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Window Functions: Ginger Grant

The document discusses window functions in SQL Server. Window functions allow aggregations and calculations to be performed over partitions of rows defined by the OVER clause, and can reference values in the current and neighboring rows. Common window functions covered include SUM, COUNT, FIRST_VALUE, LAST_VALUE, LEAD, and LAG.

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43 views31 pages

Window Functions: Ginger Grant

The document discusses window functions in SQL Server. Window functions allow aggregations and calculations to be performed over partitions of rows defined by the OVER clause, and can reference values in the current and neighboring rows. Common window functions covered include SUM, COUNT, FIRST_VALUE, LAST_VALUE, LEAD, and LAG.

Uploaded by

anubhav582
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Window functions

I N T E R M E D I AT E S Q L S E R V E R

Ginger Grant
Instructor
INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER
Grouping data in T-SQL
SELECT SalesPerson, SalesYear,
CurrentQuota, ModifiedDate
FROM SaleGoal
WHERE SalesYear = 2011

+------------+----------+---------------+----------------+
|SalesPerson |SalesYear | CurrentQuota | ModifiedDate |
+------------+----------+---------------+----------------+
| Bob | 2011 | 28000.00 | 2011-04-16 |
| Bob | 2011 | 7000.00 | 2011-07-16 |
| Bob | 2011 | 91000.00 | 2011-10-16 |
| Mary | 2011 |367000.00 | 2011-04-16 |
| Mary | 2011 |556000.00 | 2011-07-16 |
| Mary | 2011 |502000.00 | 2011-10-16 |
+------------+----------+---------------+----------------+

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Window syntax in T-SQL
Create the window with OVER clause

PARTITION BY creates the frame

If you do not include PARTITION BY the frame is the entire table

To arrange the results, use ORDER BY

Allows aggregations to be created at the same time as the window

. . .
-- Create a Window data grouping
OVER (PARTITION BY SalesYear ORDER BY SalesYear)

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Window functions (SUM)
SELECT SalesPerson, SalesYear, CurrentQuota,
SUM(CurrentQuota)
OVER (PARTITION BY SalesYear) AS YearlyTotal,
ModifiedDate AS ModDate
FROM SaleGoal

+------------+----------+-------------+------------+----------+
|SalesPerson |SalesYear |CurrentQuota |YearlyTotal | ModDate |
+------------+----------+-------------+------------+----------+
|Bob |2011 |28000.00 |1551000.00 |2011-04-16|
|Bob |2011 |7000.00 |1551000.00 |2011-07-17|
|Mary |2011 |367000.00 |1551000.00 |2011-04-16|
|Mary |2011 |556000.00 |1551000.00 |2011-07-15|
|Bob |2012 |70000.00 |1859000.00 |2012-01-15|
|Bob |2012 |154000.00 |1859000.00 |2012-04-16|
|Bob |2012 |107000.00 |1859000.00 |2012-07-16|
... | | | | |
+------------+----------+-------------+------------+----------+

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Window functions (COUNT)
SELECT SalesPerson, SalesYear, CurrentQuota,
COUNT(CurrentQuota)
OVER (PARTITION BY SalesYear) AS QuotaPerYear,
ModifiedDate AS ModDate
FROM SaleGoal

+------------+----------+------------+--------------+----------+
|SalesPerson |SalesYear |CurrentQuota|QuotaPerYear | ModDate |
+------------+----------+------------+--------------+----------+
|Bob |2011 |28000.00 |4 |2011-04-16|
|Bob |2011 |7000.00 |4 |2011-07-17|
|Mary |2011 |367000.00 |4 |2011-04-16|
|Mary |2011 |556000.00 |4 |2011-07-15|
|Bob |2012 |70000.00 |8 |2012-01-15|
|Bob |2012 |154000.00 |8 |2012-04-15|
|Bob |2012 |107000.00 |8 |2012-10-16|
...
+------------+----------+------------+------------+----------+

Notice the count starts over for each window in column QuotaPerYear

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Let's practice!
I N T E R M E D I AT E S Q L S E R V E R
Common window
functions
I N T E R M E D I AT E S Q L S E R V E R

Ginger Grant
Instructor
FIRST_VALUE() and LAST_VALUE()
FIRST_VALUE() returns the rst value in the window

LAST_VALUE() returns the last value in the window

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


FIRST_VALUE() and LAST_VALUE() in T-SQL
Note that for FIRST_VALUE and LAST_VALUE the ORDER BY command is required

-- Select the columns


SELECT SalesPerson, SalesYear, CurrentQuota,
-- First value from every window
FIRST_VALUE(CurrentQuota)
OVER (PARTITION BY SalesYear ORDER BY ModifiedDate) AS StartQuota,
-- Last value from every window
LAST_VALUE(CurrentQuota)
OVER (PARTITION BY SalesYear ORDER BY ModifiedDate) AS EndQuota,
ModifiedDate as ModDate
FROM SaleGoal

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Results
+------------+----------+------------+----------+----------+----------+
|SalesPerson |SalesYear |CurrentQuota|StartQuota| EndQuota |ModDate |
+------------+----------+------------+----------+----------+----------+
|Bob |2011 |28000.00 |28000.00 |91000.00 |2011-04-16|
|Bob |2011 |7000.00 |28000.00 |91000.00 |2011-07-17|
|Bob |2011 |91000.00 |28000.00 |91000.00 |2011-10-17|
|Bob |2012 |140000.00 |140000.00 |107000.00 |2012-01-15|
|Bob |2012 |70000.00 |140000.00 |107000.00 |2012-04-15|
|Bob |2012 |154000.00 |140000.00 |107000.00 |2012-07-16|
|Bob |2012 |107000.00 |140000.00 |107000.00 |2012-10-16|
...
+------------+----------+------------+----------+----------+----------+

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Getting the next value with LEAD()
Provides the ability to query the value from the next row

NextQuota column is created by using LEAD()

Requires the use of ORDER BY to order the rows

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


LEAD() in T-SQL
SELECT SalesPerson, SalesYear, CurrentQuota,
-- Create a window function to get the values from the next row
LEAD(CurrentQuota)
OVER (PARTITION BY SalesYear ORDER BY ModifiedDate) AS NextQuota,
ModifiedDate AS ModDate
FROM SaleGoal

+------------+----------+------------+------------+----------+
|SalesPerson |SalesYear |CurrentQuota|NextQuota | ModDate |
+------------+----------+------------+------------+----------+
|Bob |2011 |28000.00 |367000.00 |2011-04-15|
|Mary |2011 |367000.00 |556000.00 |2011-04-16|
|Mary |2011 |556000.00 |7000.00 |2011-07-15|
|Bob |2011 |7000.00 |NULL |2011-07-17|
|Bob |2012 |70000.00 |502000.00 |2012-01-15|
|Mary |2012 |502000.00 |154000.00 |2012-01-16|
...
+------------+----------+------------+------------+----------+

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Getting the previous value with LAG()
Provides the ability to query the value from the previous row

PreviousQuota column is created by using LAG()

Requires the use of ORDER BY to order the rows

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


LAG() in T-SQL
SELECT SalesPerson, SalesYear, CurrentQuota,
-- Create a window function to get the values from the previous row
LAG(CurrentQuota)
OVER (PARTITION BY SalesYear ORDER BY ModifiedDate) AS PreviousQuota,
ModifiedDate AS ModDate
FROM SaleGoal

+------------+----------+------------+-------------+----------+
|SalesPerson |SalesYear |CurrentQuota|PreviousQuota |ModDate |
+------------+----------+------------+-------------+----------+
|Bob |2011 |28000.00 |NULL |2011-04-15|
|Mary |2011 |367000.00 |28000.00 |2011-04-16|
|Mary |2011 |556000.00 |367000.00 |2011-07-15|
|Bob |2011 |7000.00.00 |556000.00 |2011-07-17|
|Bob |2012 |7000.00 |NULL |2012-01-15|
|Mary |2012 |502000.00 |7000.00 |2012-01-16|
...
+------------+----------+------------+------------+----------+

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Let's practice !
I N T E R M E D I AT E S Q L S E R V E R
Increasing window
complexity
I N T E R M E D I AT E S Q L S E R V E R

Ginger Grant
Instructor
Reviewing aggregations
SELECT SalesPerson, SalesYear, CurrentQuota,
SUM(CurrentQuota)
OVER (PARTITION BY SalesYear) AS YearlyTotal,
ModifiedDate as ModDate
FROM SaleGoal

+------------+----------+------------+------------+----------+
|SalesPerson |SalesYear |CurrentQuota|YearlyTotal | ModDate |
+------------+----------+------------+------------+----------+
|Bob |2011 |28000.00 |1551000.00 |2011-04-16|
|Bob |2011 |7000.00 |1551000.00 |2011-07-17|
|Bob |2011 |91000.00 |1551000.00 |2011-10-17|
|Mary |2011 |140000.00 |1551000.00 |2012-04-15|
|Mary |2011 |70000.00 |1551000.00 |2012-07-15|
|Mary |2011 |154000.00 |1551000.00 |2012-01-15|
|Mary |2012 |107000.00 |1859000.00 |2012-01-16|
...
+------------+----------+------------+------------+----------+

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Adding ORDER BY to an aggregation
SELECT SalesPerson, SalesYear, CurrentQuota,
SUM(CurrentQuota)
OVER (PARTITION BY SalesYear ORDER BY SalesPerson) AS YearlyTotal,
ModifiedDate as ModDate
FROM SaleGoal

+------------+----------+------------+------------+----------+
|SalesPerson |SalesYear |CurrentQuota|YearTotal | ModDate |
+------------+----------+------------+------------+----------+
|Bob |2011 |28000.00 |35000.00 |2011-04-16|
|Bob |2011 |7000.00 |35000.00 |2011-07-17|
|Mary |2011 |367000.00 |958000.00 |2011-10-17|
|Mary |2011 |556000.00 |958000.00 |2012-04-15|
|Bob |2012 |70000.00 |401000.00 |2012-07-15|
|Bob |2012 |154000.00 |401000.00 |2012-10-16|
...
+------------+----------+------------+------------+----------+

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Creating a running total with ORDER BY
SELECT SalesPerson, SalesYear, CurrentQuota,
SUM(CurrentQuota)
OVER (PARTITION BY SalesYear ORDER BY ModifiedDate) as RunningTotal,
ModifiedDate as ModDate
FROM SaleGoal

+------------+----------+------------+------------+----------+
|SalesPerson |SalesYear |CurrentQuota|RunningTotal| ModDate |
+------------+----------+------------+------------+----------+
|Bob |2011 |28000.00 |28000.00 |2011-04-16|
|Mary |2011 |367000.00 |395000.00 |2011-07-17|
|Mary |2011 |556000.00 |951000.00 |2011-10-17|
|Bob |2011 |7000.00 |958000.00 |2012-04-15|
|Bob |2012 |70000.00 |70000.00 |2012-01-15|
|Mary |2012 |502000.00 |572000.00 |2012-01-16|
...
+------------+----------+------------+------------+----------+

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Adding row numbers
ROW_NUMBER() sequentially numbers the rows in the window

ORDER BY is required when using ROW_NUMBER()

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Adding row numbers in T-SQL
SELECT SalesPerson, SalesYear, CurrentQuota,
ROW_NUMBER()
OVER (PARTITION BY SalesPerson ORDER BY SalesYear) AS QuotabySalesPerson
FROM SaleGoal

+------------+----------+------------+------------------+
|SalesPerson |SalesYear |CurrentQuota|QuotabySalesPerson|
+------------+----------+------------+------------------+
|Bob |2011 |28000.00 |1 |
|Bob |2011 |7000.00 |2 |
|Bob |2011 |70000.00 |3 |
|Bob |2011 |154000.00 |4 |
|Bob |2012 |70000.00 |5 |
|Bob |2012 |107000.00 |6 |
|Bob |2012 |91000.00 |7 |
|Mary |2011 |367000.00 |1 |
...
+------------+----------+------------+------------------+

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Let's practice!
I N T E R M E D I AT E S Q L S E R V E R
Using windows for
calculating statistics
I N T E R M E D I AT E S Q L S E R V E R

Ginger Grant
Instructor
Calculating the standard deviation
Calculate standard deviation either for the entire table or for each window

STDEV() calculates the standard deviation

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Calculating the standard deviation for the entire
table
SELECT SalesPerson, SalesYear, CurrentQuota,
STDEV(CurrentQuota)
OVER () AS StandardDev,
ModifiedDate AS ModDate
FROM SaleGoal

+------------+----------+------------+-----------------+----------+
|SalesPerson |SalesYear |CurrentQuota|StandardDev | ModDate |
+------------+----------+------------+-----------------+----------+
|Bob |2011 |28000.00 |267841.370964233 |2011-04-16|
|Bob |2011 |7000.00 |267841.370964233 |2011-07-17|
|Bob |2011 |91000.00 |267841.370964233 |2011-10-17|
|Bob |2012 |140000.00 |267841.370964233 |2012-01-15|
|Bob |2012 |70000.00 |267841.370964233 |2012-04-15|
...

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Calculating the standard deviation for each
partition
SELECT SalesPerson, SalesYear, CurrentQuota,
STDEV(CurrentQuota)
OVER (PARTITION BY SalesYear ORDER BY SalesYear) AS StDev,
ModifiedDate AS ModDate
FROM SaleGoal

+------------+----------+------------+-------------+----------+
|SalesPerson |SalesYear |CurrentQuota|StDev | ModDate |
+------------+----------+------------+-------------+----------+
|Bob |2011 |28000.00 |267841.54080 |2011-04-16|
|Bob |2011 |7000.00 |267841.54080 |2011-07-17|
|Mary |2011 |91000.00 |267841.54080 |2011-04-16|
|Mary |2011 |140000.00 |267841.54080 |2011-07-15|
|Bob |2012 |70000.00 |246538.86248 |2012-01-15|
|Bob |2012 |154000.00 |246538.86248 |2012-04-15|
|Bob |2012 |107000.00 |246538.86248 |2012-07-16|
...
+------------+----------+------------+------------+-----------+

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Calculating the mode
Mode is the value which appears the most often in your data

To calculate mode:
Create a CTE containing an ordered count of values using ROW_NUMBER

Write a query using the CTE to pick the value with the highest row number

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Calculating the mode in T-SQL (I)
WITH QuotaCount AS (
SELECT SalesPerson, SalesYear, CurrentQuota,
ROW_NUMBER()
OVER (PARTITION BY CurrentQuota ORDER BY CurrentQuota) AS QuotaList
FROM SaleGoal
)
SELECT * FROM QuotaCount

+------------+----------+------------+-------------+
|SalesPerson |SalesYear |CurrentQuota|QuotaList |
+------------+----------+------------+-------------+
|Bob |2011 |7000.00 |1 |
|Bob |2011 |28000.00 |1 |
|Bob |2011 |70000.00 |1 |
|Bob |2012 |70000.00 |2 |
|Mary |2012 |73000.00 |1 |
...
+------------+----------+------------+-------------+

Notice there are two values for 70,000.00

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Calculating the mode in T-SQL (II)
WITH QuotaCount AS (
SELECT SalesPerson, SalesYear, CurrentQuota,
ROW_NUMBER()
OVER (PARTITION BY CurrentQuota ORDER BY CurrentQuota) AS QuotaList
FROM SaleGoal
)

SELECT CurrentQuota, QuotaList AS Mode


FROM QuotaCount
WHERE QuotaList IN (SELECT MAX(QuotaList) FROM QuotaCount)

+------------+----------+
|CurrentQuota|Mode |
+------------+----------+
|70000.00 |2 |
+------------+----------+

INTERMEDIATE SQL SERVER


Let's practice!
I N T E R M E D I AT E S Q L S E R V E R

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