Endocrine Resonance

Human Physiology
(Chemical Coordination and Integration)
Endocrine = (greek, endon = within, cirenin = to set apart)
Study of endocrine glands and their hormone is called as endocrinology.

Thomas Addison is called as father of endocrinology.
These gland are called as ductless glands and secretion as hormone.
Hormone term is given by Starling. (Hormone = To excite).
Secretin was the first hormone discovered by Beyliss and Starling secreted from duodenal mucosa
but first isolated hormone is insulin discovered by Banting & Best.
Important in homeostasis called Walter-D-cannon.
Huxley called it chemical messenger (Autocoid).
Endocrine glands lack ducts, hence called ductless glands (glands of internal secretions). Their
secretions are called hormones (chemical messenger/autocoid/informaiton molecules)
The classical definition of hormone as a chemical produced by endocrine glands and released into the
blood and transported to a distantly located target organ has current scientific definition as follows:
Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produced
in trace amounts.
The endocrine glands and the hormones producing defused tissues/cells in different part of our body
constitute the endocrine system.
The neural system and the endrocrine system jointly co-ordinate & regulate the physiological function
in body.
Pituitary, pineal, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus & gonads (testis in males & ovary in females)
are the organised endocrine glands in human body.
Gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, heart also produce hormones.
NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 1

Hormones are divided into following groups on the basis of chemical nature –
(1) Modified amino acid - Thyroid hormone (Iodothyronine) – T4 = Thyroxine / Tetraiodothyronine,
T3 = Tridothyronine
(2) Amines - Catecholamines e.g. Epinephrine (Adrenaline), norepinephrine, melatonin.
(3) Steroid - (i) Male sex hormone - Testosterone, Androgen
(ii) Female sex hormone - Oestrogen + Progesterone + Oestradiol
(iii) Hormone of adrenal cortex- Cortisol, Cortisone, Corticosterone
(4) Peptide - Short chain - e.g. Octapeptide - Oxytocin. Long chain- ACTH, MSH
(5) Protein - GH, TSH, FSH, LH, Relaxin, PTH, STH but LH and FSH hormone are glycoproteinaceous
nature.
MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION
Hormones produce their effects on target tissues by binding to specific proteins called hormone
receptors located in the target tissues only.
Hormone receptors present on the cell membrane of the target cells are called membrane-bound
receptors and the receptors present inside the target cell are called intracellular receptors, mostly
nuclear receptors (present in the nucleus).
Binding of a hormone to its receptor leads to the formation of a hormone-receptor complex. Each
receptor is specific to one hormone only and hence receptors are specific.
Hormone-Receptor complex formation leads to certain biochemical changes in the target tissue. Tar-
get tissue metabolism and hence physiological functions are regulated by hormones.
Hormones which interact with membrane-bound receptors normally do not enter the target cell, but
generate second messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP, IP3, Ca++, DAG, cGMP etc) which in turn regulate
cellular metabolism. (a)
Hormones which interact with intracellular receptors (e.g., steroid hormones, iodothyronines, etc.)
mostly regulate gene expression or chromosome function by the interaction of hormone-receptor
complex with the genome. Cumulative biochemical actions result in physiological and developmental
effects. (b)

On the basis of activity hormones of two types-
(1) Hormones which act very fast-These are large molecules which bind to plasma membrane of receptor and
form hormone-receptor complex.
This complex active adenyl cyclase enzyme.
This enzyme convert ATP into cyclic AMP, which act as second messanger.
This cyclic AMP goes into cytoplasm and active enzymes according to hormones. Ex. Adrenaline,
Insulin, TSH, LH etc.
(2) Lag Period Hormone& These are small size molecules which enter directly into the cytoplasm and bind to
protein and form hormone- protein complex.
These complex stimulate genes, which forms mRNA by transcription and by the process of translation
enzymes forms in cytoplasm according to hormone.

Hypothalamus is the basal part of diencephalon (forebrain) and it regulates wide spectrum of body
functions. So that it is known as master of master gland (pituitary gland).
It contains several groups of neurosecretory cells called nuclei which produce hormones.
It secretes 12 neurohomones. Among them some are releasig factor (hormone) which stimulate the
secretion of pituitary hormone such as - G.H.R.F., T.S.H.R.F., P.R.F., M.S.H.R.F., A.C.T.H.R.F., L.H.R.F.
Some are inhibiting hormone which inhibit secretion of pituitary hormones e.g. G.H.I.F., M.S.H.I.F.,P.I.F.
GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) stimulates the pituitary synthesis & release of gonadotropin.
Growth hormone inhibitory factor (GHIF) is also called somatostatin, which inhibit secretion of growth
hormone from pituitary glands. cells of islets of langerhans also secrete this inhibitory factor.
It also secrete oxytocin and ADH.
Hypothalamo hypophysial portal system -

All the hormones of hypothalamus originatinating in the hypothalamic neurons pass through axons and
released from their nerve endings.
These hormones reach the pituitary gland through a portal system called hypothalamo hypophysical
portal system which is present between the hypothalamus and adenohypophysis.
Releasing factor and inhibitory factor comes into the adenohypophysis through this portal system,
which regulate the function of anterior pituitary.

Smallest endocrine gland.
Also called as Hypophysis cerebri.
Pituitary term was given by vesalius.
Pituitary gland is ectodermal in origin.
This is also called as master gland/ Leader of endocrine

orchestra/ Chief executive of endocrine system.
Pituitary gland is situated at the floor of diencephalon in sella

tursica (Cavity in sphenoid bone) and is attached to
hypothalamus by a stalk.
It is homologus to herdmania’s subneural gland and amphioxus muller organ.
Structure of Pituitary gland-
Structurally pituitary gland is divided into two parts -
(i) Adenohypophysis - (Anterior lobe + Intermediate lobe) This is divided into three parts -
(a) Pars distalis (b) Pars intermedia (c) Pars tuberalis
(ii) Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) - Consist of three parts -
(a) Pars nervosa
(b) Infundibulum or stalk of pituitary gland
(c) Median eminence or Tubercinerium.
(i) ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
Adenohypophysis originated from the Rathke pouch of stomodeum.
Adenohypophysis secretes 6 hormones.
1. Growth hormone 2. T.S.H. 3. F.S.H.
4. L.H. 5. Prolactin 6. ACTH

Growth hormone + Prolactin secreted by acidophils or cells.
TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, Secreted by Basophils or cells.
Chromophils are the precursor of and cells.
HORMONES OF ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (Anterior lobe of pituitary)
(1) Growth Hormone (GH) or Somatotropic Hormone (STH) :
It is proteinaceous hormone.
Function :
Stimulate the cell division.
Act on the epiphysial plate of bone so bone increase in length so height also increase.
It stimulate the gluconeogenesis .
It helps in glycogenesis, Stimulate the lipolysis (oxidation of fats) and protein synthesis in this way it
stimulate physical growth.
Effect of excess of growth hormone
(i) Gigantism in childhood Below 18 years, Over secretion of GH stimulates abnormal growth of the
body
(ii) Acromegaly - In adult. gorilla like organ : enlargement of hand and feet and the nose and lower jaw are
lengthened.
Effect of deficiency of growth hormone.
Pituitary dwarfism :
Low secretion of GH results in stunted growth in childhood.
In this patient’s I.Q. is normal.
They are called midgets or circus joker they are sterile.
Simmonds’’s disease :
Generally found in adult female.
At the time of delivery excessive bleeding occur due to which blood supply to adenohypophysis
decrease
Pituitary Myxodema
.......
(2) Thyroid stimulating hormone :
TSH stimulates the thyroid follicles to secrete thyroid hormone.
It affects indirectly.
The Hormones that show its effect indirectly called chalones. e.g. TSH, ACTH, ICSH.
Hormone that shows its effect directly called automones e.g. GH, Insulin, EPN (Epinephrine).
(3) ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone) :
It is long peptide hormone. Stimulate the adrenal cortex to release the adenocorticoid.

Gonadotropins : - LH & FSH stimulate gonadial activity. Hence, are called gonadotrophins.
(4) FSH (Follicular stimulating hormone)-
In male it stimulate the spermatogenesis.
In female it stimulate the oogenesis.
(5) LH (Lutenizing Hormone)- In male it is called ICSH [Interstitial cell stimulating hormone]
It stimulate synthesis & secretion of hormone called androgens from testis.
It also stimulate the leydig cells (interstitial cell) to secrete the testosterone.
In female it is responsible for ovulation of fully mature follicle
Responsible for rupturing of the graafian follicle, formation of corpus luteum occur and corpus luteum
secrete progesterone.
(6) Prolactin - Also called milk synthesizing hormone.
Stimulate the milk synthesis in mammary gland.
Also found in birds.
MSH - Melanocyte stimulating hormone.

It is only one hormones secretes from pars intermedia. However in human the pars intermedia is
almost merged with pars distalis.
It is long peptide hormone.
It acts on melanocyte and regulate pigmentation of skin.
In normal condition it is not confirm that it is secreted or not secreted but in adisson’s disease ACTH
increase and MSH increase so, cause the hyper pigmentation (Bronze skin).
(ii) NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

It is the posterior lobe of pituitary gland. It is formed by extra growth of diencephalon
Terminal end of axon are swollen which are called Herring bodies.
Herring body collect the neurohormones oxytocin and ADH.
Oxytocin and ADH synthesized inside the hypothalamus and comes into the neurohypophysis through
the axons.
Oxytocin synthesize in the supra optic nuclei and ADH synthesize in paraventricular nuclei.
HORMONES OF NEUROHYPOPHYSIS -
(i) Oxytocin (Pitocin) -
Oxytocin is also called milk ejecting hormone because it helps in the milk ejection.
Also called birth harmone.
Main role - It contract the smooth muscles of upper segment of uterus and baby delivered easily.
Parturition is normal physiological process which is mainly done by oxytocin.
(ii) Vasopressin (Pitressin) -
It acts on DCT and collecting duct, stimulates reabsorption of water & electrolyte and inhibits diuresis.
Hence, it is called antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Deficiency
The deficiency of antidiuretic hormone causes the diabetes
insipidus.
Polyurea - Increase in urine out put.
Polydipsia - increase in take of water.
In this disease urine output = 10 lit/day
Normal urine output = 1.5 lit/day
It origin from exoderm and formed by ependial and glial cells.

Previously it was called as vestigial third eye. But now confirmed to be endocrine gland.
Present in Cyclostomata.
Present behind the epithalamus and roof of diancephalon. (on dorsal side of Forebrain) Secrete a
hormone called melatonin (antagonist of melanin) for which synthesis tyrosine amino acid is required.
It causes the light colour of skin.
Inhibit the gonadial function. Remain active upto 7 years after the birth.
Pineal body inactivation leads to puberty.
After inactivation Ca salt deposited in it. It is called brain sand. Brain sand in also called Acervalli
Melatonin plays a very important role in the regulation of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body. For
example, it helps in maintaining the normal rhythms of sleep-wake cycle, body temperature.
In addition, melatonin also influences metabolism, pigmentation, the menstrual cycle as well as our
defense capability.
Discovered by Thomas warton.

Homologus to endostyle of protochordate.
Largest gland of the body.
“H” shaped. Size - 5 × 2 × 2 cm
Weight - 24 gm, (25-35 gm).
Large in size in female.
Present at ventral surface of larynx.
Structure of Thyroid gland -
Single lobe in reptiles, Pisces & Amphibians.
In human body it is consist of two lobes. Both lobes are interconnected with a thin flap of connective
tissue called is isthmus.
Each lobe have many thyroid follicles and stromal tissues.

Each follicle is lined by a cuboidal glandular follicular epithelium of acinal cells and surrounds a
gelatinous material, called colloid which is inactive thyroglobulin.
Group of endocrine cells are found between thyroid follicles and connective tissue, those are called
parafollicular cells or c-cells. C-cells secrete calcitonin or thyrocalcitonin hormone
Hormones of Thyroid Gland - Iodine is essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the thyroid gland.
T3 (triiodothyronin)
T4 (tetraiodothyronin)

Thyrocalcitonin
Due to stimulus of TSH, crinophagy of thyroglobulin occur through the lysosome.
Then thyroid hormone release into the blood.
T3 (triiodothyronin) secreted 4 mg/days. T 4 (tetraiodothyronin) secreted 100 mg/day.
T3 four times more active than T4.
It controls the BMR in this, it stimulate the cell oxidation.
The BMR (B.M.R.- Basal matabolic rate) in minimum energy requirement for normal functioning of body
in male = 40 cal/m. or 2000 k.cal/day.
The BMR in female = 37.5 cal/m.
Helps in the metamorphosis. (meta = Transformation) So frog become adult because it help in the cell
differentiation. (Metamorphosis = Tadpole larva adult frog)
These hormones also support the process of red blood cell formation. Thyroid hormones control the
metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance is also influenced by thyroid hormones.
Thyroid gland also secretes a protein hormone called thyrocalcitonin (TCT) which regulates the blood
calcium levels.
Help or play role in the mental physical and sexual development of gonads.
Increase or stimulate the gluconeogenesis.
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion

Effect of deficiency - Hypothyroidism - Deficiency of Iodine in our diet results in hypothyroidism then is causes
decrease of T4 and T3. In adult women hypothyroidism may cause menstrual cycle to become irregular.
Following diseases are charcacterized by hypothyroidism.
(i) Cretinism (Disease of infant) - Decrease of T4 and T3 in child causes the mentally retarded dwarf called
cretin.
In this low intelligence quotient, abnormal skin, deaf mutism etc..
In this heart rate decrease , low BP and body appear cold.
(ii) Myxoedema (Gull’s disease) - Decrease of T4 & T3 in adult.
Due to deposition of myxomatous tissue (mucopolysaccharide).
Puffyness on face and neck occur due to collection of water.
Feels cold. HR (Heart rate) Decreases , BP Decrease, Hypokinetic Movement, Inability to concentrate.
(iii) Endemic goiter or Simple goiter- Due to deficiency of iodine, synthesis of thyroid hormone decrease.
(Endemic = localised area).
Low level of thyroid hormone causes increase secretion of TSH. (T4 TSH ) = feed back machanism).
TSH stimulate the thyroid follicles to secrete the thyroid hormone.
Continuous stimulation of TSH causes the enlargement of thyroid gland. This enlargement is called
goiter.
(iv) Hashimoto’s disease - Also called auto immune thyroiditis.
In this auto antibodies are synthesizes against the thyroid hormone, thyroglobulin and cells of thyroid
follicles, so thyroid gland is destroyed.
It is called suicide of thyroid. It may also be induced in the patient of hypothyroidism by therapeutic
hormone therapy.
Hyperthyroidism - Increased level of thyroid hormone. Due to cancer of the thyroid gland or due to development
of nodules of the thyroid glands, the rate of synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones is increased to
abnormal high levels leading to a condition called hyperthyroidism which adversely affects the body
physiology.

Following diseases are charcacterized by hyperthyroidism.
(i) Grave’s disease - Protrusion of eye ball occur due to deposition of Mucous behind the eye ball. It is called
exopthalamous. Exophthalmic goitre is main symptom of this disease.
HR , B.P. , Hyperkinetic movement, Insomnia, Anxiety happens in this disease.
(ii) Plummer’s disease or Toxic adenoma- Many toxic nodules form inside the thyroid gland.
PARATHYROID GLAND Or COLLIP GLAND

It is developed from 3rd and 4th pharengeal pouch.
Parathyroid first recorded by Reynard.
It is two pairs or 4 in number.
Each lobe of thyroid gland have one pair of parathyroid gland at the
posterior side.
Parathyroid gland secrete a peptide hormone i.e. para thyroid hormone (PTH). It is also called
collips hormone and it discovered by Phillips Collips.
The secretion of PTH is regulated by the circulating level of Ca++ ions in blood.
PTH is secreted in response to decrease blood calcium level.
PTH stimulate the activity of osteoclast cell. It dissolves the bone and release the Ca++ into the blood. In
this way it increase Ca++ in blood, decrease in PO4.
PTH increase the absorption of Ca+2 from intestine and tubules of nephron. It is thus clear that PTH is
a hypercalcemic hormone i.e. it increase the blood calcium level.
PTH increase the excretion of PO4¯ ions
Hyperparathyroidism - Increase in PTH.
It causes the osteoporosis bones become fragile.
It is called ostetic fibrous cystica.
More chances of forming of renal stones.
Hypoparathyroidism- Low level of parathyroid hormone leads to hypocalcimia, which causes tetany.In tetany
muscle remain in state of contraction or inability to relax.

Origin is ectodermal it developed from IIIrd pharengeal pouch.
Thymus gland is a lobular structure, present in the mediastenum between pericardium and sternum(on
the dorsal side of heart & aorta).
Actually it is lymphoid tissue that is form of lymphocyte.
At the periphery of thymus gland thymocyte are present.
Central portion has Hassle’s corpuscle. Hassle’s corpuscle is phagocytic tissue.
Thymocyte secrete 3 hormones–
(i) Thymosin (ii) Thymin-I (iii) Thymin-II
Helps in the differentiation and maturation of T-lymphocyte, which play an important role in cell mediated
immunity.
Thymosin increase the activity of T-lymphocyte
In addition thymosin also promote production of antibodies to provide humoral immunity.
Tumor of thymus gland called thymoma. In this condition defective T-helper cells are formed. These
defective T-helper cells stimulate the B-lymphocyte to form the auto antibodies against the acetylcholine
receptors. Auto antibodies are found at neuromuscular junction. Auto antibodies distroy their receptors.
So acetylcholine does not produce its effect, so the neuromuscular transmission does not occur so
contraction in muscles also does not occur and this disease is called Myasthenia Gravis (Severe
muscle Weakness).
At the time of puberty thymus gland attain maximum activity.
After that gradually starts to shrink and at old age become microscopic. (Immunogenic theory of
ageing thymus gland shrink with age).
Also called supra renal gland (emergency gland).

One pair of adrenal gland present on anterior
part of each kidney
Discovered by Eustachious.
Also called 4S gland.
S – Salt
4S S – Sugar
S – Sex
S – Stress

Also called 3-F gland. suitable for adrenal medulla. (i) FEAR (ii) FIGHT (iii) Flight
Adrenal gland consist of Two parts outer is cortex and inner is medulla.
(I) Cortex - Mesodermal in origin. Consist of three layers.

(1) G - Zona glomerulosa - Mineralocorticoid
(2) F - Zona fasciculata - Glucocorticoid
(3) R - zona reticularis - Sex hormone & Glucocorticoid
Commonly all the hormones secreted by adrenal cortex called corcoid hormone.
Mineralocorticoids :
Cortiocoids which regulate the balance of water & electrolyte in human body are called mineralocorticoids.
Zona glomerulosa secrete the mineralocorticoids. Ex- Aldosterone or salt retaining hormone.
Angiotensin II stimulate the secretion of mineralocorticoids (R.A.A.S.).
Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid in human body.
Aldosterone - Act on DCT and collecting duct and increase the Na+ ion absorption (Passive absorption).
EXCESS
Cone syndrome- Discovered by cone
Increase in mineralocorticoid so that increase in Na+ & decrease in K+.
Hypernatremia ( increase in Na+)
Edema, increase inBP (Blood Pressure)
Hypokalemia (decrease in K+)
Glucocorticoids - The corticoids which are involve in carbohydrate metabolism called as glucocorticoids. It
stimulate the gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis and inhibit cellular uptake and utilisation of amino
acid In human body main glucocorticoid is cortisol. It is also involved in maintaining the cardio-vascular
system as well as the kidney functions.
Zona fasiculata - Mainly secreate the glucocorticoid. Sex hormones are also secreted in small amount.
Mainly stimulate the conversion of amino acids into glucose.
Hormone that increase the blood glucose level called diabetogenic factor Ex. Glucagon, glucocorticoid,
growth hormone.
Protein catabolism occur. Glucocorticoids stimulate the deamination and urea formation.
Glucocorticoid (mainly cortisol) is anti inflammatory agent. It stops the WBC function and prevent
the inflammation.
It is immuno supressant. Helps in organ transplantation. (due to supression of auto antibody). Stimulate
the Eosinopenia [decrease the immunity of Eosinophils] = Anti allergic Action. Penia = decrease,

Philia = Increase.
Sex Hormones:
Zona reticularis - Mainly secrete sex hormone and in small quantity it secrete glucocorticoids.
In male secrete - Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
In female it secrete estradiol. DHEA and oestradiol both are secreted by every male & every female but
dominant secondary sex character is depend on dominency in between these two hormone.
These are also play a role in the growth of axial hair, pubic hair and facial hair during puberty.
EXCESS
(i) Cushing syndrome (increase glucocorticoids) -
(i) BP increase. (ii) Bones irregular
(iii) Weight loss. due to protein catabolism (iv) Moon face
(v) Buffalo hump– Fat pad deposition on neck & thorax.
(ii) Adrenal virilism - In female (oestradiol < DHEA).
Feminizing character decrease. Excess hair growth occur, male character in female (Hirsutism).
Effect of deficiency of Adrenocorticoid - Addison’s disease :

Low level of adrenocorticoids causes increase secretion of ACTH.
When excessive secretion of ACTH occurs then MSH also secrete in high quantity. MSH Stimulate the
melanin pigment synthesis. That causes the frog (Blackish brown) skin.
(II) Adrenal medulla - Adrenal medulla consists of chromaffin cells. chromaffin cells secrete the noradrenaline (nor
epinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine), these are commonly called as a catecholamines.
Adrenaline and noradrenaline are rapidly secreted in response to stress of any kind and during
emergency situations and are called emergency hormones or hormones of Fight or Flight.
These hormones increase alertness, pupilary dilation, piloerection (raising of hairs), sweating etc.
Both the hormones increase the heart beat, the strength of heart contraction and the rate of respiration.
Catecholamines also stimulate the breakdown of glycogen resulting in an increased concentration of
glucose in blood. In addition, they also stimulate the breakdown of lipids and proteins.
EXCESS
Pheochromocytoma - Tumor of adrenal medulla causes hypersecretion of medullary hormone. BP
Increase in this disease.
Pancreas is a composite gland, which acts as both exocrine and endocrine gland.
Endocrine part of pancreas is called islets of langerhans it has 5 type of cells.
(i) cells - (15 -25%) - Glucagon (ii) cells - (65 - 80%) - Insulin
(iii) cells - (10-15%) - Gastrin (iv) cells (2-8%) - Somatostatin.
(v) PP cells or F cells
There are about 1 to 2 million Islets of Langerhans in a normal human pancreas representing only
1 to 2 percent of the pancreatic tissue.
(1) INSULIN - Banting and Best first obtain from calfs’s pancreas. He discovered the function of insulin also.
Insulin term is given by Schaelter.
Abet crystallize the insulin.

Sanger describe the molecular structure of insulin and won Noble prize two times and also describe
the best sequence of DNA.
It is a peptide hormone, which play important role in regulation of glucose homeostasis.
It is composed of 51 amino acids and its molecular weight is 6000.
It is composed of two type of polypeptide chain. Polypeptide-A (21) + Polypeptide-B (30) = 51
Human insulin prepared by Tsan.
It acts mainly on hepatocytes & adipocytes.
Insulin is called hypoglycemic factor or antidiabetic factor because it decreases blood glucose level
by increasing the uptake of glucose by cell, Inhibiting the gluconeogenesis and stimulating the
glycogenesis.
Stimulate the lipogenesis.
It stimulate the protein synthesis. Growth hormone become more effective in presence of insulin.
Deficiency of insulin -
(i) Diabetes mellitus - Characterized by
Hyperglycemia
Polyurea
Polydypsia
Cells utilize the lipids. Incomplete oxidation of lipids produce ketone bodies. e.g. Acetoacetate,
Acetobutyric acid. So acidosis (Diabetic keto acidosis) occur. So patient become unconscious and it
leads to coma. It is called Hyperglycemic coma.
Excess of Insulin -
Tumor of insulin secreting cells (insulinoma) characterized by Hypoglycemia.
(2) GLUCAGON -
Glucagon is a peptide hormone, which plays an important role in maintaining normal blood glucose
level.
Causes hyperglycemia (increase blood sugar level) by following mechanism:
Glucagon acts mainly on the liver cells (hepatocytes) and stimulates glycogenolysis resulting in an
increased blood sugar level (hyperglycemia).
It stimulates the process of gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from non carbohydrate substance)
which also contributes to hyperglycemia.
Glucagon reduces the cellular glucose uptake and utilisation.
Note - The glucose homeostasis in blood is maintained jointly by the two hormone insulin & glucagon.
(3) SOMATOSTATIN
It is growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
A pair of testis is present in the scrotal sac (outside abdomen) of male individuals.
Testis performs dual functions as a primary sex organ as well as an endocrine gland.
Testis is composed of seminiferous tubules and stromal or interstitial tissue.
Interstitial cells or Leydig cells secrete a group of hormone called androgen mainly testosterone.
Testosterone and other Androgens are important in development, maturation & function of sex organ and
secondary sexual characters in male.

Androgens play a major stimulatory role in the process of spermatogenesis (formation of spermatozoa).
Androgens act on the central neural system and influence the male sexual behaviour (libido).
These hormones produce anabolic (synthetic) effects on protein and carbohydrate metabolism.
Sertoli cells - Inhibin hormone which decrease the secretion of FSH.
Females have a pair of ovaries located in the abdomen. Ovary is the primary female sex organ which
also work as endocrine gland.
Ovary produces two groups of steroid hormones called estrogen and progesterone.
Theca interna of follicular cells secreate the estrogen. It regulate female sexual behaviour, stimulation
of growth and activities of female secondary sex organs.
After ovulation ruptured follicle is converted into corpus luteum which secrete progesterone.
Progesterone supports pregnancy. Progesterone also acts on the mammary glands and stimulates the
formation of alveoli and milk secretion.
It develops only in pregnant eutherian placental female.

It is the connection between foetus and mother.
It produces some important hormones.
(i) HCG - Human Chorional Gonadotropic. It helps in development and maintenance of placenta. HCG
releases in urine on the basis of it gravidex test has been done.
(ii) Placental estrogen and Placental Progesterone-Both helpful in development of mammary glands.
(iii) Placental lactogen - Helps in milk secretion
(iv) Relaxin - Helps in parturition.
Ergosterol UV Rays Cholesterol

Absorption in intestine Kidney Liver
++
Ca 1,2,5 dihydroxy cholecalciferol
Stimulate the deposition of Ca+ in bone.
J.G. (Juxta Glomerular) Cells Renin.

Convertase enz
Renin is enzymatic hormone. Angiotensinogen Re nin Angiotensin I Angiotensin II.
This induce secretion of aldosterone and it is a vasoconstrictor.
The juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produce a peptide hormone called erythropoietin which
stimulates erythropoiesis (formation of RBC).

The atrial wall of our heart secretes a very important peptide hormone called atrial natriuretic
factor (ANF), which decreases blood pressure.
When blood pressure is increased, ANF is secreted which causes dilation of the blood vessels. This
reduces the blood pressure.
Primitively called intra species chemical messenger.

Secreted by Exocrine gland.
These are intra–specific chemical messengers released by an animal into air to initiate specific
response in another animal of same species. These may be signals of food, mate etc. These are also
called ectohormones or Sanio chemicals. Term pheromone was coined by Karlson and Butenandt
(1959).
Volatile in nature. Secreted in the external environment.
Pheromones are protein and lipid derivative.
Long carbon chain containing pheromones called sex pheromones which strimulate sex conjugation
and help to attract opposite sex.
Short chain carbon containing pheromones are alarm pheromone, they gives alarm signal.
Sex pheromones -Bombaykol was the first pheromone that was studied by karlson and butenadt.
Secreted by female silk worm and received by Male Antennae of silk worm.
These are species specific.
Perineal gland of musk deer secrete muskone. Perineal gland of Cat secrete civetone.
Aggregation pheromone - Help in aggregation. e.g. Honey bee Secretes Gerodial.
Alarm pheromones - Formic acid in insects, which act as alarm pheromone. Inter species chemical
messenger are called allomones.

Local hormones are also called para–hormones or tissue hormones.
Thyroxine hormone is derived from tyrosine amino acid while epinephrin and nor–epinephrin are derived
from phenyl alanine through tyrosine.
Mechanism of cascade effect of C–AMP or second messenger hypothesis was described by Earl sutherland.
Origin of endocrine glands :
Endodermal – Thyroid, Parathyroids, Islets of Langerhans, Gastric glands, Intestinal glands, Thymus, etc.
Ectodermal – Pituitary gland, Hypothalamus, Pineal body.
Mesodermal – Gonads.
Ectomesodermal – Adrenal gland
Level of hormones in our blood can be measured by Radio Immune Assay (RIA).
Spleen does not secrete any hormone.
Thyroxine was first isolated by Kochar (1916) but was first crystallized by Kendall (1919). Its molecular
structure was given by Harrington and Berger (1927).
In human pituitary, the intermediate lobe is functional in embryo but is rudimentary in adult.Somatostatin of
hypothalamus is also called degrowth hormone.
Histologically, pituitary gland is formed of 5 types of endocrine cells :
– Somatotropes – 30 to 40% and secrete growth hormone or STH.
– Corticotropes – about 20% and secrete ACTH.
– Thyrotropes – secrete TSH
– Lactotropes – secrete prolactin.
– Gonadotropes – secrete FSH & LH in female and FSH & ICSH in male.
Insulin is earliest known hormone. It is a zinc–containing polypeptide hormone.
Insulin is a hypoglycaemic factor, while glucagon is a hyperglycaemic factor so insulin and glucagon are
antagonistic to each other.
Progesterone : Also called anti–abortion hormone.
Gravidex test. Involves testing of HCG of placenta in the urine to test the pregnancy.
Humulin : Genetically engineered human insulin and was first done by Eli Lily.
Several other non-endocrine tissues secrete hormones called growth factors. These factors are essential for
the normal growth of tissues and their repairing/regeneration.

Type (I) : Very Short Answer Type Questions : [01 Mark Each]
1.
\ Write the names of haromones secrete by pituitary gland.
2. Write the names of disease occurs due to abnormality of thyroid gland
3. Which gland is called emergency gland ?
4. Which hormone is responsible for metamorphosis in frog ?
Type (II) : Short Answer Type Questions : [02 Marks Each]
5. Which gland is called mixed gland ? Why.
6. Define hormone
7. Define endocrine and exocrine gland.
8. Write the names of hormone secreted by adrenal gland.
Type (III) : Long Answer Type Questions: [03 Mark Each]
9. Describe about mechanism of hormone action.
10. In which way pancreas help in glucose metabolism.
11. Write short note an following :-
(a) Pheromones (b) Thymus gland (c) Pineal gland
Type (IV) : Very Long Answer Type Questions: [05 Mark Each]
12. Diagrammatically indicate the location of the various endocrine glands in human body
13. Write difference between following :-
(i) Nervous & endocrine co-ordination
(ii) Enzyme & hormone
14. Classify the hormones on the basis of their chemical nature.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Endocrine Gland
1. Endocrine glands are those which pour their secretions directly into
(1) Ducts (2) Blood (3) (1) and (2) both (4) None of these
2. Body co-ordination is exhibited by
(1) Blood vascular system (2) Nervous system
(3) Endocrine system (4) Nervous and endocrine system
3. Who is the “Father of Endocrinology"
(1) Whittaker (2) Einthovin (3) Pasteur (4) Thomas Addison
4. Endocrine glands
(1) Do not possess ducts (2) Sometimes do not have ducts
(3) Pour their secretion into blood through ducts (4) Always have ducts
NEET_Chemical Coordination & Integration - 20

5. Which one of the following is not a gland
(1) Pancreas (2) Pituitary (3) Adrenal (4) Kidney
Hormone
6. What is hormone
(1) Glandular secretion (2) Enzyme
(3) Chemical messenger (4) Organic complex substance
7. The effect of different hormones on the body can be best said to bring about
(1) Stimulation of organs (2) Release of internal capacities
(3) Proper growth (4) Co-ordination of functions
8. The word “hormone’’ means
(1) To move (2) To excite (3) To initiate (4) To increase
9. Which of the following is not necessarily a property of all hormones
(1) Information carrying (2) Secreted in low amounts
(3) Short half-life (4) Proteinaceous
10. Endocrine glands produce or Action of endocrine glands is mediated through
(1) Hormones (2) Enzymes (3) Minerals (4) Vitamins
11. Term 'hormone’ was coined by
(1) W. M. Bayliss (2) E. H. Schally (3) E. H. Starling (4) G. W. Harris
12. Which one of the following flows directly into blood from the site of its production to act on an organ away
from it
(1) Enzyme (2) Hormone (3) Blood (4) Lymph
13. Hormones may be
(1) Amino acid derivatives(2) Peptides (3) Steroids (4) All the above
14. Secretin is a
(1) Hormone (2) Enzyme (3) Pheromone (4) Vitamin
15. Secretin is secreted from
(1) Endocrine gland and acts on an endocrine gland
(2) Exocrine gland and acts on an exocrine gland
(3) Endocrine gland and acts on an exocrine gland
(4) Exocrine gland and acts on an endocrine gland
Mode of action of Hormones

16. Action of the peptide hormone on a target cell is mediated by
(1) A cytoplasmic receptor (2) Cyclic AMP
(3) ATP (4) Epinephrine
17. Receptors for protein hormones are located
(1) In cytoplasm (2) On cell surface (3) In nucleus (4) On endoplasmic reticulum
18. According to the accepted concept of hormone action, if receptor molecules are removed from target
organs
(1) The target organ will continue to respond to the hormone without any difference
(2) The target organ will continue to respond to the hormone but will require higher concentration
(3) The target organ will not respond to the hormone
(4) The target organ will continue to respond to the hormone but in the opposite way
Pitutory gland
19. Vasopressin is concerned with
(1) General metabolism (2) Regulation of heart beat
(3) Urine formation (4) Child birth
20. Inadequate production of STH in early life may result in
(1) Gigantism (2) Acromegaly (3) Sterility (4) Dwarfism
21. Growth hormone is produced in
(1) Pituitary (2) Adrenal (3) Thyroid (4) Gonad
22. Hormones of pituitary gland are
(1) All proteins
(2) All steroids
(3) Some steroids and some proteins
(4) Complex substances formed from proteins, steroids and carbohydrates
23. ADH is secreted by
(1) Adrenal (2) Anterior pituitary (3) Posterior pituitary (4) Thyroid
24. Midgets are due to the deficiency of
(1) Pituitary (2) Thyroid (3) Pancreas (4) Adrenal
25. The posterior lobe of the pituitary is
(1) Glandular (2) Neural (3) Ganglionic (4) Vascular
26. The hormones of posterior pituitary are oxytocin and vasopressin; but later is better known as
(1) Antidiuretic hormone (2) Growth hormone
(3) Corticotrophic hormone (4) Neurohypophyseal
27. The other name of anterior pituitary is
(1) Neurohypophysis (2) Pars tuberalis (3) Pars intermedia (4) Adenohypophysis
28. Neurohypophysis secretes the
(1) Vasopressin and ACTH (2) ADH and pitocin (3) Pitressin and ACTH (4) Oxytocin and LTH
29. Secretion of the androgen by Leydig cells of testis is under the regulatory influence of
(1) LTH (2) FSH (3) STH (4) ICSH
30. The process of spermatogenesis and sperm formation is under the regulatory influence of
(1) FSH (2) ADH (3) LH (4) LTH
31. In man, there is an enlargement of hand and feet and the nose and lower jaw are lengthened. These are the
symptoms of the disease
(1) Myxoedema (2) Cretinism (3) Acromegaly (4) Gigantism
32. Posterior lobe of pituitary gland is also known as
(1) Hypophysis (2) Adenohypophysis (3) Neurohypophysis (4) Pars intermedia
33. Hypersecretion of growth hormone by pituitary results in
(1) Dwarfism (2) Gigantism (3) Cretinism (4) Myxoedema

34. The activity of adrenal cortex is governed by a pituitary hormone abbreviated as
(1) HCG (2) FSH (3) ACTH (4) TSH
35. Adrenocorticotropin is a hormone of
(1) Pituitary (2) Adrenal (3) Thyroid (4) Adrenal medulla
36. The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland produces a secretion which causes a dramatic darkening of the
skin of many fishes, amphibians and reptiles. It is
(1) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (2) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
(3) Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) (4) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
37. Occurrence of diuresis following saline ingestion is due to
(1) Suppression of adrenocorticoid release
(2) Reduction in the rate of water absorption by kidney capillaries
(3) Suppression of ADH release
(4) Reduction of colloidal osmotic pressure (COP) of blood
38. Which of the following pituitary hormone is a direct action hormone
(1) MSH (2) ICSH (3) ACTH (4) TSH
39. Hormone present in greatest concentration during ovulation is
(1) FSH (2) LH (3) Prolactin (4) ACTH
40. If there is deficiency of ADH (antidiuretic hormone), its effect would be
(1) The volume of urine will increase (2) The volume of urine will decrease
(3) The pH of urine will change from 4.8 to 8.0 (4) Secretion of urochrome will take place
41. Hormone released by posterior lobe of pituitary is concerned with
(1) Metabolism of carbohydrates (2) Stimulation of thyroid
(3) Secondary sexual characters (4) Contraction of uterus
42. The anterior lobe of pituitary affects
(1) Protein metabolism (2) Fat metabolism
(3) Carbohydrate metabolism (4) All of the above
43. Hypophysis is an alternative name for
(1) Thyroid gland (2) Pituitary gland (3) Thymus gland (4) Pineal gland
44. A substance called ADH is
(1) A hormone that promotes glycogenesis in liver cells
(2) An enzyme secreted by cell of intestinal wall; hydrolyses dipeptides into amino acids
(3) A pituitary secretion which promotes reabsorption of water from glomerular filtrate
(4) A high energy compound involved in muscle contraction
45. At menopause there is a rise in urinary excretion of
(1) LH (2) STH (3) FSH (4) MSH
46. Growth hormone activity
(1) Decreases with thyroxine (2) Increases with thyroxine
(3) Remains same (4) None of these
47. Pituitary gland is found in
(1) Brain (2) Trachea (3) Gonads (4) Pancreas

48. Acromegaly is caused by irregular secretion of
(1) Adrenal (2) Pancreas (3) Thyroid (4) Pituitary
49. FSH is a
(1) Catecholamine (2) Glycoprotein (3) Polypeptide (4) Steroid
50. Pituitary gland is made up of
(1) Pars distalis and pars nervosa (2) Pars intermedia
(3) Pars intermedia and pars distalis (4) Pars distalis, pars intermedia and pars nervosa
51. Gonadotrophic hormones are produced in the
(1) Posterior part of thyroid (2) Adrenal cortex
(3) Adenohypophysis of pituitary (4) Interstitial cells of testis
52. The hormone that stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids
(1) FSH (2) ACTH (3) Cortisol (4) LH
53. The high levels of testosterone in the blood would inhibit
(1) ICSH (2) FSH (3) GH (4) Prolactin
54. Gametokinetic factor is
(1) ACTH (2) GH (3) FSH (4) TSH
55. “Water drinkers’’ is the name given to persons who have
(1) Undersecretion of ADH (2) Oversecretion of ADH
(3) Absence of ADH (4) None of the above
56. Melanocyte stimulating hormone
(1) Is same as melatonin (2) Is secreted by pars tuberalis of anterior pituitary
(3) Secretion is stimulated by hydrocortisone (4) Activity is inhibited by epinephrine
57. Degeneration of anterior pituitary results into
(1) Sterility (2) Extreme weakness (3) Hypoglycemia (4) All of the above
58. Which of the following secretes luteizing hormone
(1) Pituitary (2) Thyroid (3) Parathyroid (4) Adrenal
59. Pitressin is also called as
(1) ADH (2) LH (3) NADH (4) FSH
60. A number of drugs and alcohols suppress ADH secretion. This results in
(1) Loss of thirst (2) Loss of appetite (3) Loss of urine (4) More of urine
61. The important function of vassopressin hormone is to
(1) Cause contraction of the uterus and thus help in child birth
(2) Increase reabsorption of water in the kidney tubule
(3) Stimulate the secretion of milk in the mammary glands
(4) Lower the level of blood glucose
62. Contraction of the uterus, increase in arterial pressure and reduction in urine output are produced by
(1) Oxytocin and ACTH (2) Vasopressin and TSH
(3) ADH and ACTH (4) Oxytocin and vasopressin
63. Diabetes incipidus is under the control of
(1) Aldosterone (2) ADH (3) ACTH (4) TSH

64. Which one controls the secretion of estrogen
(1) hCG (2) Progesteron (3) LH (4) FSH
65. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) is produced by
(1) Adrenal cortex (2) Anterior pituitary lobe (3) Middle pituitary lobe (4) Posterior pituitary lobe
66. At cellular level GH affects growth by controlling the production of
(1) r-RNA (2) t-RNA (3) m-RNA (4) None of the above
67. The synthesis of vasopressin is done by
(1) Hypothalamus (2) Kidney (3) Anterior pituitary (4) Posterior pituitary
68. A person passes much urine and drinks much water but his blood glucose level is normal. This condition
may be the result of
(1) A reduction in insulin secretion from pancreas
(2) A reduction in vasopressin secretion from posterior pituitary
(3) A fall in the glucose concentration in urine
(4) An increase in secretion of glucagon
69. Somatostatin is secreted by
(1) Hypothalamus (2) Pituitary (3) Pineal (4) Thyroid
70. Thyrotropin-Releasing Factor (TRF) is produced by
(1) Cerebrum (2) Optic lobe (3) Cerebellum (4) Hypothalamus
71. The hormone that have influence on other endocrine glands of the body such as thyroid, gonad etc. are
secreted by
(1) Anterior pituitary (2) Posterior pituitary (3) Pars intermedia (4) Pars tuberalis
72. Acromegaly results after adolescence due to excess production of one of the following hormones
(1) Prolactin (2) Thyroxin (3) Insulin (4) STH
73. The abbreviation TSH stands for
(1) Thyroxine stimulate hormone (2) Thymine stimulating hormone
(3) Thyroxine secreting hormone (4) Thyroid stimulating hormone
74. The source of somatostatin is same as that of
(1) Thyroxine and calcitonin (2) Insulin and glucagon
(3) Somatotropin and prolactin (4) Vasopresin and oxytocin
75. In a pregnant woman having prolonged labour pains, if child birth has to be hastened i.e to aid parturition, it
is advisable to administer a hormone that can
(1) Activate the smooth muscles (2) Increase the metabolic rate
(3) Release glucose into the blood (4) Stimulate the ovary
76. Which one of the following statement about sex hormones is correct
(1) Testosterone is produced by Leydig cells under the influence of luteinizing hormone (LH)
(2) Progesterone is secreted by corpus luteum and soften ligaments during child birth
(3) Estrogen is secreted by both Sertoli cells and corpus luteum
(4) The progesterone produced by corpus luteum is biologically different from the one produced by placenta

77. Luteinizing hormone
(1) Stimulates ovulation
(2) Stimulates the egg mother cell to undergo completion of meiotic cycle
(3) Stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
(4) All of the above
78. Adenohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the gonads in males and females are called
(1) Prolactin (2) Luteotropic hormone
(3) Follicle stimulating hormone (4) Gonadotropins
79. Which hormone stimulates the secretion of milk during sucking of milk by baby
(1) Oxytocin (2) Relaxin (3) Prolactin (4) Progesteron
80. High increase in oxytocin level in a pregnant lady results in
(1) Increased synthesis of milk (2) Decrease is haemoglobin %
(3) Abortion (4) High blood pressure
81. Gorilla like man with large head and hands and protruding jaws, is produced due to
(1) Over secretion of thyroxine (2) Over secretion of growth hormone since maturity
(3) Excess of vitamin 'C’ in diet (4) Excess secretion of TSH
82. Diabetes is due to
(1) Na+ deficiency (2) Hormonal deficiency (3) Enzyme deficiency (4) Iodine deficiency
83. An overdose of intravenous insulin may lead to the death of an individual due to
(1) An excessive increase of blood glucose (2) An excessive decrease of blood glucose
(3) An inhibition of glucagon secretion (4) An over production of histamine
84. Which one of the following pair is the matching pair of the part and the hormone it secretes
(1) Thyroid – Epinephrin (2) Alpha cells of pancreas Glucagon
(3) Anterior pituitary – Adrenalin (4) Stomach epithelium – Secretin
85. Diabetes mellitus is caused due to the deficiency of insulin which is secreted by
(1) Alpha cells (2) Beta cells (3) Pituitary (4) Thyroid
86. “Islets of Langerhans’’ are found in
(1) Pancreas (2) Pituitary (3) Stomach (4) Spleen
87. The hormone glucagon
(1) Has the opposite effect as that of insulin (2) Is produced in the beta cells of pancreas
(3) Converts glucose into glycogen (4) Is used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus
88. Blood sugar level can be decreased by
(1) Insulin given from mouth (2) Glucagon given through mouth
(3) Intraveinal injection of insulin (4) Intraveinal injection of glucagon
89. Insulin was isolated from dog by
(1) M. Bayliss (2) E.H. Sterling (3) Banting and Best (4) Von Mering
90. A disease characterised by raised levels of blood glucose as well as increased fat and protein metabolism
is
(1) Diabetes (2) Cancer (3) Ulcer (4) Enlargement of pancreas

91. The rise of blood sugar above the normal level is known as
(1) Hyperglycemia (2) Hypoglycemia (3) Glucosuria (4) Glycolysis
92. Insulin is produced by
(1) Alpha cells (2) Beta cells (3) Adrenal cortex (4) Testis
93. Hormone involved in the discharge of pancreatic juice in mammals is
(1) Secretin (2) Gastrin (3) Cholecystokinin (4) Enterogasterone
94. Glycogen is converted into glucose by
(1) Insulin (2) Glucagon
(3) Both insulin and glucagon (4) Galactase
95. Insulin is secreted by
(1) Pituitary (2) Pancreas (3) Gonads (4) Thymus
96. If the pancreating duct of a healthy dog is blocked an hour after it had its food, which one of the following
functions of the pancreas will not be affected
(1) Carbohydrate digestion (2) Neutralization of chyme
(3) Break down of protein (4) Maintenance of normal blood sugar level
97. In case the islets of Langerhans stop functioning which hormone will be in short supply and what will be its
effect
(1) Insulin–Blood glucose level will rise (2) Adrenaline–Heart beat will increase
(3) Thyroxine–Growth will be retarded (4) Cortine–Tetany will develop
98. Which hormone has the anti-insulin effect
(1) Calcitonin (2) Cortisol (3) Oxytocin (4) Aldosterone
99. Treatment with alloxan destroys
(1) STH cells (2) - cell of islets of Langerhans
(3) Cell of Sertoli (4) Cell of Leydig
100. The secretion of glucagon causes
(1) Increase in blood glucose (2) Decrease in blood glucose
(3) Increase in liver glycogen (4) Decrease in plasma Ca++
101. Insulin promotes
(1) Glycogenesis (2) Glycolysis (3) Gluconeogenesis (4) Glycogenolysis
102. The structure of insulin consists of two polypeptide chains A and B. These two polypeptide chains have
number of amino acids -
(1) Have equal number of amino acids
(2) Chain A has 21 amino acids, while chain B has 30 amino acids
103. Insulin is secreted by -cells of islets of Langerhans. Which is not correct concerning insulin
(1) It is rich in cysteine, leucine and glutamic acid
(2) Oestrogen stimulates the secretion of insulin
(3) Two chains of insulin are linked by disulphide bridges
(4) The functional nature of insulin is same as that of proinsulin

104. Beta and alpha cells secrete the following hormones in respective order
(1) Insulin and glucagon (2) Glucagon and insulin
(3) Testosterone and progesterone (4) Adrenaline and nor–adrenaline
105. Pancreas secretes
(1) Digestive enzymes (2) Insulin (3) Glucagon (4) All the above
106. Somatostatin hormone is secreted by
(1) - cells (2) - cells (3) cells (4) All the above
107. Glucagon and insulin are
(1) Antagonistic secretions
(2) Secreted by same cells and perform similar function
(3) Secreted by different cells and perform antagonistic function
(4) Secreted by same cells and perform antagonistic functions
108. The function of glucagon hormone is

(1) To increase glycogenesis
(2) To decrease blood sugar level
(3) To release glucose from liver cells and glycogenolysis promotion
(4) To increase the absorption of glucose and fatty acids through cell
109. Diabetes mellitus is due to lack of
(1) Starch in blood (2) Trypsin in pancreatic juice
(3) ADH reaching in kidneys (4) Insulin in blood
Thyroid gland
110. Similarity between the secretion of thyroid and adrenal is that both the secretions
(1) Are proteins (2) Are steroid
(3) Increase glucose metabolism (4) Control mineral metabolism
111. Calcitonin lowers the calcium level in the blood. This is secreted by
(1) Parathyroid (2) Hypothalamus (3) Adrenal (4) Thyroid
112. Disease caused by deficiency of iodine is
(1) Goitre (2) Myxodema (3) Cretinism (4) Tetany
113. Which disease is caused by the deficiency of thyroxin in the adults
(1) Diabetes insipidus (2) Diabetes mellitus (3) Myxoedema (4) Exopthalmic goitre
114. Cretinism is due to
(1) Excess growth hormone (2) Absence of insulin
(3) Excess adrenaline (4) Hyposecretion of thyroid in childhood (Thyroxin)
115. 'Exophthalmic goitre’ (Grave’s disease) is caused due to
(1) Hypofunction of the thyroid (2) Hyperfunction of the thyroid
(3) Hypofunction of the parathyroid (4) Hyperfunction of the parathyroid
116. Substance responsible for metamorphosis
(1) Estrogen (2) Thyroxine (3) Propandiol (4) Glucagon
117. Thyroxine was isolated by
(1) Kocher (2) Best and Sterling (3) F. Senger (4) None of the above
118. A person appears fat, short and stocky and has stupid look and protruding tongue due to the hormonal
deficiency of
(1) Parathyroid (2) Thyroid (3) Adrenal (4) Pineal
119. Metamorphosis can be accelerated by
(1) I2 (2) P (3) K (4) Ca
120. Which of the following disease results from endocrine disorder
(1) Pneumonia (2) Typhoid (3) Goitre (4) Jaundice
121. Hypothyroidism has one of the following features
(1) Weight loss
(2) Increased metabolic rate
(3) Accumulation of albumin protein and polysaccharides below skin
(4) Irritability
122. Which of the following are called as antithyroid substances
(1) Thiocynate (2) Propylthiouracil
(3) High concentrations of inorganic iodides (4) All the above
123. High incidence of goitre is seen in the mountaineous region because of
(1) Deficiency of iodine in water (2) Deficiency of iodine in food
(3) Presence of antagonistic agents (4) (1) and (2) both
124. Which endocrine gland stores its secretion in the extracellular space before discharging it into the blood
(1) Adrenal (2) Pancreas (3) Testis (4) Thyroid
125. Which of the following radioactive isotopes is used in the detection of thyroid cancer
(1) Iodine–131 (2) Carbon–14 (3) Uranium–238 (4) Phosphorus–32
126. Which of the following absorbs iodine from blood
(1) Pituitary gland (2) Thyroid gland (3) Adrenal gland (4) Pancreas
127. An organ X has a large blood supply. It produces a hormone lack of which causes a disease called as
cretinism. The organ is
(1) Testes (2) Pituitary gland (3) Thyroid (4) Thymus
128. Which is not a steroid hormone
(1) Aldosterone (2) Androgen (3) Estrogen (4) Thyroxine
129. When the thyroid secretion is too much, the gland itself gets enlarged, conversely, if the secretion is too
little, the gland gets
(1) Enlarged (2) Reduced (3) Disappeared (4) None of above
130. Energy releasing process in the body cells is initiated by
(1) Pituitary (2) Thyroid (3) Parathyroid (4) Adrenal
131. Thyroxine is secreted by
(1) Thyroid (2) Adrenal (3) Testis (4) Ovary
132. 'Cretinism’ is due to less secretion of
(1) Thyroid gland (2) Pitutary gland (3) Parathyroid gland (4) Adrenal gland
133. Which of the following glands is associated with the consumption of iodized salt
(1) Thyroid (2) Thymus (3) Pituitary (4) Ovary

134. The hormone which regulates the basal metabolism in our body, is secreted from
(1) Pituitary (2) Thyroid (3) Adrenal cortex (4) Pancreas
135. Hormones thyroxine, adrenaline and the pigment melanin are formed from -
(1) Tryptophan (2) Glycine (3) Tyrosine (4) Proline
136. Iodine is associated with
(1) Thyroxin (2) Calcitonin (3) Oxytocin (4) Secretin
137. Which of the following gland plays a key role in metamorphosis of frog’s tadpole
(1) Adrenal (2) Thymus (3) Pancreas (4) Thyroid
138. Goitre affects
(1) Metabolism (2) Vision (3) Excretion (4) Speech
139. Why thyroxine is a hormone not an enzyme
(1) It is secreted in small quantity (2) It is not a polypeptide
(3) It has no special effect (4) It is directly poured into blood
140. The other name for autoimmune thyroiditis is
(1) Addison’s disease (2) Simmond’s disease
(3) Hashimoto’s disease (4) Cushing’s disease
141. Disease related to thyroxine hormone
(1) Goitre (2) Acromegaly (3) Addison disease (4) Thalasemia
142. Glucagon hormone is secreted by
(1) Pituitary (2) Adrenal
(3) Beta cells of islets of Langerhans (4) Alpha cells of islets of Langerhans
143. Which of the following hormone governs the metabolism of carbohydrates
(1) Corticoids (2) Glucagon (3) Insulin (4) Glucagon and insulin
Parathyroid gland
144. Proper development of the bone depends on
(1) Epinephrine (2) Thyroxine (3) Parathormone (4) Vasopressin
145. Hypoparathyroidism results to -
(1) Upset in metabolism (2) Improper gonodial function
(3) Convulsions and tetany (4) Nervousness and wasting
146. Parathormone induces
(1) Increase in serum calcium level (2) Decrease in serum potassium level
(3) Increase in blood sugar level (4) Decrease in blood sugar level
147. If parathyroid gland of a child is removed, which activity is irregular
(1) Growth (2) Calcium concentration
(3) Potassium concentration (4) None of these
148. Tetany (Irregular muscle contraction) and osteoporosis are caused due to the deficiency of
(1) Cortisone (2) Estrogen (3) Insulin (4) Parathormone
149. Which of the following two hormones have antagonistic effects
(1) Parathormone and calcitonin (2) FSH and LH
(3) Oestrogen and progesterone (4) ADH and melatonin

150. Hypokalaemia means
(1) High level of potassium in blood (2) High level of sodium in blood
(3) Low level of potassium in blood (4) Low level of sodium in blood
151. Calcitonin secretion is stimulated by
(1) Hypocalcemia (2) Hyperkalemia (3) Hyperglycemia (4) Hypercalcemia
152. Insulin increases glucose uptake in all the following structures except
(1) Cardiac muscle (2) Skeletal muscle (3) Adipose tissue (4) Intestinal mucosa
153. Parathormone is secreted during
(1) Increased blood calcium level (2) Decreased blood calcium level
(3) Increased blood sugar level (4) Decreased blood sugar level
Pancreas
154. Diabetes incipidus is caused due to the deficiency of
(1) Oxytocin (2) Insulin (3) Vasopressin (4) Glucagon
155. A person suffering from diabetes insipidus will pass what amount of urine per day
(1) 1 litre (2) ½ litre (3) 3 litres (4) 1.5 litres
156. Which one affects liver, muscle and adipose tissue
(1) Androgen (2) Insulin (3) Progesterone (4) Glucagon
Adrenal gland
157. The gland which acts to resist stress
(1) Adrenal (2) Parathyroid (3) Pineal (4) Thyroid
158. The secretion of aldosterone by adrenal cortex is directly controlled by
(1) Blood Plasma K+ ion concentration (2) Plasma Ca2+ ion concentration
(3) Level of blood angiotensin (4) (1) and (3) are correct
159. Angiotensin is derived from plasma protein “angiotensinogen’’ by the action of renin and other nervous stimuli.
Angiotensin stimulates the following
(1) Thyroid (2) Adrenal (3) Ovary (4) Thymus
160. The adrenal cortical hormone that reduces inflammation and produces healing response is
(1) Corticosterone (2) Deoxycorticosterone (3) Corticostone (4) Aldosterone
161. The mineralocorticoid hormone of the adrenal cortex which causes the Na retention and K excretion is
(1) Corticosol (2) Corticosterone (3) Progesterone (4) Aldosterone
162. If adrenal cortex function is impaired, it results in decreased concentration of one of the following in the
blood
(1) Ammonium salts (2) Sodium salts (3) Glucose (4) Calcium salts
163. Which one of the following hormone controls the water and mineral metabolism
(1) Progesterone (2) Insulin
(3) Succus entericus (intestinal juice) (4) Deoxycorticosterone

164. If a human female starts developing male characteristics like beared, degeneration of uterus and ovaries,
enlargement of clitoris etc. It may be due to -
(1) Over production of estrogen and testosterone (2) Damage to posterior pituitary
(3) Over production of adrenal androgens (4) Surgical removal of mammary gland
165. Which is not a gonadial hormone
(1) Progesterone (2) Testosterone (3) Adrenaline (4) Estrogen
166. Cortisol is produced by
(1) Thyroid (2) Parathyroid (3) Adrenal (4) Thymus
167. Cushing’s syndrome and myxoedema are associated with these glands respectively
(1) Thyroid, adrenal (2) Adrenal, thyroid (3) Parathyroid, thyroid (4) Adrenal, pituitary
168. The hormone having a stimulatory effect on the heart is
(1) Adrenaline (2) Gastrin (3) Glucagon (4) Thyroxine
169. Deficiency in the activity of adrenal cortex leads to
(1) Addison’s disease (2) Simmond’s disease (3) Cohn’s syndrome (4) Cushing’s disease
170. Blood pressure is controlled by
(1) Adrenal (2) Thyroid (3) Thymus (4) Corpus luteum
171. Which of the following endocrine glands functions under nervous control
(1) Cortex of adrenal glands (2) Medulla of adrenal glands
(3) Anterior pituitary glands (4) Posterior pituitary gland
172. Which of the following is not under direct control of pituitary gland with respect to the regulation of its
secretory function
(1) Adrenal cortex (2) Adrenal medulla (3) Thyroid (4) Testis
173. Adrenal cortex secretes androgen, it is
(1) Testosterone (2) Androsterone (3) Progesterone (4) Aldosterone
174. Adrenal glands are found located in abdominal cavity in close association with
(1) Testes (2) Spleen (3) Liver (4) Kidneys
175. Sympathin was the previous name of
(1) Adrenaline (2) Thyroxin
(3) Nor-adrenaline/Nor-epinephrine (4) None of the above
176. The hormone responsible for the sodium metabolism is
(1) Aldosterone (2) ACTH (3) Vasopressin (4) None of above
177. Which of the following hormone is released in excess quantity during excitement
(1) Cortisone (2) Serotonin (3) Adrenaline (4) Nor-adrenaline
178. The functioning of adrenal medulla gland is similar to those of nerves because
(1) Adrenal medulla and nervous system are derived from embryonic mesoderm
(2) Adrenal medulla and nerves secrete similar chemicals such as adrenaline and nor-adrenaline
(3) Adrenal medulla does not secrete any hormone
(4) Adrenal medulla is made up of nervous tissue
179. When a normal man’s heart is injected with physiological concentration of adrenaline it causes
(1) Decreased rate (2) Systolic arrest
(3) Sustained increased rate (4) First increased rate then normal rate
180. The main function of nor-adrenaline is
(1) Contraction of arteries (2) To stop contraction of arteries
(3) Relaxation (4) None of the above
181. Cause of Addison’s disease is
(1) Hyposecretion of aldosterone hormone (2) Hypersecretion of aldosterone hormone
(3) Hyposecretion of cortisone hormone (4) Hypersecretion of cortisone hormone
182. Life saving hormone is secreted by which gland
(1) Adrenal gland (2) Hypothalamus gland (3) Pituitary gland (4) Thyroid gland
183. Which hormone can increase rate of formation of glycogen, volume of blood in vessel and rate of heart beat
(1) Insulin (2) Glucagon (3) Adrenalin (4) FSH
184. Which of the following hormones is a derivative of amino acid
(1) Estrogen (2) Epinephrine (3) Progesterone (4) Prostaglandin
185. Conn’s disease is caused by the over-secretion of
(1) ADH (2) ACTH (3) Aldosterone (4) Oxytocin
186. Nor epinephrine is secreted from
(1) Zona glomerulosa (2) Zona fasciculata (3) Zona reticularis (4) Medulla of adrenal
187. Which gland is concerned with salt equilibrium in body
(1) Anterior pituitary (2) Pancreas (3) Adrenal (4) Thyroid
188. Gluconeogenesis is controlled by
(1) Cortisol (2) Corticosterone (3) Thyroxine (4) All the above
189. Which one of the following hormone is anti-inflamatory
(1) Secretin (2) Epinephrine (3) Glucoprotein (4) Glucocorticoid
Thymus gland
190. According to one of the theory of ageing, the decline and disappearance of which gland by late middle age
is the primary cause of ageing -
(1) Parathyroid (2) Thyroid (3) Thymus (4) Posterior lobe of pituitary
191. Which of the following is related to the production of lymphocytes and antibodies
(1) Thymus (2) Hypothalamus (3) Thyroid (4) Leydig cells
Penial body
192. Pineal body originates from
(1) Dorsal part of diencephalon (2) Ventral part of diencephalon
(3) Ventral part of cerebellum (4) Dorsal part of cerebellum
193. According to recent knowledge, the pineal body is considered as
(1) A vestigial organ (2) An organ of intelligence
(3) An endocrine gland (4) An organ of involuntary action
194. The recently discovered hormones, melatonin and serotonin are secreted at ends of nerve fibres by the
activity of
(1) Adrenal gland (2) Pineal gland (3) Thymus gland (4) Thyroid gland

195. Daily rythms are usually associated with
(1) Pineal (2) Pituitary (3) Thymus (4) Hypothalamus
Hormone secreting other organs

196. The hormone that maintains the secretory activity of the corpus luteum as well as the increase in the size of
the mammary glands is
(1) Estrogen (2) Luteinizing (3) Luteotrophin (4) Gonadotrophin
197. Which hormone stops the release of FSH from the pituitary after fertilization
(1) Placental hormone (2) Fertilizin (3) Estradiol (4) Luteinizing hormone
198. Testosterone, a hormone responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in male is
produced by the
(1) Spermatogonia (2) Seminiferous tubules
(3) Anterior lobe of the pituitary (4) Cells that lie between seminiferous tubules
199. Which part of the ovary in mammals acts as an endocrine gland after ovulation
(1) Stroma (2) Germinal epithelium (3) Graafian follicle (4) Vitelline membrane
200. Continued secretion of milk is maintained by
(1) Prolactin (2) Progesterone (3) Estrogen (4) Relaxin
201. The hormone that acts during parturition (child birth) but which has more effect on lactation is
(1) Progesterone (2) Prolactin (3) Oxytocin (4) Vasopressin
202. Progesterone hormone is secreted by
(1) Corpus luteum (2) Corpus callosum (3) Corpus uteri (4) Corpus albicans
203. Progesterone is
(1) An enzyme for digesting proteins
(2) A hormone to initiate uterine contraction during child birth
(3) An amino acid which may cause alcaptonuria
(4) A hormone concerned with retention and growth of pregnancy
204. Hormone responsible for the implantation of embryo in uterus and formation of placenta is
(1) Adrenaline (2) Progesterone (3) Estradiol (4) FSH
205. Graafian follicles are formed by the active division of
(1) Peritoneum (2) Generative epithelium
(3) Sensory columnar epithelium (4) Corpus cavernosa
206. All the hormone are proteins, peptides and amino acid derivatives except
(1) Hormone of ovary (2) Thyroid hormone
(3) Parathyroid hormone (4) Pancreatic hormone
207. Young boys at puberty start growing facial hairs. This is an example of
(1) Secondary sexual characters (2) Appearance of primitive characters
(3) Metamorphosis (4) Protective colouration
208. Which one of the following is temporary endocrine gland
(1) Pineal (2) Pancreas (3) Placenta (4) Parathyroid
209. Female sex hormone is called -
(1) Androgen (2) Adrenaline (3) Insulin (4) Estrogen

210. Which hormone is secreted at the time of parturition
(1) Progesterone (2) Thyroxine (3) Relaxin (4) Glucocorticoid
211. After fertilization the corpus luteum remain in a woman for about
(1) 21 days (2) 28 days (3) 280 days (4) 7 days
212. The hormone which brings about characteristic changes in the male at puberty is called
(1) Testosterone (2) Estrogen (3) FSH (4) LH
213. Male hormone is
(1) Adrenalin (2) Testosterone (3) Progesterone (4) Insulin
214. Leydig’s cells secrete
(1) Estrogen (2) Progesterone (3) Testosterone (4) Aldosterone
215. Some hormones stop the milk from being secreted by the mammary glands till the birth of young ones even
though the glands are all prepared to do so. They are
(1) Progesterone and prolactin (2) Prolactin and FSH
(3) Estrin and prolactin (4) Estrin and Progesterone
216. In male, the retard growth of the secondary sexual characters is due to the deficiency of one of the hormones
(1) Progesterone (2) Androsterone (3) Cortin (4) Thyroxin
217. Function of relaxin hormone is
(1) Relax pubic symphysis (2) Relax ovaries
(3) Relax uterus (4) Relax fallopian tubule
218. Manifestation of masculinity pattern in females due to hormonal effects is known as
(1) Masculinity (2) Virilism (3) Castration (4) Epitaxis
219. Ovarian hormones are
(1) Proteins (2) Steroids only (3) Proteins and steroids (4) None of the above
220. Estrogen is secreted by
(1) Corpus albicans (2) Corpus callosum (3) Corpus luteum (4) Cell of graafian follicles
221. A ruptured follicle in mammalian ovary after the release of ovum which latter gets fertilized, forms
(1) Corpus albicans (2) Corpus callosum (3) Corpus luteum (4) Graafian follicle
222. A decrease in level of oestrogen and progesterone causes
(1) Loss of endometrium
(2) Growth of dilation of metridium
(3) Release of ova from ovaries
(4) Constriction of uterine blood vessels leading to sloughing of uterine epithelium
223. Correct hormonal sequence in the increase of menstruation is
(1) Estrogen, FSH and progesterone (2) Estrogen, progesterone and FSH
(3) FSH, progesterone and estrogen (4) FSH, estrogen and progesterone
224. Breast development during pregnancy is induced by

(1) Estradiol (2) Progesterone (3) Relaxin (4) None of the above
225. Hormone prolactin was discovered by
(1) Riddle (2) Hisaw (3) Leonard (4) Hisaw and Leonard

226. During pregnancy which of the following is secreted through urine of mother
(1) Progesterone (2) Luteinizing hormone (3) FSH (4) Chorionic gonadotropin
227. When mammary glands of male develop similar to that of female, then this condition is known as
(1) Gonochorism (2) Gynaecomastia (3) Faminism (4) Gynaecism
228. The male hormone, testosterone is secreted by
(1) Sperms (2) Seminiferous tubules (3) Prostate glands (4) Interstitial cells of testis
229. The name of hormone secreted by the ovary, which facilitates growth of ovarian follicle is
(1) Progesterone (2) LH (3) FSH (4) Estradiol
230. At the time of puberty in boys which hormone triggers changes
(1) Adrenaline (2) Insulin (3) Testosterone (4) Thyroxine
231. In mammals the relaxin hormone is secreted by
(1) Follicle (2) Placenta (3) Corpus callosum (4) Testis
232. Secretion of large quantities of estrogen causes
(1) Growth of fallopian tube (2) Growth of breast due to ducts of mammary gland
(3) Enlargement of female external genitalia (4) All the above
233. The hormone released from placenta is
(1) Prolactin (2) FSH
(3) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (4) Prothrombin
234. Estrogen inhibits
(1) Thyroid
(2) Secretions of anterior pituitary
(3) Deposition of fat in subcutaneous tissue in feminine body
(4) Secretion of ACTH
235. Pregnancy hormone is
(1) Oestrogen (2) Androgen (3) Progesterone (4) Gestron
236. Which of the following hormones is responsible for hoarseness in voice, beard, mustaches etc. in males
(1) Gonadotropic hormone (2) Adrenaline
(3) Thyroid (4) All the above
237. Which hormone of the following endocrine glands lacks peptides, amines and sulphur
(1) Hormone of anterior pituitary (2) Hormone of posterior pituitary and pancreas
(3) Hormone of thyroid and adrenal gland (4) Hormone of testis and ovary
238. The placenta helps in the maintenance of pregnancy by secreting a hormone, known as
(1) Thyroxine (2) Estrogen (3) Progesteron (4) Testosterone
239. In males, the essential hormone for secondary sexual characteristics is
(1) Testosterone (2) Progesterone (3) Estrogen (4) Relaxin
240. The persistence of corpus luteum during pregnancy is due to a hormone known as
(1) Chorionic gonadotropic hormone (2) FSH
(3) Estrogen (4) Progesterone
241. During menstruation the level of progesterone in blood is
(1) Low (2) High (3) Normal (4) Very high

242. Which part of body secretes the hormone secretin
(1) Ileum (2) Duodenum (3) Stomach (4) Oesophagus
243. Cholecystokinin and secretin are -
(1) Hormones liberated by mucosa of duodenum and stimulate gall bladder and pancreas respectively
(2) Hormones stimulating liver
(3) Hormones stimulating pancreas
(4) Enzymes
244. Most of the contraceptive pills contain
(1) Estrogen + FSH (2) Progesterone + LH (3) FSH + LH (4) Estrogen + progesterone
245. Which of the following does not secrete any hormone
(1) Ovary (2) Testis (3) Spleen/Liver (4) Pancreas
246. The recently reported protein angiotensin is secreted by
(1) Liver (2) Kidney (3) Pancreas (4) Placenta
Pheromones
247. “Pheromones’’ in insects are secreted from
(1) Endocrine glands (2) Exocrine glands (3) Corpus allata (4) Digestive tract
248. Who proposed the term 'pheromone’
(1) Bergstroem (2) Karlson (3) Starling (4) Karlson and Butendant
249. Pheromone is -
(1) A product of endocrine gland (2) Used for animal communication
(3) Messenger RNA (4) Always protein
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and oxytocin are all :
(1) Released from the pituitary gland
(2) Tropic hormones (act on other endocrine tissue)
(3) Steroid hormones
(4) Sex hormones
(5) Involved in the regulation of blood glucose

2. Which of the following would not result from the release of adrenaline (epinephrine)?
(1) Decreased blood flow to skin (2) Increased oxygen consumption
(3) Rise in blood pressure (4) Increased conversion of glycogen to glucose
(5) Increased blood flow to intestine

3. The pancreas secretes insulin in response to :
(1) An increase in body activity (2) A hormone released by the pituitary gland
(3) Low blood glucose (4) High blood glucose

4. Melatonin and Serotonin, the recently reported hormones, are secreted by :
(1) Thymus (2) Pineal (3) Adrenal (4) Pituitary

5. Which of the following compounds is involved in decreasing blood glucose levels ?
(1) Insulin (2) Glycogen (3) Glucagon (4) parathyroid hormone
AIIMS CORNER
1. A person passes much urine and drinks much water but his blood glucose level is normal. This condition
may be the result of (AIIMS 2003)
(a) a reduction in insulin secretion from pancreas
(b) a reduction in vasopressin secretion from posterior pituitary
(c) a fall in the glucose concentration in urine
(d) an increase in secretion of glucagon.
2. The source of somatostatin is same as that of (AIIMS 2003)
(a) thyroxine and calcitonin (b) insulin and glucagon
(c) somatotropin and prolactin (d) vasopresin and oxytocin
3. Which one of the following four secretions is correctly matched with its source, target and nature of action?
(AIIMS 2005)
Secretion Source Target Action
(a) Gastrin Stomach lining Oxyntic cell Production of HCl
(b) Inhibin Sertoli cells Hypothalamus Inhibition of secretion of
gonadotropin releasing
hormone
(c ) Enterokinase Duodenum Gall bladder Release of bile juice
(d) Atrial Natriuretic Sinu atrial node (SAN) Juxtra glomerular Inhibition of release of renin
factor (ANF) M-cells of Atria apparatus (JGA)
4. Which one of the following four glands is correctly matched with the accompanying description ?
(AIIMS 2005)
(a) Thyroid - hyperactivity in young children causes cretinism
(b) Thymus - starts undergoing atrophy after puberty
(c) Parathyroid - secretes parathormone which promotes movement of calcium ions from blood into bones
during calcification
(d) Pancreas - Delta cells of the Islets of Langerhans secrete a hormone which stimulates glycolysis in liver.
5. In which one of the following sets of three items each belong to the category mentioned against them ?
(a) lysine, glycine, thiamine — amino acids (AIIMS 2006)
(b) myosin, oxytocin and gastrin — hormones
(c) rennin, helicase and hyaluronidass — enzymes
(d) optic nerve, oculomotor, vagus — sensory nerves

6. Which of the following match is correct ? (AIIMS 2007)
Hormone Effect
(a) Oxytocin Milk ejection hormone
(b) Glucagon Decreases blood sugar level
(c) Adrenaline Decreases heart rate
(d) Thyroxine Decreases BMR
7. Which of the following statements regarding glucagon is false ? (AIIMS 2007)
(a) it is secreted by u-cells of Langerhans
(b) it acts antagonistically to insulin
(c) it decreases blood sugar level
(d) the gland responsible for its secretion is heterocrine gland
8. What is the effect of GnRH produced by hypothalamus? (AIIMS 2010)
(a) stimulates the synthesis and secretion of androgens
(b) stimulates secretion of milk in mammary glands
(c) stimulates foetal ejection reflex
(d) stimulates synthesis of carbohydrates from non-carbohydrates in liver.
9. Which gland is concerned with salt equilibrium in body? (AIIMS 2012)
(a) Anterior pituitary (b) Pancreas (c) Adrenal (d) Thyroid
ASSERTION / REASONING
In each of the following questions a statement of Assertion (1) is given followed by a correspond-
ing statement of Reason (R) just below it. Of the statements, mark the correct answer as
(a) If both assertion and resaon are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false
(d) If both assertion and reason are false
10. Assertion : Aldosterone increases the volume of blood and other extracellular fluids.
Reason : The secretion of aldosterone is stimulated by a fall in the circulating volume of blood.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11. Assertion: Adrenal cortex can be removed without causing death.
Reason: Adrenal cortex is not vital for survival.
(a) (b) (3) (4)
12. Assertion: FSH is also known as interstitial cell stimulating hormone.
Reason: It is because of the fact that FSH stimulates the interstitial cells of testis.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13. Assertion: Failure of secretion of somatotropin from an early age causes dwarfism in the patient.
Reason: Somatotropin hormone stimulates the body growth and elongation of long bones.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
14. Assertion: Oxytocin is also known as Anti Diuretic hormone (ADH).
Reason: Oxytocin can cause an increase in the renal reabsorption of water.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15. Assertion: Failure of secretion of thyroid gland hormones from childhood causes cretinism disease.
Reason: Thyrotropin hormone maintains BMR and promote growth of body tissues.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16. Assertion: The tadpoles become giant tadpoles when fed on thiourea.
Reason: Thiourea is an antithyroid substance.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17. Assertion : Hormones are similar to enzymes in their action and chemical nature.
Reason: Hormones and enzymes are proteinaceous in nature and act as informational molecules.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18. Assertion: Females have less stature than males after puberty.
Reason: This happens because of the presence of hCG in the blood of females.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
19. Assertion: Glucagon is said to lower down the blood sugar level.
Reason: Glucagon increase the utilisation of glucose in the tissue and the synthesis of liver glyco-
gen.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
20. Assertion: Prolactin is also called the 'Milk ejection hormone’.
Reason: Prolactin stimulates the smooth muscle contractions of the mammary glands.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
21. Assertion : A tumor of adrenal cortex may cause addison’s disease.
Reason: This happens due to over secretion of cortisol by the tumor.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
22. Assertion : Diabetes insipidus is marked by excessive urination and too much thirst of water. (AIIMS 2004)
Reason: Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by the posterior lobe of pituitary gland.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
23. Assertion : Our body secretes adrenaline in intense cold. (AIIMS 2006)
Reason : Adrenaline raises metabolic rate.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
24. Assertion (a) : Aldosterone is a steroid hormone and is important in the control of sodium and potassium ion
concentration in mammals. (AIIMS 2007)
Reason (R) : It upgrades sodium ion concentration in the ECF by promoting reabsorption of sodium ions
from renal tubules and excretion of potassium ions in urine.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25. Assertion : Pituitary is attached to hypothalamus by a vein.
Reason : This attachment is done through a hypophysial portal vein.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
26. Assertion : Hormone calcitonin has antagonistic effect to that of parathormone. (AIIMS 2009)
Reason : Calcitonin decreases blood calcium level while parathormone increases blood calcium level.
(a) (b) (c) (d)

27. Assertion : Insulin is antagonistic to glucagon. (AIIMS 2010)
Reason : It is an anabolic hormone
(a) (b) (c) (d)
28. Assertion : Adrenaline is called an emergency hormone. (AIIMS 2010)
Reason : It acts on the cells of skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles, blood vessels and fat cells.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
29. Assertion : Neurohypophysis is situated in the cells of stomach. (AIIMS 2011)
Reason : Neurohypophysis releases thyroxine & calcitonin.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
PART- 1
1. Which one of the following pair of organs includes only the endocrine glands? (AIPMT-2008)
(1) thymus and testes (2) adrenal and ovary
(3) parathyroid and adrenal (4) pancreas and parathyroid.
2. A health disorder that results from the deficiency of thyroxine in adults and characterised by (i) a low
metabolic rate, (ii) increase in body weight and (iii) tendency to retain water in tissues is [AIPMT-2009]
(1) simple goitre (2) myxoedema (3) cretinism (4) hypothyroidism
3. The letter Tin T-lymphocyte refers to [AIPMT-2009]
(1) thalamus (2) tonsil (3) thymus (4) thyroid
4. Injury to adrenat cortex is not likely to affect the secretion of which of the following
[AIPMT Pre 2010]
(1) Both Androstendione and Dehydroepiandroserone
(2) Adrenaline (3) Cortisol (4) Aldosterone
5. Which one of the following pair is incorrectly matched [AIPMT Pre 2010]
(1) Somatostatin - Delta cells (Source) (2) Corpusluteum - Relaxin (secretion)
(3) Insulin - Diabetes mellitus (disease) (4) Glucagon - Beta cells (source)
6. Select the correct matching of a hormone, its source and function. [AIPMT Mains -2010]

7. Match the source gland with respective hormone as well as the function. [AIPMT Pre 2011]
Source gland Hormone Function
Contraction of uterus
1 Anterior pituitary Oxytocin
muscles during child birth
Stimulates resorption of water in
2 Posterior pituitary Vasopressin
the distal tubules in the nephron
3 Corpus luteum Estrogen Supports pregnancy
4 Thyroid Thyroxine Regulates blood calcium level
8. Given below is an incomplete table about certain hormones, their source glands and one major effect of
each on the body in humans. Identify the correct option for the three blanks A, B and C. [AIPMT Pre 2011]
GLAND SECRETION EFFECT ON BODY
Maintenance of secondary
A Estrogen
sexual characters
Alpha cells of islets
B Raises blood sugar level
of Langerhans
Anterior pituitary C Over secretion leads to gigantism
Options :
A B C
(1) Ovary Glucagon Growth hormone
(2) Placenta Insulin Vasopressin
(3) Ovary Insulin Calcitonin
(4) Placenta Glucagon Calcitonin
9. About which day in a normal human menstrual cycle does rapid secretion of LH (Popularly called LH-
surge) normally occurs? [AIPMT Mains 2011]
(1) 14th day (2) 20th day (3) 5th day (4) 11th day
10. The 24 hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body such as the sleep-wake cycle is regulated by the hormone :
[AIPMT Mains 2011]
(1) calcitonin (2) prolactin (3) adrenaline (4) melatonin
11. What is correct to say about the hormone action in humans [AIPMT Pre 2012]
(1) Glucagon is secreted by -cells of lslets of Langerhans and stimulates glycogenolysis
(2) Secretion of thymosins is stimulated with aging
(3) In females FSH first binds with specific receptors on ovarian cell membrane
(4) FSH stimulates the secretion of estrogen and progesterone
12. Which one of the following pairs of hormones are the examples of those that can easily pass through the cell
membrane of the target cell and bind to a receptor inside it (Mostly in the nucleus) [AIPMT Pre 2012]
(1) Insulin, glucagon (2) Thyroxine, insulin (3) Somatostain, oxytocin (4) Cortisol, testosterone
13. A person entering an empty room suddenly finds a snake right in front on opening the door. Which one of the
following is likely to happen in his neuro-hormonal control system ? [AIPMT Pre 2012]
(1) Sympathetic nervous system is activated releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla.
(2) Neurotransmitters diffuse rapidly across the cleft and transmit a nerve impulse.
(3) Hypothalamus activates the parasympathetic division of brain.
(4) Sympathetic nervous system is activated releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal cortex.

14. Which one of the following pairs of, chemical substances, is correctly categorised ?
(1) Calcitonin and thymosin - Thyroid hormones [AIPMT Mains 2012]
(2) Pepsin and prolactin - Two digestive enzymes secreted in stomach
(3) Troponin and myosin - Complex proteins in striated muscles
(4) Secretin and rhodopsin - Polypeptide hormones
15. Effect of thyroxine on B.M.R. is - (CPMT-1992)

(1) Increase (2) Decrease (3) Uncertain (4) No effect
16. Neurohypohysis secretes- (CPMT 1993)
(1) Vasopressin and growth hormone (2) Oxytocin and estrogen
(3) Vasopressin and oxytocin (4) Vasopressin and estrogen
17. Adrenal cortex produces- (CPMT 1993)
(1) Adrenaline (2) Epinephrine (3) Aldosterone (4) Calcitonin
18. Parathyroid gland degenerates. Which activity is disturbed- (CPMT 1993)
(1) Growth (2) Calcium concentration
(3) Potassium concentration (4) Sodium concentration
19. Effect of prolactin hormone is on- (MPPMT 1993)
(1) Liver (2) Pancreas (3) Mammary glands (4) Bones
20. Dwarfism is due to- (MPPMT 1993)
(1) Absence of insulin (2) Hyposecretion of GH during childhood
(3) Hyposecretion of GH during adult stage (4) Excessive secretion of adrenaline
21. Glucagon is produced by- (AFMC1993)
(1) Peptic cell (2) Oxyntic cells (3) Alpha cells (4) Beta cells
22. Female sex hormone is- (MPPMT-1993)
(1) Estrogen (2) Androgen (3) Insulin (4) Adrenaline
23. Pancreatic secretion is stimulated by (HPMT-1993, BHU-1994)
(1) Secretin (2) Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin
(3) Duocrinin (4) Enterogastrone
24. Function of enterogastrone is- (CBSE-1994)
(1) Regulation of bile flow (2) Stimulation of pancreatic flow
(3) Inhibition of gastric secretion (4) Stimulation of gastric secretion
25. Function of thymus is - (CPMT-1994)
(1) Immunity (2) Growth (3) Formation of RBCs (4) Emergency hormone
26. Vasopressin performs (Bih. PMT-1994)
(1) Muscle contraction (2) Increases blood pressure
(3) decreases blood pressure (4) Both 1 and 2
27. Progesterone is secreted by- (M.P.P.M. T. 1994)
(1) Corpus luteum (2) Thyroid (3) Thymus (4) Testis

28. Diabetes is a disease in which urine contains (MPPMT-1994)
(1) Salt (2) Sugar (3) Fat (4) Protein
29. Insulin is secreted by (M.P.P.M.T. 1994)
(1) Pituitary (2) Adrenal (3) Thyroid (4) lslets of Langerhans
2+
30. Ca level is controlled by- (CBSE-1995)
(1) Thyroid (2) Hypothalamus (3) Pituitary (4) Thyroid and parathyroids
31. Which one is not secreted by pituitary ? (RPMT-1995)
(1) Thyroxine (2) F.S.H. (3) G.H. (4) A.C.T.H
32. Iodine is present in the secretion of (Bih. P.M.T. 1995)
(1) Adrenal (2) Thyroid (3) Pancreas (4) Pituitary
33. Which is correct ? (Bih. PMT 1995)
(1) Glucagon and insulin are secreted by same cells
(2) Glucagon and insulin are secreted by different cells
(3) Glucagon and insulin are secreted by different cells and have opposite effect
(4) None of the above
34. Which gland is often referred in connection with AIDS- (BHU 1995)
(1) Thymus (2) Thyroid (3) Adrenal (4) Pancreas
35. A temporary endocrine gland formed in ovary after ovulation is- (BHU 1995)
(1) Corpus uteri (2) Corpus albicans (3) Corpus callosum (4) Corpus luteum
36. Reabsorption of water in distal parts of kidney tubules/urine concentration is controlled by
(B.H.U. 1992, J.KC.E.E. 1992, M.P.P.M.T. 1992, 1996)
(1) Vasopressin/ADH (2) Oxytocin (3) Calcitonin (4) Relaxin
37. Endocrine gland for combating emergency is (C.P.M.T. 1992, 1996)
(1) Adrenal cortex (2) Adrenal medulla (3) Pancreas (4) Parathyroid
38. Glucagon produced by -cells of islets of Langerhans-
(Karnataka 1994, Bih. PMT-1994, AIIMS-1996)
(1) Converts glucose to glycogen (2) Converts glycogen to glucose
(3) Decreases concentration of glucose in blood (4) None of these
39. Basal metabolic rate is under control of (Pb. P.M. T. 1996)
(1) Glucagon (2) Insulin (3) Thyroxine (4) Both 1 and 2
40. Hormones involved in carbohydrate metabolism are (JIPMER-1996)
(1) Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and parathormone
(2) Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and glucocorticoids
(3) Insulin, glucagon, glucocorticoid and calcitonin
(4) Insulin, glucagon, norepinephrine and melatonin
41. Which endocrine gland stores its secretion in extracellular spaces before discharging into blood?
(CBSE-1996)
(1) Testis (2) Pancreas (3) Thyroid (4) Adrenal
42. Blood calcium is increased by administration of (BHU-1994, CPMT-1997)

(1) Glucagon (2) Thyroxine (3) Parathormone (4) Calcitonin

43. Parathormone deficiency cause- (M.P.P.M.T 1997)
(1) Goitre (2) Hypocalcemia (3) Hypercalcemia (4) All the above
44. Which hormone facilitates child birth ? (Ph. P.M.T 1997)
(1) Oxytocin (2) FSH (3) LH (4) Prolactin
45. Insulin is- (Pb. PMT 1997)
(1) Vitamin (2) Proteinaceous hormone
(3) Amine hormone (4) Steroid
46. FSH is involved in - (CPMT 1997)
(1) Ovulation (2) Spermatogenesis (3) Control of blood sugar(4) Growth
47. Epinephrine is- (CPMT
1997)
(1) Andrenergic (2) Cholinergic (3) Both 1 and 2 (4) None of the above
48. GH controls growth through- (CPMT 1997)
(1) rRNA (2) tRNA (3) mRNA (4) None of the above
49. Diabetes insipidus is under control of- (MPPMT 1997)
(1) ACTH (2) TSH (3) ADH (4) Aldosterone
50. Thyroxine is a (M.P.P.M.T. 1994, 1998)
(1) Vitamin (2) Enzyme (3) Hormone (4) Excretory product
51. Hormone is (M.P.P.M. T. 1998)
(1) Enzyme (2) Chemical messenger (3) Excretory product (4) Glandular secretion
52. Pituitary gland occurs in- (MPPMT 1998)
(1) Trachea (2) Abdomen (3) Gonads (4) Brain
53. Relaxin is secreted by- (B.H.U.1998)
(1) Testis (2) Adrenal (3) Pituitary (4) Ovary
54. Thyrocalcitonin (C.B.S.E. 1998)
(1) Elevates K+ level in blood (2) Lowers Ca++ level in blood
(3) Elevates Ca2+ level in blood (4) None of the above
55. Hormone connected with increased rate of glycogenesis, blood pressure and heart beat- (C.P.M.T. 1998)
(1) Insulin (2) Glucagon (3) Adrenaline (4) FSH
56. Secretion is under control of neurosecretory nerve axons is (A.I.I.M.S. 1998)
(1) Pineal (2) Adrenal cortex (3) Anterior pituitary (4) Posterior pituitary
57. Iodine deficiency in Frog will lead to (Karn, 1998)
(1) Accelerated metamorphosis (2) Inhibition of metamorphosis
(3) Development of miniature frog (4) Development of a giant frog.
58. Secretin hormone is secreted by and stimulates (JIPMER-1998)
(1) Duodenum-pancreas (2) Duodenum-liver
(3) Stomach-gastric glands (4) Thyroid-thyroid
59. Removal or absence of thymus in early life shall bring about (R.P.M.T. 1998)
(1) Lack of lymphocytes (2) Lack of antibodies
(3) Lack of lymph nodes (4) All the above

60. Which one controls the secretion of estrogen- (M.P.P.M.T. 1998)
(1) HCG (2) Progesterone (3) LH (4) FSH
61. Adrenal medulla is derived from- (RPMT - 1998)
(1) Ectoderm (2) Mesoderm (3) Endoderm (4) Both (1) and (3)
62. Diabetes insipidus is caused by the deficiency of hormone - (RPMT - 1998)
(1) insulin (2) vasopressin (3) glucagon (4) oxytocin
63. Glomerular area of adrenal cortex is responsible for - (RPMT - 1998)
(1) water and electrolyte balance (2) carbohydrate metabolism
(3) steroid hormone secretion (4) blood pressure
64. Pineal body develops from- (APMEE 1995, DPMT 1999)
(1) Dorsal part of diencephalon (2) Ventral part of diencephalon
(3) Ventral side of cerebrum (4) Lateral side of cerebrum
65. The hormones controlling secondary sexual characters include- (Pb. P.M.T : 1997; M.P.P.M.T : 1999)
(1) Thyroxine (2) FSH & LH (3) GH & FSH (4) Testosterone & estrogen.
+ +
66. Which of the following is related to obesity, low plasma Na , high K and increased blood pressure?
(C.P.M.T.1999)
(1) Growth hormone (2) Cortisol (3) Thyroxine (4) Adrenaline
67. Endocrine gland responsible for immunity is (M.P.P.M.T. 1999)
(1) Pineal (2) Thymus (3) Pituitary (4) Adrenal
68. Disease caused by deficiency of parathormone (M.P.P.M.T. 1999)
(1) Cretinism (2) Hypercalcemia (3) Tetany (4) Myxoedema
69. Cretinism is due to less secretion of (M.P.P.M.T. 1999)
(1) Thyroid (2) Pituitary (3) Parathyroid (4) Adrenal
70. Hormone that promotes cell division, protein synthesis and bone growth is (AF.M.C. 1999)
(1) ADH (2) ACTH (3) PTH (4) GH
71. Which of the following takes part in salt balancing ? (A.F.M.C. 1999)
(1) Mineralocorticoid (2) Glucocorticoid (3) Somatotrophin (4) None
72. Which one exclusively comprises endocrine glands (Karnataka 1999)
(1) Pituitary, Salivary, Adrenal, Ovary, Testis (2) Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Ovary, Testis
(3) Salivary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Ovary, Testis (4) Adrenal, Ovary, Testis, Salivary, Liver
73. Thyroxine is secreted by which gland ? (RPMT - 1999)
(1) Adrenal (2) Parathyroid (3) Pituitary (4) Thyroid
74. Which substance is secreted by corpus luteum ? (RPMT - 1999)
(1) Hormone (2) enzyme (3) Pheromone (4) Bile
+ +
75. Hormone controlling Na –K ion concentration is- (CPMT-2000)
(1) Aldosterone (2) Anti-diuretic hormone (3) Progesterone (4) Pitocin
76. Hormones of adrenal cortex are synthesised from (CPMT-2000)
(1) Tyrosine (2) Tryptophan (3) Cholesterol (4) Glycoproteins
77. Hormone controlling metabolism is (CBSE-2000)
(1) ACTH from pituitary gland (2) FSH from pituitary
(3) Thyroxine from thyroid (4) Adrenaline from adrenal medulla
78. Hypoglycaemic hormone is (Wardha 2000)
(1) Insulin (2) Glucagon (3) Thyroxine (4) ACTH
79. Oxytocin is releasd from : (RPMT - 2000)
(1) hypothalamus (2) intermediate lobe
(3) adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) (4) neurohypophysis
80. What is the molecular weight of insulin ? (RPMT - 2000)
(1) 6000 amu (2) 5000 amu (3) 4000 amu (4) 15000 amu
81. Parathormone controls : (RPMT - 2000)
(1) calcium and phosphate metabolism (2) Na and K metabolism
(3) fatty acid metabolism (4) protein metabolism
82. Nor epinephrine is secreted from : (RPMT - 2000)
(1) medulla of adrenal (2) zona fasciculata (3) zona reticularis (4) zona glomerulosa
83. Thymosine stimulates : (RPMT - 2000)
(1) milk secretion (2) erythrocytes (3) T-lymphocytes (4) melanocytes
84. FSH is : (RPMT - 2000)
(1) glycoprotein (2) phospholipid (3) glycolipid (4) metalloprotein
85. Prostaglandins affect : (RPMT - 2000)
(1) blood pressure (2) defecation (3) osmoregulation (4) oxygen metabolism
86. Which one of the following is both hormone and enzyme ? (RPMT - 2000)
(1) ADH hormone (2) Acetycholinesterase (3) Angiotensinogen (4) Rennin
87. Myxoedema is due to- (MPPMT, Pb. PMT 2001)
(1) Decreased production of thyroxin (2) Increased production of thyroxin
(3) Excess GH (4) Decreased insulin
88. Injection of glucagon will- (CBSE 2001)
(1) Cause hypoglycemia(2) Cause galactosemia (3) Increase blood sugar (4) Cause goitre
89. Hormone produced more in dark is (PCS 2001)
(1) Thyroxine (2) Melatonin (3) Adrenaline (4) Insulin
90. Which is not involved in endocrine secretion ? (M.P.P.M. T. 2001)
(1) Leydig cell (2) Lutein cell (3) Para-follicular cells of thyroid (4) Kupffer cells
91. Metamorphosis of Frog from tadpole to adult is controlled by : (RPMT - 2001)
(1) adrenalin (2) thyroxin (3) secretin (4) lymph
92. The basal metabolic rate of the body is regulated by : (RPMT - 2001)
(1) parathyroid (2) thymus (3) pituitary (4) thyroid
93. An endocrine gland known as 'gland of emergency' is : (RPMT - 2001)
(1) pituitary (2) parathyroid (3) adrenal (4) pancreas
94. One of the hormone, which when secreted increase the blood pressure, heart beat, output of glucose in the
blood : (RPMT - 2001)
(1) thyroxine (2) aldosterone (3) adrenaline (4) testosterone
95. Goitre influences - (MPPMT-2002)
(1) Speech (2) Excretion (3) Metabolism (4) Vision

96. Pheromones are - (CPMT-2002)
(1) Produced by endocrine glands (2) mRNAs
(3) Chemicals used in animal communication (4) Protein
97. Goitre is a pathological condition associated with- (RPMT - 2003)
(1) Glucagon (2) Thyroxine (3) Progesterone (4) Testosterone
98. Sex hormones can work without the help of- (RPMT - 2003)
(1) Insulin (2) Placenta (3) Pituitary (4) Gonadotropins
99. Which one of the following statements is correct? (CBSE - 2006)
(1) Endocrine glands regulate neural activity, but not vice versa
(2) Neurons regulate endocrine activity but not vice versa
(3) Endocrine glands regulate neural activity and nervous system regulates endocrine glands
(4) Neither hormones control neural activity nor the neurons control endocrine activity
100. Sertoli cells are regulated by the pituitary hormone known as- (CBSE - 2006)
(1) LH (2) FSH (3) GH (4) Prolactin
101. Which one of the following is not a second messenger in hormone action? (CBSE - 2006)
(1) aAMP (2) aGMP (3) Calcium (4) Sodium
102. A steroid hormone which regulates glucose metabolism is- (CBSE - 2006)
(1) Cortisone (2) Cortisol (3) Corticosterone (4) 11-deoxycorticosterone
103. Withdrawal of which of the following hormones is the immediate cause of menstruation?(CBSE - 2006)
(1) progesterone (2) Estrogen (3) FSH (4) FSH-RH
104. Which of the following is an accumulation and release centre of neurohormones? (CBSE - 2006)
(1) Anterior pituitary lobe (2) Posterior pituitary lobe
(3) Intermediate lobe of the pituitary (4) Hypothalamus
105. Which hormone causes dilation of blood vessels, increased oxygen consumption and glycogenesis-
(CBSE-2006)
(1) Glucagon (2) ACTH (3) Insulin (4) Adrenaline

BOARD LEVEL EXERCISE : HINT & SOLUTIONS
1.
\ Haromones secreted by adenohypophysis-(i) G.H. (ii) F.S.H. (iii) T.S.H. (iv) L.H. (v) A.C.T.H. (vi) Prolactin
• M.S.H. (Secreted by pars intermedia)

Haromones secreted by Neurohypophysis-(i) Oxytocin (ii) Vasopressin (ADH)
2. The names of disease occurs due to abnormality of thyroid gland-
Hypothyroidism- (i) Cretinism (ii) Myxodema (Gull's disease) (iii) Simple goiter
(iv) Hashimoto disease
Hyperthyroidism-(i) Grave's disease (ii) Plummer's disease
3. Adrenal gland is called emergency gland.
4. Thyroxine hormone is responsible for metamorphosis in frog.
5. Pancreas is called mixed gland because it has characters of both exocrine and endocrine gland. Its 99% is
exocrine while 1% is endocrine.
6. Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace
amounts.
7. Endocrine gland- Endorine glands are those glands which secret there secretion directly into the blood
without the help of duct. Hence, these are also called ductless glands. Ex.- Pituitary gland, thyroid gland
etc.
Exocrine gland- Exocrine glands are those glands which secret there secretion with the help of duct to the
target organ. Ex.- Salivary gland, liver etc.
8. The names of hormone created by adrenal gland-
Adrenal cortex- (i) Mineralocorticoid (Aldosterone)
(ii) Glucocorticoid (Cortisol)
(iii) Sex hormone & Glucocorticoid
Adrenal medulla-(i) Adrenaline (Epinephrine) (ii) Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)
9. See page no. 2
10. See page no. 15
11. (a) Pheromones-These are intra–specific chemical messengers released by an animal into air to initiate
specific response in another animal of same species. These may be signals of food, mate etc. These are
also called ectohormones or Sanio chemicals. Term pheromone was coined by Karlson and Butenandt
(1959).
(b) Thymus gland- See page no. 12
(c) Pineal gland- See page no. 8
12. See Page No. 1
13. (i) See page no. 2
(ii) See page no. 3
14. See page no. 2

EXERCISE - 1
1. (2) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (1) 5. (4)
6. (3) 7. (4) 8. (2) 9. (4) 10. (1)
11. (3) 12. (2) 13. (4) 14. (1) 15. (3)
16. (2) 17. (2) 18. (3) 19. (3) 20. (4)
21. (1) 22. (1) 23. (3) 24. (1) 25. (2)
26. (4) 27. (4) 28. (2) 29. (4) 30. (1)
31. (3) 32. (3) 33. (2) 34. (3) 35. (1)
36. (3) 37. (3) 38. (1) 39. (2) 40. (1)
41. (4) 42. (4) 43. (2) 44. (3) 45. (3)
46. (2) 47. (1) 48. (4) 49. (2) 50. (4)
51. (3) 52. (2) 53. (1) 54. (3) 55. (1)
56. (4) 57. (1) 58. (1) 59. (1) 60. (4)
61. (2) 62. (4) 63. (2) 64. (4) 65. (2)
66. (3) 67. (1) 68. (2) 69. (1) 70. (4)
71. (1) 72. (4) 73. (4) 74. (2) 75. (1)
76. (1) 77. (4) 78. (4) 79. (1) 80. (3)
81. (2) 82. (2) 83. (2) 84. (2) 85. (2)
86. (1) 87. (1) 88. (3) 89. (1) 90. (1)
91. (1) 92. (2) 93. (1) 94. (2) 95. (2)
96. (4) 97. (1) 98. (2) 99. (2) 100. (1)
101. (1) 102. (2) 103. (2) 104. (1) 105. (4)
106. (3) 107. (3) 108. (3) 109. (4) 110. (3)
111. (4) 112. (1) 113. (3) 114. (4) 115. (2)
116. (2) 117. (1) 118. (2) 119. (1) 120. (3)
121. (4) 122. (4) 123. (4) 124. (4) 125. (1)
126. (2) 127. (3) 128. (4) 129. (1) 130. (2)
131. (1) 132. (1) 133. (1) 134. (2) 135. (3)
136. (1) 137. (4) 138. (1) 139. (4) 140. (3)
141. (1) 142. (4) 143. (4) 144. (3) 145. (3)
146. (1) 147. (2) 148. (4) 149. (1) 150. (3)
151. (1) 152. (4) 153. (2) 154. (3) 155. (3)
156. (2) 157. (1) 158. (1) 159. (2) 160. (1)
161. (4) 162. (2) 163. (4) 164. (3) 165. (3)
166. (3) 167. (2) 168. (1) 169. (1) 170. (1)
171. (2) 172. (2) 173. (2) 174. (4) 175. (3)
176. (1) 177. (3) 178. (2) 179. (4) 180. (1)
181. (1) 182. (1) 183. (3) 184. (2) 185. (3)
186. (4) 187. (3) 188. (4) 189. (4) 190. (3)
191. (1) 192. (1) 193. (3) 194. (2) 195. (1)
196. (2) 197. (1) 198. (4) 199. (3) 200. (1)
201. (3) 202. (1) 203. (4) 204. (2) 205. (2)
206. (1) 207. (1) 208. (3) 209. (4) 210. (3)
211. (3) 212. (1) 213. (2) 214. (3) 215. (1)
216. (2) 217. (1) 218. (2) 219. (2) 220. (4)
221. (3) 222. (4) 223. (4) 224. (2) 225. (4)
226. (4) 227. (2) 228. (4) 229. (3) 230. (3)
231. (2) 232. (4) 233. (3) 234. (2) 235. (3)

236. (1) 237. (4) 238. (1) 239. (1) 240. (1)
241. (1) 242. (2) 243. (1) 244. (4) 245. (3)
246. (2) 247. (2) 248. (4) 249. (2)
EXERCISE - 2
1. (1) 2. (5) 3. (4) 4. (2) 5. (1)
EXERCISE - 3
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c)

6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c)
16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (d)
26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (d)
EXERCISE - 4
1. (3) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (4)
6. (3) 7. (2) 8. (1) 9. (1) 10. (4)
11. (3) 12. (4) 13. (1) 14. (3) 15. (1)
16. (3) 17. (3) 18. (2) 19. (3) 20. (2)
21. (3) 22. (1) 23. (2) 24. (3) 25. (1)
26. (4) 27. (1) 28. (2) 29. (4) 30. (4)
31. (1) 32. (2) 33. (3) 34. (1) 35. (4)
36. (1) 37. (2) 38. (2) 39. (3) 40. (2)
41. (3) 42. (3) 43. (2) 44. (1) 45. (2)
46. (2) 47. (1) 48. (3) 49. (3) 50. (3)
51. (2) 52. (4) 53. (4) 54. (2) 55. (3)
56. (4) 57. (2) 58. (1) 59. (1) 60. (4)
61. (1) 62. (2) 63. (1) 64. (1) 65. (4)
66. (2) 67. (2) 68. (3) 69. (1) 70. (4)
71. (1) 72. (2) 73. (4) 74. (1) 75. (1)
76. (3) 77. (3) 78. (1) 79. (4) 80. (1)
81. (1) 82. (1) 83. (3) 84. (1) 85. (3)
86. (4) 87. (1) 88. (3) 89. (2) 90. (4)
91. (2) 92. (4) 93. (3) 94. (3) 95. (3)
96. (3) 97. (2) 98. (1) 99. (3) 100. (2)
101. (4) 102. (2) 103. (1) 104. (2) 105. (4)

Endocrine Resonance

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Endocrine Resonance

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Endocrine Resonance

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Human Physiology

(Chemical Coordination and Integration)

Endocrine = (greek, endon = within, cirenin = to set apart)

Study of endocrine glands and their hormone is called as endocrinology.

NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 1

NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 2

This complex active adenyl cyclase enzyme.

NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 3

Hypothalamo hypophysial portal system -

NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 4

Also called as Hypophysis cerebri.

Pituitary term was given by vesalius.

Pituitary gland is ectodermal in origin.

This is also called as master gland/ Leader of endocrine

Pituitary gland is situated at the floor of diencephalon in sella

It is homologus to herdmania’s subneural gland and amphioxus muller organ.

Structure of Pituitary gland-

Structurally pituitary gland is divided into two parts -

(a) Pars distalis (b) Pars intermedia (c) Pars tuberalis

(ii) Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) - Consist of three parts -

(a) Pars nervosa

(b) Infundibulum or stalk of pituitary gland

(c) Median eminence or Tubercinerium.

Adenohypophysis originated from the Rathke pouch of stomodeum.

Adenohypophysis secretes 6 hormones.

1. Growth hormone 2. T.S.H. 3. F.S.H.

4. L.H. 5. Prolactin 6. ACTH

NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 5

TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, Secreted by Basophils or cells.

Chromophils are the precursor of and cells.

HORMONES OF ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (Anterior lobe of pituitary)

(1) Growth Hormone (GH) or Somatotropic Hormone (STH) :

NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 6

MSH - Melanocyte stimulating hormone.

NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 7

It origin from exoderm and formed by ependial and glial cells.

Discovered by Thomas warton.

Each lobe have many thyroid follicles and stromal tissues.

NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 9

NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 10

In this low intelligence quotient, abnormal skin, deaf mutism etc..

In this heart rate decrease , low BP and body appear cold.

(ii) Myxoedema (Gull’s disease) - Decrease of T4 & T3 in adult.

Due to deposition of myxomatous tissue (mucopolysaccharide).

Puffyness on face and neck occur due to collection of water.

(Endemic = localised area).

TSH stimulate the thyroid follicles to secrete the thyroid hormone.

NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 11

HR , B.P. , Hyperkinetic movement, Insomnia, Anxiety happens in this disease.

PARATHYROID GLAND Or COLLIP GLAND

NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 12

Also called supra renal gland (emergency gland).

NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 13

(I) Cortex - Mesodermal in origin. Consist of three layers.

NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 14

Effect of deficiency of Adrenocorticoid - Addison’s disease :

NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 15

NEET_Chemical Coordination and Integration - 16