 50°N
Lake
60°E 70°E
Azerbaijan Balkhash
Safavid-Ottoman conflict RUSSIA N
·
Safavid-Mogul conflict The Sheikh Lotfallah Mosque,
· E known for the fine tile work on
Aral
Black Sea W
Sea its dome and facade, was built in
Cas
40°N S
İstanbul 1602 in Eşfahaˉn by Shāh ‘Abbās.
pia
Am
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Samarqand
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Mediterranean hr
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Herat
at
Damascus Baghdad
es
Indus
Jerusalem -
Eşfahan
30°N
PERSIA
- -
Shıraz
Pe
Nile
Red
rsi
INDIA
Madinah (Medina)
an
Sea
Gu
ARABIA
lf
40°E 50°E
0 400 kilometers
20°N Makkah Arabian
0 400 miles
(Mecca) Lambert Conformal Conic projection
Sea
areas. The Shia faith was used as a unifying Sea with their fleet. This forced the new
force. Esmā‘ı̄l made conversion to the Shia S.afavid shah, ‘Abbās, to sign a peace treaty
faith mandatory for the largely Sunni in which he lost much territory in the
population. Many Sunnis were either northwest. The capital of the S.afavids was
killed or exiled. Like the Ottoman sultan, moved from the northwestern city of
the shah himself claimed to be the spiri- Tabrıˉz to the more centrally located city of
tual leader of all Islam. Eşfahaˉn. ‘Abbās adorned his new capital
In the 1580s, the Ottomans went on the city with the latest Persian architecture.
attack. They placed Azerbaijan under Eşfahaˉn became one of the world’s largest
Ottoman rule and controlled the Caspian cities with a population of one million.
Ed Kashi/CORBIS
Life under the S∙ afavids
The S∙afavid shahs played an active role in government
and trade, and they patronized the arts.
HISTORY & YOU Have you ever had to compete for a place on a team, Vocabulary
show, or leadership position? Learn how the S∙afavid shahs appointed 1. Explain the significance of: S∙afavids, Shaˉh
their top administrators. Esmaˉ‘ıˉl, Azerbaijan, Caspian Sea, shah,
Tabrıˉz, Eşfahaˉn, administrator, successor,
orthodoxy, anarchy, Riza-i-Abbasi.
Persia under the S.afavids was a mixed society. The
combination of Turkish and Persian elements affected
virtually all aspects of S.afavid society. Main Ideas
2. Describe how the S∙afavids tried to bring
the various Turkish and Persian peoples
Role of the Shah together.
The S.afavid rulers were eagerly supported by Shias. In 3. Summarize the significant events that
return, the shahs declared Shia Islam to be the state occurred during each shah’s reign by using
religion. Shahs were more available to their subjects than a chart like the one below.
were rulers elsewhere. “They show great familiarity to Shah Significant Events
strangers,” remarked one visitor, “and even to their own
subjects, eating and drinking with them pretty freely.”
Strong-minded shahs firmly controlled the power of the
landed aristocracy. In addition, appointment to senior
positions in the bureaucracy was based on merit rather 4. Explain why the S∙afavids may have found
than birth. For example, Shāh ‘Abbās hired a number of trade with Europe difficult.
foreigners from neighboring countries for positions in his
government.
Critical Thinking
5. The BIG Idea Explaining What was
Economy and Trade the shah’s role in S∙afavid society and
The S.afavid shahs played an active part in trade and government?
manufacturing activity. Most goods in the empire traveled 6. Evaluating What was the advantage in
by horse or camel caravans, and the roads were kept fairly moving the S∙afavid capital city from Tabrıˉz
clear of thieves and bandits. to Eşfahaˉn?
S.afavid Persia was probably not as prosperous as its 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the map on
neighbors to the east and west—the Moguls and the page 493. Approximately how much
Ottomans. Hemmed in by the sea power of the Europeans territory did the S∙afavids gain between
to the south and the land power of the Ottomans to the 1501 and the height of the empire?
west, the S.afavids found trade with Europe difficult.
Writing About History
S∙ afavid Culture 8. Expository Writing Analyze the impact of
the S∙afavid Empire’s geographical location
Knowledge of science, medicine, and mathematics under on its economy (what goods could be
the S.afavids was equal to that of other societies in the traded, trading partners, goods in high
region. Persia also witnessed an extraordinary flowering demand). Compare the S∙afavid economy
of the arts during the reign of Shāh ‘Abbās. Silk weaving with that of another country.
and carpet weaving flourished, stimulated by the great
demand for Persian carpets in the West. Persian painting
enjoyed a long tradition. Riza-i-Abbasi, the most famous
artist of this period, created exquisite works. Soft colors
and flowing movement dominated the features of S.afavid
painting. (ISTORY /.,).%
For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World
✓Reading Check Explaining On what basis were appointments History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central.
to senior bureaucratic positions made?
495
The Safavids:
·
At the Crossroads of Trade and of History
The nation known today as Iran has been at the center of world commerce for
centuries. From 1501 to 1722, the Safavid
· Empire unified Iran and added parts of
Turkey, Iraq, and Central Asia under their control. Trade with Europe was challenging
for the Safavids,
· but Iran (or Persia) was a vital connection between Asia and Europe
throughout several dynasties. The bazaar at Eşfahān, capitol under Shāh ‘Abbās, was
the center of Safavid
· economic power. Across the empire, bazaars in regional capitols
provided citizens with access to a variety of goods and merchandise.
496
Caravansaries were vital
stops on the Silk Road, a
trade route that stretched
from China to Europe.
LONG ON TRADE,
SHORT ON COINS
ANALYZING VISUALS
The Safavids
· had a chronic shortage of coins in circulation. Silver coins,
like those above were used by the government to pay administrative 1. What role did currency play
costs, by merchants to pay for goods purchased in large trade deals and in Safavid
· trade?
by some to pay taxes. Soldiers and the urban lower class used copper 2. How might buyers have
coins. Their value changed from year to year and could only be traded reacted to shopping for an
for silver coins in large sums. Rural people bartered for goods and services, item in a timce? How might
merchants have felt about
and rarely saw coins. The empire’s elite hoarded its small number of being organized this way?
gold coins.
497
The Grandeur of the Moguls
Although they were not natives of India, the Moguls
GUIDE TO READING established a new dynasty by uniting the country under a
The BIG Idea single government with a common culture. The Mogul Empire
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values reached its high point under the reign of Shah Akbar. The Taj
A country’s society and its culture reflect the
Mahal, built by Shāh Jahān, is a fine example of the blending
shared heritage of its people.
of Persian and Indian influences in the Mogul Empire.
Content Vocabulary
• zamindars (p. 499) • suttee (p. 501)
The Mogul Dynasty
Academic Vocabulary
• intelligent (p. 498) • principle (p. 501) Uniting India under a single government, the Moguls established a
new dynasty but eventually lost their empire.
People and Events HISTORY & YOU What would you do if you owed $500 in taxes but had only
• Bābur (p. 498) • Aurangzeb (p. 501) $150? Learn how Akbar suspended the payment of taxes in hard times.
• Khyber Pass (p. 498) • Taj Mahal (p. 501)
• Delhi (p. 498) • Agra (p. 501)
• Akbar (p. 498) • Kolkata (p. 503)
In 1500, the Indian subcontinent was still divided into a number
• Shāh Jahān (p. 500) • Chennai (p. 503)
of Hindu and Muslim kingdoms. However, the Moguls established
• Deccan Plateau
a new dynasty and brought a new era of unity to the region.
(p. 500)
Rise of the Moguls
Reading Strategy
Summarizing Information As you
The Moguls were not natives of India. They came from the
read this section, create a chart listing the accom- mountainous region north of the Indus River valley. The founder
plishments and weaknesses of the Mogul rulers. of the Mogul dynasty was Bābur. His father was descended from
the great Asian conqueror Timur Lenk; his mother, from the Mongol
Ruler Accomplishments Weaknesses conqueror Genghis Khan. Bābur had inherited a part of Timur
Lenk’s empire in an upland river valley of the Syr Dar’ya. As a
youth, he led a group of warriors who seized Kabul in 1504. Thirteen
years later, Bābur’s forces crossed the Khyber Pass into India.
Bābur’s forces were far smaller than those of his enemies. How-
ever, they had advanced weapons, including artillery, and used
them to great effect. Bābur captured Delhi and established his
power in the plains of North India. He continued his conquests in
North India until his death in 1530 at the age of 47.
498
65°E 70°E 75°E
Dar’ya EXPANSION OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE, 1530–1707
Syr
x rtes)
a
(Ja
Samarqand
80°E 85°E 90°E 95°E 100°E 105°E
Am
u Dar’ya
(O
xu s
)
H
US
DUK
HIN ¯
Mogul Empire, 1530 (death of Babur)
Kabul Khyber Territorial growth:
30°N
1504 Pass CHINA to 1605 (death of Akbar)
¯ Jahan)
to 1657 (imprisonment of Shah ¯
Panipat to 1707 (death of Aurangzeb)
1526, 1566
Mogul conquest
PERSIA ive
r
us R H I
25°N d M A
Delhi
In
L A Y A
1526 Agra
Ranthambhor
1569 Ganges Riv
e
Arabian
r
Chitor
Sea 1568
INDIA
20°N
Deccan Bay of
Bengal
INDIAN Plateau
15°N OCEAN
W 1. Human-Environment
E
Interaction What physical
10°N S
characteristic contributed to the
Moguls’ failure to expand south?
2. Movement How does this map
0 400 kilometers
support the text’s statement that
5°N 0 400 miles Akbar was the greatest of the
Two-Point Equidistant projection conquering Mogul monarchs?
but was actually a collection of semi- Akbar was also tolerant in his adminis-
independent states held together by the tration of the government. The upper ranks
power of the emperor. of the government bureaucracy were filled
Akbar was probably the greatest of the with nonnative Muslims, but many of the
conquering Mogul monarchs, but he is best lower-ranking officials were Hindus.
known for the humane character of his rule. It became common practice to give the
Like all Mogul rulers, Akbar was born a lower-ranking officials plots of farmland for
Muslim, but he adopted a policy of religious their temporary use. These local officials,
tolerance. As emperor, he showed a keen known as zamindars, kept a portion of the
interest in other religions and tolerated taxes paid by the peasants in lieu of a salary.
Hindu practices. He even welcomed the They were then expected to forward the
expression of Christian views by his Jesuit rest of the taxes from the lands under their
advisers at court. By taking a Hindu princess control to the central government. Zamindars
as one of his wives, Akbar put his policy of came to exercise considerable power and
religious tolerance into practice. authority in their local districts.
Overall, the Akbar era was a time of Jahāngı̄r was able and ambitious. During
progress, at least by the standards of the the early years of his reign, he continued to
day. All Indian peasants were required to strengthen the central government’s con-
pay about one-third of their annual harvest trol over his vast empire.
to the state, but the system was applied Eventually, however, his grip began to
justly. When bad weather struck in the weaken when he fell under the influence
1590s, taxes were reduced or suspended of one of his wives, Persian-born Nu –r
altogether. Thanks to a long period of peace Jahān. As Jahāngı̄r slowly lost interest in
and political stability, trade and manufac- governing, he gave more authority to Nu –r
turing flourished. Jahān. The empress used her position to
The era was an especially prosperous one enrich her own family. She arranged the
in the area of foreign trade. Indian goods, marriage of her niece to her husband’s
notably textiles, tropical food products and third son and successor, Shāh Jahān.
spices, and precious stones, were exported During his reign from 1628 to 1658, Shāh
in exchange for gold and silver. Arab traders Jahān maintained the political system
handled much of the foreign trade because established by earlier Mogul rulers. He
the Indians, like their Mogul rulers, did also expanded the boundaries of the empire
not care for travel by sea. through successful campaigns in the
Deccan Plateau and against the city of
Samarqand, north of the Hindu Kush.
Decline of the Moguls Shāh Jahān’s rule was marred by his fail-
Akbar died in 1605 and was succeeded ure to deal with growing domestic
by his son Jahāngı̄r (juh•HAHN•gihr). problems, however. He had inherited a
The Taj Mahal is widely considered to be Persian masters to create the Mogul school
the most beautiful building in India, if not of painting. The “Akbar style” combined
in the entire world. The building seems to Persian with Indian motifs. It included
have monumental size, nearly blinding the portrayal of humans in action, for
brilliance, and delicate lightness. example—a characteristic not usually seen
Another major artistic achievement of in Persian art. Akbar also encouraged his
the Mogul period was in painting. Like artists to imitate European art forms,
architecture, painting in Mogul India including the use of perspective and life-
resulted from the blending of two cultures: like portraits.
Persian and Indian. Akbar established a
state workshop for artists, mostly Hindus, ✓Reading Check Describing What was
who worked under the guidance of significant about the “Akbar style” of art?
503
Visual Summary
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3. What is another word for lawlessness and disorder? 7. The success of which type of empire was largely based on its
A Rebellion mastery of firearms?
B Orthodoxy A Bourgeois
C Revolt B Gunpowder
D Anarchy C Blackfriar
D Pastoral
4. The private domain of a sultan was called the .
A sanctuary 8. Under which ruler did the Ottoman Empire reach its high
B mosque point?
C harem A Selim I
D zamindar B Selim II
C Mehmed II
D Süleyman I
11. S·afavid society was a combination of Turkish and what kind 0 400 kilometers
B Persian
Delhi
C Ottoman
BENGAL
D French INDIA
Plassey
Arabian 1757
Sea Fort William
Section 3 (pp. 498–503) Surat
20°N
12. What was the “Black Hole of Calcutta”? Bay of
Bengal
A An oil spill
B A great whirlpool
INDIAN OCEAN
C Ornamental art Madras (Chennai)
D An underground prison Pondicherry
10°N 1761
Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
13. Which building is widely considered the most beautiful in British trading fort
India, if not in the entire world? French trading fort N
Over a span of 300 years, the Ottomans conquered the Byzantine 19. What type of furnishings did this Indian family have?
Empire and expanded into western Asia, Africa, and Europe to 20. From reading this passage, what can you conclude about
create the Ottoman Empire. The chart shows Ottoman expansion the lives of Indian people during the Mogul Empire?
over a 115-year period.
18. Name the ruler and the area conquered that ensured
Ottoman control of the Bosporus.
A Selim I, Mesopotamia
B Mehmed II, Constantinople
C Süleyman I, Libya (ISTORY /.,).%
D Selim I, Arabia For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes—
Chapter 15 at glencoe.com.