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Useful Concepts Wave Theory

1) Simple harmonic oscillations can be described by the equation x=A sin(ωt + φ0) where A is amplitude, ω is angular frequency, and φ0 is the initial phase. 2) For a mass m attached to a spring with stiffness k, the period of oscillations is T=2π√(m/k). 3) A travelling wave can be described by the equation y(x,t)=y0 sin[ωt-kx+φ0] where y0 is amplitude, ω is angular frequency, k is wave number, and φ0 is initial phase. The speed of the wave v equals the wavelength λ multiplied by the frequency

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57 views4 pages

Useful Concepts Wave Theory

1) Simple harmonic oscillations can be described by the equation x=A sin(ωt + φ0) where A is amplitude, ω is angular frequency, and φ0 is the initial phase. 2) For a mass m attached to a spring with stiffness k, the period of oscillations is T=2π√(m/k). 3) A travelling wave can be described by the equation y(x,t)=y0 sin[ωt-kx+φ0] where y0 is amplitude, ω is angular frequency, k is wave number, and φ0 is initial phase. The speed of the wave v equals the wavelength λ multiplied by the frequency

Uploaded by

Ali Asgerov
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Useful Concepts.

Oscillations and Waves


For Simple Harmonic Oscillations
x= A sin ( ωt +φ 0 ) ,

where A is an amplitude, ω = 2 πf is an angular frequency (


1
f = is frequency) and φ is an initial phase.
0
T

For a body of mass m attached to the spring of the


stiffness coefficient k moving on a frictionless horizontal
plane the period of oscillations
m
T =2 π
√ k

 The general expression for a one-dimensional


travelling wave is
t x
[ ( ) ]
y ( x , t )= y 0 sin 2 π − +φ 0
T λ

=y 0 sin [ ( ωt−kx ) + φ0 ] .

A wave travels from the left to the right.


 The relationship between the speed, the frequency,
and the wavelength of the wave is
v=λf

The argument of the sin function


φ=2 π ( Tt − xλ )+ φ 0
is called a phase of the wave. The speed of the wave can
be found from the equation of the constant phase:
dφ
=0
dt

or
dx ω λ
v= = = =λf
dt k T

 The intensity of a wave on a rope is the power per


unit area transmitted by the wave,
I =2 π 2 ρv f 2 y 20 ,

where ρ is the density of the medium.


 For a spherically expanding wave, the intensity
decreases with the square of the distance from the
source
I0
I=
r2

 The intensity level IL of a sound is measured in


decibels relative to a reference sound intensity

I
IL ( ¿ DB ) =10 log 10 ( )
I0

 The observed frequency change due to motion of


the source (with a speed v ) or the observer (with a
s

speed v ¿is called the Doppler shift. The frequency


o

heard is given by ( v is a speed of sound)


f
f '= , Moving source
v
(1∓ s )
v

f ' =f (1± v o /v) Moving observer


The upper sign in these equations corresponds to
approaching motion and the lower sign corresponds to
leaving.
If the source of sound (object A) and the observer (object
B) both move approaching each other head on, the
frequency f detected by the observer (object B) is related
o

to the frequency f emitted by the source (object A) are


s

related to each other by the equation


vo

( )
1+
v
f o=f s
vs
1−
v

 If the speed of the source exceeds the speed of the


wave, a shock wave is formed. The shock wavefront
makes an angle with the direction of motion of the
source, given by
v
sin θ=
vs

 The frequency of standing waves in a string is


n T
f n=
√
2 L m/ L
, n=1,2,3 , ... where T is tension of the string, m is its
mass and L is its length.
 When two sounds of almost the same frequency are
heard at the same time the sensation is of a single
tone whose amplitude is rising and falling. These
variations in amplitude are called beats. The rate at
which they occur called the beat frequency, is
| f −f
1 2 ∨¿

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