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Unit 3 Colligative Properties UST Template

This document introduces several colligative properties of solutions: vapor pressure lowering according to Raoult's law, boiling point elevation and freezing point depression that depend on molality, and

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Cess Montemayor
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236 views32 pages

Unit 3 Colligative Properties UST Template

This document introduces several colligative properties of solutions: vapor pressure lowering according to Raoult's law, boiling point elevation and freezing point depression that depend on molality, and

Uploaded by

Cess Montemayor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 3

Colligative Properties of
Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes

maidliu 01.28.2019
Colligative Properties
• Any property of a solution that depends on the
number of solute particles
• Not affected by the nature of the solute particles

• Colligative properties are physical properties of a


solution.

• This is only applicable to dilute solutions (≤0.20M)


Colligative Properties
1. Vapor pressure lowering
2. Boiling point elevation
3. Freezing point depression
4. Osmotic pressure
What is Vapor Pressure?

It refers to pressure exerted by vapor on the surface the liquid (result of


evaporation of liquid).
Vapor Pressure Lowering
Raoult’s Law
• If solute is nonvolatile, the vapor pressure of the
solution is always less than of the pure solvent

Raoult’s law states that:


P1 = X 1P10

where P1 = vapor pressure of solvent insolution


P10 = vapor pressure of pure solvent
X 1 = mole fraction of solvent insolution
Lowering of Vapor Pressure and Raoult’s Law
• Lowering of vapor pressure (P) is defined as:

P = P10 − P1
= P10 - ( X 1 )(P10 )
= (1 − X 1 )P10
In a solution containing one solute, X 1 = 1 − X 2

where X 2 = mole fraction of the solute


then, P = X 2P10
Relationship between Concentration of
solution and Vapor Pressure Lowering
PROBLEM SET
1. Calculate the vapor pressure of water over each of
the following ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) solutions at
220C (vp of pure water is 19.83 torr). Ethylene
glycol can be assumed to be nonvolatile.
a. XC2H6O2= 0.288
b. % (w/w) C2H6O2 = 39.0%
c. 2.42 m C2H6O2
PROBLEM SET
2. Calculate vapor pressure lowering associated with
dissolving 20.2g table sugar (C12H22O11) in 400.g
water at 250C. The vapor pressure of pure water at
25°C is 23.76 torr.
What is the vapor pressure of the solution at
100.oC?
PROBLEM SET
3. Sucrose is a nonvolatile, non-ionizing solute in
water. Determine the vapor pressure lowering, at
27°C, of a solution of 75.0 grams of sucrose,
C12H22O11, dissolved in 180. g of water. The vapor
pressure of pure water at 27°C is 26.7 torr. (MM of
sucrose is 342 g/n)
PROBLEM SET
4. Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution prepared
by dissolving 70.0g of naphthalene, C10H8 (a
nonvolatile nonelectrolyte), in 220.0g of benzene,
C6H6, at 20°C. Assume the solution is ideal. The
vapor pressure of pure benzene is 74.6 torr at 20°C.
PROBLEM SET
5. At 40 oC, the vapor pressure of heptane is 92torr. If
a solution is made of naphthalene in heptane and
has a vapor pressure of 82 torr, what is the mole
fraction of naphthalene?
Changes in Boiling and Freezing Points
• The presence of solute particles affects the boiling and freezing
points of a solvent.

• To boil the solution, vapor


pressure above the
solution must be equal to
the external atmospheric
pressure.
• Then, temp of the solution
must be raised!
Changes in Boiling and Freezing Points

• Presence of solute particles lower the freezing


point of the solvent.
Boiling Point Elevation
• Boiling point elevation (Tb) is:
Tb = Tb − Tb0
= Kb m
where :
Tb = boiling point of the solution
Tb0 = boiling point of the pure solvent
m = molality of the solution
Kb = molal boiling point elevation constant
for the solvent
Freezing Point Depression
• Freezing point depression (Tf) is:
Tf = Tf0 − Tf
= Kf m
where :
Tf = freezing point of the solution
T 0f = freezing point of the pure solvent
m = molality of the solution
K f = molal freezing point depression constant
for the solvent
Problem Set
1. What is the normal boiling point of a 2.50 m
glucose, C6H12O6, solution? Kb for water =
0.512°C/m.
Problem Set
2. If 4.27 grams of sucrose, C12H22O11, are dissolved in
15.2 grams of water, what will be the boiling point
of the resulting solution? Kb for water = 0.512°C/m.
Problem Set
3. Ethylene glycol is used both as antifreeze and as
coolant in radiators. Calculate the BP and FP of a
solution containing 45.8 g of ethylene glycol
(MW=62.0 g/n) in 3202 g of water.
Kf for H2O = 1.86°C/m.
Problem Set
4. When 1.150 grams of an unknown nonelectrolyte
dissolves in 10.0 grams of water, the solution freezes
at –2.16°C. What is the molecular weight of the
unknown compound?
OSMOSIS
What is Osmosis?
It is a selective passage of
solvent molecules
through a porous
membrane from a dilute
solution to a more
concentrated one.
Molecular event in Osmosis
Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure (π) is the pressure required to stop
osmosis.
 = MRT
where, M = molarity of the solution
R = gas constant (0.0821L  atm/K  mol)
T = absolute temperature
Problem Set
1. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution that
contains 1.22 g of sucrose dissolved in 100. g of
water at 25°C. (Assume the volume of the solution
is 100. mL)
Problem Set
2. Estimate the molecular weight of a polymer if a 100.-
mL solution of 6.5 g of the polymer in toluene has an
osmotic pressure of 0.044 atm at 27°C.
ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION

• The effects of the electrolytes on colligative


properties are larger than nonelectrolytes.
• This is because the number of particles released in
solution is greater for electrolytes.

EXAMPLE:
Compare the number of particles released by one mole of
sucrose and NaCl in the solution.
van‘t Hoff factor
• The van’t Hoff factor (i),
is used to introduce this
effect into the
calculations.

• It is a measure of the extent of ionization or


dissociation of the electrolyte in the solution.
actual number of particles in solution after dissociation
i=
number of formula units initially dissolved in solution
Modified Equations for Colligative Properties
of Electrolyte Solutions
Boiling point elevation
Tb = iKbm

Freezing point depression


Tf = iKfm

Osmotic pressure
π = iMRT
Problem Set

1. Which aqueous solution would have the lowest


vapor pressure at 250C?
A. 1M NaCl
B. 1M K3PO4
C. 1M glucose, C6H12O6
D. 1M MgCl2
Problem Set

2. Which aqueous solution would be expected to


have the highest boiling point?
A. 0.100m KCl
B. 0.050m Al2(SO4)3
C. 0.075m K2SO4
D. 0.200m sucrose, C12H22O11
Assignment

Bettelheim
6-70
6-73 a, b, e
6-107 a, b
6-111 a, b, d

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