Chapter 1 (Introduction)

 A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.

 Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project
activities to meet the project requirements. Project management is accomplished through the
appropriate application and integration of the project management processes identified for the
project
Project Initiation Context: Organizational leaders initiate projects in response to factors acting upon
their organizations. There are four fundamental categories for these factors, which illustrate the context
of a project
 Meet regulatory, legal, or social  Satisfy stakeholder requests or needs;
requirements;
 Implement or change business or  Create, improve, or fix products, processes, or
technological strategies services.

 Program is defined as a group of related projects, subsidiary programs, and program activities
managed in a coordinated manner to obtain benefits not available from managing them individually.
Programs are not large projects. A very large project may be referred to as a megaproject. As a
guideline, megaprojects cost US$1billion or more, affect 1 million or more people, and run for years.

 Program and project management focus on doing programs and projects the “right” way. And
Portfolio management focuses on doing the “right” programs and projects

 Program management is defined as the application of knowledge, skills, and principles to a

program to achieve the program objectives and to obtain benefits and control not available by
managing program components individually
 Portfolio is defined as projects, programs, subsidiary portfolios, and operations managed as a
group to achieve strategic objectives. Portfolio management is defined as the centralized
management of one or more portfolios to achieve strategic objectives. The programs or projects of
the portfolio may not necessarily be interdependent or directly related.
 Operations management is an area that is outside the scope of formal project management
which is concerned with the ongoing production of goods and/or services. However, operations &
scope might intersect at some points

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Organizational Project Management (OPM) is defined as a framework in which portfolio, program, and
project management are integrated with organizational enablers in order to achieve strategic objectives.
The purpose of OPM is to ensure that the organization undertakes the right projects and allocates critical
resources appropriately and ensure that all levels in the organization understand the strategic vision.

Project life cycle is the series of phases that a project passes through from its start to its completion. It
provides the basic framework for managing the project. The phases may be sequential, iterative, or
overlapping

Project life cycles can be predictive or adaptive, within a project life cycle, there are generally one or more
phases that are associated with the development of the product, service, or result. These are called a
development life cycle (they can be predictive, iterative, incremental, adaptive, or a hybrid model).

 Predictive life cycle (Waterfall): the project scope, time, and cost are determined in the early
phases of the life
 Iterative life cycle: project scope is generally determined early in the project life cycle, but time and
cost estimates are routinely modified
 Incremental life cycle deliverable is produced through a series of iterations that successively add
functionality within a predetermined time frame and it’s considered complete only after the final
iteration
 Adaptive life cycles are agile, iterative, or incremental. The detailed scope is defined and approved
before the start of an iteration. Adaptive life cycles are also referred to as agile or change-driven
life cycles
 Hybrid life cycle is a combination of a predictive and an adaptive life cycle. Those elements of the
project that are well known or have fixed requirements follow a predictive development life cycle,
and those elements that are still evolving follow an adaptive development life cycle
Project life cycles are independent of product life cycles, which may be produced by a project. A product
life cycle is the series of phases that represent the evolution of a product, from concept through delivery,
growth, maturity, and to retirement.

Project Phase: Collection of logically related project activities that culminates in the completion of one or
more deliverables. The phases in a life cycle can be described by a variety of attributes

Phase gate: is held at the end of a phase. The project’s performance and progress are compared to project
and business documents. Also Called (phase review, stage gate, kill point, and phase entrance or phase
exit)

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PROJECT MANAGEMENT PROCESSES

Processes used once or at predefined points in the project: (Develop Project Charter, Develop Project
Management Plan, Close Project/Phase, Plan Scope Management, Collect Requirements, Create WBS,
Plan Schedule Management, Plan Cost Management, Determine Budget, Plan Quality Management, Plan
Resource Management, Plan Risk Management, Plan Procurement Management)

Processes that are performed periodically as needed: (Validate Scope, Estimate Costs, Estimate
Activity Resources, Acquire Resources, Plan Communication Management, Conduct Procurement, Identify
Stakeholders, Plan Stakeholder Management)

Processes that are performed continuously throughout the project: (All other remaining process such
as define activities)

Project Management is divided into 5 Process Groups (Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring &
Controlling and Closing Process Group)

Project Management Divided into 10 Knowledge Areas (Integration, Scope, Schedule, Cost, Quality,
Resource, Communication, Risk, Procurement and Stakeholder Management)

Project data are regularly collected and analyzed throughout the project life cycle. The following definitions
identify key terminology regarding project data and information

Work performance data: The raw observations and measurements identified during activities performed to
carry out the project work, such as (Percent of finished work, Start and finish dates, number of change
requests, actual costs and durations). Project data are usually recorded in a Project Management
Information System (PMIS)

Work performance information: Performance data collected from various controlling processes, analyzed
in context and integrated based on relationships across areas, such as (status of deliverables,
implementation status for change requests, and forecast estimates to complete)

Work performance reports. The physical or electronic representation of work performance information
compiled in project documents, which is intended to generate decisions or raise issues, actions, or
awareness, such as (status reports, memos, justifications, information notes, electronic dashboards,
recommendations, and updates)

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4
Methodology is a system of practices, techniques, procedures, and rules used by those who work in a
discipline which project manager apply in their management. (PMBOK is NOT a methodology, but a
recommended reference for tailoring). Tailoring is necessary because each project is unique.

Project Management Business Documents

1- Project business case

2- Project benefits management plan

Project sponsor is generally accountable for the development and maintenance of the project business
case document. The project manager is responsible for providing recommendations and oversight

Project managers should appropriately tailor the noted project management documents, In some
organizations, the business case and benefits management plan are maintained at the program level

Business case is a documented economic feasibility study used to establish the validity of the benefits
of a selected component lacking sufficient definition and that is used as a basis for the authorization of
further project management activities it lists the objectives and reasons for project initiation.

It helps measure the project success at the end of the project against the project objectives The
business case may be used before the project initiation and may result in a go/no-go decision for the
project.

A business case may include (Business Needs, Analysis of the situation (Required, Desired, Optional),
Evaluation)

Project benefits management plan is the document that describes how and when the benefits of the
project will be delivered, and describes the mechanisms that should be in place to measure those benefits.
Development and maintenance of the project benefits management plan is an iterative activity

Development of the benefits management plan begins early in the project life cycle with the definition of the
target benefits to be realized and it may include (Target benefits, Strategic alignment, Timeframe for
realizing benefits, benefits owner, metrics, assumptions, risks)

Developing the benefits management plan makes use of the data and information documented in the
business case and needs assessment.
It is possible for a project to be successful from a scope/schedule/budget viewpoint, and to be unsuccessful
from a business viewpoint. This can occur when there is a change in the business needs or the market
environment

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 Chapter 2 (Environment in Which Projects Operate)

Projects exist and operate in environments that may have an influence on them. These influences can have
a favorable or unfavorable impact on the project. Two major categories of influences are enterprise
environmental factors (EEFs) and organizational process assets (OPAs).

EEFs originate from the environment outside of the project and often outside of the enterprise. EEFs may
have an impact at the organizational, portfolio, program, or project level. EEFs refers to conditions not
under the control of the project team and it could Internal and External.

Examples of internal EEF’s

 Organizational culture, structure, and  Information technology software
Governance
 Geographic distribution of facilities and resources  Resource availability.
 Infrastructure  Employee capability

Examples of External EEF’s

 Marketplace conditions  Academic research
 Social and cultural influences and issues  Government or industry standards
 Legal restrictions  Financial considerations
 Commercial databases  Physical environmental elements

OPAs are internal to the organization. These may arise from the organization itself, a portfolio, a program,
another project, or a combination of these. Organizational process assets (OPAs) are the plans,
processes, policies, procedures, and knowledge bases.

Processes, policies, and procedures are not updated as part of the project work and usually established
by the project management office (PMO). However, these can be updated only by following the appropriate
organizational policies associated with updating processes.

Organizational knowledge bases are updated throughout the project with project information

Examples of OPA’s (Processes, Policies and Procedures)

 Guidelines and criteria for tailoring  Change control procedures
 Specific organizational standards such as policies  Traceability matrices
 Product and project life cycles, and methods and procedures  Financial controls procedures
 Issue and defect management procedures  Templates
 Preapproved supplier lists and other contractual  Resource availability
agreements.

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Examples of OPA’s (Organizational Knowledge Repositories)
 Configuration  Financial data  Historical information
management repositories and lessons learned
 Issue and defect  repositories for metrics  Project files from previous
management data projects

A system is a collection of various components that together can produce results not obtainable by the
individual components alone. A component is an identifiable element within the project or organization that
provides a particular function or group of related functions

Systems are Dynamic, can be optimized, but can’t be optimized with components at same time, Systems
are nonlinear in responsiveness. Systems are typically the responsibility of an organization’s
management

Governance refers to organizational or structural arrangements at all levels of an organization designed to

determine and influence the behavior of the organization’s members

Project governance refers to the framework, functions, and processes that guide project management
activities in order to create a unique product

A project management office (PMO) is an organizational structure that standardizes the project-related
governance processes and facilitates the sharing of resources, methodologies, tools, and techniques.

Supportive PMOs provide a consultative role to projects by supplying templates, best practices,
training, access to information, and lessons learned from other projects. This type of PMO serves as a
project repository. The degree of control provided by the PMO is low.

Controlling PMOs provide support and require compliance through various means. The degree of
control provided by the PMO is moderate. Compliance may include (Adoption of project management
frameworks or methodologies, use of specific templates, forms, and tools, conformance to governance
frameworks)

Directive PMOs take control of the projects by directly managing the projects. Project managers are
assigned by and report to the PMO. The degree of control provided by the PMO is high

PMO is the natural liaison between the organization’s portfolios, programs, projects, and the organizational
measurement systems

A primary function of a PMO is to support project managers

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8
 Chapter 4 (Project Integration Management)

Project Integration Management includes the processes and activities to identify, define, combine, unify,
and coordinate the various processes and project management activities within the Project Management
Process

Iterative and agile approaches promote the engagement of team members as local domain experts in
integration management. The team members determine how plans and components should integrate.
team. The project manager’s focus is on building a collaborative decision-making environment and
ensuring the team has the ability to respond to changes.

Develop Project Charter (Initiating Process Group)

Develop Project Charter is the process of developing a document that formally authorizes the existence
of a project and provides the project manager with the authority to apply organizational resources to
project activities.

Key benefits of this process are that it provides a direct link between the project and the strategic
objectives of the organization, creates a formal record of the project, and shows the organizational
commitment to the project

 This process is performed once or at predefined points in the project

 Project charter may still be used to establish internal agreements within an organization to ensure
proper delivery under the contract
 Project manager is identified and assigned as early in the project as is feasible, preferably while the
project charter is being developed and always prior to the start of planning
 The project charter can be developed by the sponsor or the project manager in collaboration with the
initiating entity.
 Project charter provides the project manager with the authority to plan, execute, and control the project.
 Projects are initiated by an entity external to the project such as a sponsor, program, or project
management office (PMO)
 Project are initiated due to internal business needs or external influences
 Project charter is not considered to be a contract

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Develop Project Charter Inputs:

1- Business Documents (Business Case & benefits management plan)

 Business Case is most commonly used to create the project charter.

 Business need and the cost benefit analysis are contained in the business case to justify and establish
boundaries for the project
 Business case is created as a result of (Market demand, Organizational need, Customer request,
Technological advance, legal requirement, Ecological impacts and Social need)
 The project manager does not update or modify the business documents since they are not project
documents; however, the project manager may make recommendations.

2- Agreements
 It may take the form of contracts, memorandums of understanding (MOUs), service level agreements
(SLA), letters of agreement, letters of intent, verbal agreements, email, or other written agreements
 Typically, a contract is used when a project is being performed for an external customer

3- Enterprise Environmental Factors

4- Organizational Process Assets

Develop Project Charter Tools and Techniques:

1- Expert Judgment
 Provided by any group or person with specialized education, knowledge, skill, experience, or training.
 Expertise can be from (Organizational strategy, Benefits management, Technical knowledge of the
industry, Duration and budget estimation, Risk identification)

2- Data Gathering
 Brainstorming: technique is used to identify a list of ideas in a short period of time. It is conducted in
a group environment and is led by a facilitator. Brainstorming comprises two parts: idea generation
and analysis. Brainstorming can be used to gather data and solutions or ideas from stakeholders,
subject matter experts (SME), and team members when developing the project charter.
 Focus Groups: bring together stakeholders and subject matter experts to learn about the perceived
project risk, success criteria, and other topics in a more conversational way than a one-on-one
interview. A trained moderator guides through an interactive discussion.
 Interviews: used to obtain information on high-level requirements, assumptions or constraints,
approval criteria, and other information from stakeholders by talking directly to them.

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 3- Interpersonal and Team Skills
 Conflict Management: Conflict management can be used to help bring stakeholders into alignment on
the objectives, success criteria, high-level requirements, project description, summary milestones, and
other elements of the charter.
 Facilitation: ability to effectively guide a group event to a successful decision, solution, or conclusion. A
facilitator ensures that there is effective participation, that participants achieve a mutual
understanding, that all contributions are considered, that conclusions or results have full buy-in
according to the decision process established for the project, and that the actions and agreements
achieved are appropriately dealt with afterward.
 Meeting Management: includes preparing the agenda, ensuring that a representative for each key
stakeholder group is invited, and preparing and sending the follow-up minutes and actions.

4- Meetings
 Meetings are held with key stakeholders to identify the project objectives, success criteria, key
deliverables, high-level requirements, summary milestones, and other summary information

Develop Project Charter Outputs:

1- Project Charter
 It documents high-level information on the project/product or result the projects intended to satisfy such
 Project purpose  Milestone schedule  Project exit criteria
 Objectives and success  Preapproved financial  Assigned project manager,
criteria resources responsibility and authority
 High-level requirements  Key stakeholders list  Name of sponsor or persons
authorizing project charter

 Overall project risk  Project Approval

requirements

2- Assumption Log
 High level strategic and operational assumptions and constraints are normally identified in the
business case before the project is initiated and will flow into the project charter.
 Lower-level activity and task assumptions are generated throughout the project such as defining
technical specifications, estimates, the schedule, risks, etc.
 The assumption log is used to record all assumptions and constraints throughout the project life
cycle.

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Develop Project Management Plan (Planning Process Group)

Develop Project Management Plan is the process of defining, preparing, and coordinating all plan
components and consolidating them into an integrated project management plan.
Key benefit of this process is the production of a comprehensive document that defines the basis of all
project work and how the work will be performed

 This process is performed once or at predefined points in the project.

 Project management plan may be either summary level or detailed
 Project management plan should be baselined (Scope, time and cost). so that the project execution
can be measured and compared to those references and performance can be managed
 Project management plan may be updated as many times as necessary. No formal process is
required at that time. But, once it is baselined, it may only be changed through the Perform
Integrated Change Control process

Develop Project Management Plan Inputs:

1- Project Charter
 Project team uses the project charter as a starting point for initial project planning
 Project charter should define the high-level information that will be elaborated.

2- Outputs from other processes

 Subsidiary plans and baselines that are an output from other planning processes are inputs to this
process
 Changes to these documents may necessitate updates to the project management plan
3- Enterprise Environmental Factors
4- Organizational Process Assets

Develop Project Management Plan Tools & Techniques:

1- Expert Judgment
 individuals or groups with specialized knowledge of or training such as (Tailoring, develop additional
components, determine resources and skill level, define Configuration Management, prioritize work on
the project and ensure resources are appropriately allocated)

2- Data Gathering
 Brain Storming: Attendees include the project team members although other subject matter experts
(SMEs) or stakeholders may also participate

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 Checklists: May guide the project manager to develop the plan or may help to verify that all the
required information is included in the project management plan
 Focus Groups: bring together stakeholders to discuss the project management approach and the
integration of the different components of the project management plan
 Interviews: Interviews are used to obtain specific information from stakeholders to develop the project
management plan or any component plan or project document

3- Interpersonal and Team Skills

 Conflict Management
 Facilitation
 Meeting Management

4- Meetings
 Meetings are used to discuss the project approach, determine how work will be executed to accomplish
the project objectives, and establish the way the project will be monitored and controlled
 kick-off meeting is usually associated with the end of planning and the start of executing. Its
purpose is to communicate the objectives of the project, gain the commitment of the team for the
project, and explain the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder
 For small projects, there is usually only one team that performs the planning and the execution. In this
case, the kick-off occurs shortly after initiation, in the Planning Process Group, because the team is
involved in planning
 For large projects, a project management team normally does the majority of the planning, and the
remainder of the project team is brought on when the initial planning is complete, at the start of the
development/implementation. In this instance, the kick-off meeting takes place with processes in the
Executing Process Group
 Multiphase projects will typically include a kick-off meeting at the beginning of each phase
.
Develop Project Management Plan Outputs:

1- Project Management Plan Which includes

Subsidiary management plans: (Scope Management plan, Requirements management plan, Schedule
management plan, Cost management plan, Quality management plan, Resource management plan,
Communications management plan, Risk management plan, Procurement management plan, Stakeholder
engagement plan.)

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Baselines
 Scope Baseline: approved version of a scope statement, work breakdown structure (WBS), and its
associated WBS dictionary, which is used as a basis for comparison
 Schedule Baseline: The approved version of the schedule model that is used as a basis for
comparison to the actual results.
 Cost Baseline: The approved version of the time-phased project budget that is used as a basis for
comparison to the actual results.

Additional components
 Change management plan: Describes how the change requests throughout the project will be
formally authorized and incorporated.

 Configuration management plan: Describes how the information about the items of the project
(and which items) will be recorded and updated so that the product, service, or result of the project
remains consistent and/or operative.

 Performance measurement baseline: An integrated scope-schedule-cost plan for the project work
against which project execution is compared to measure and manage performance.

 Project life cycle: Describes the series of phases that a project passes through from its initiation to
its closure.

 Development approach: Describes the product, service, or result development approach, such as
predictive, iterative, agile, or a hybrid model.

 Management reviews: Identifies the points in the project when the project manager and relevant
stakeholders will review the project progress to determine if performance is as expected, or if
preventive or corrective actions are necessary.

 Project management plan is one of the primary documents used to manage the project, other project
documents are also used. These other documents are not part of the project management plan;
however, they are necessary to manage the project effectively

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 Direct and Manage Project Work (Executing Process Group)

Direct and Manage Project Work is the process of leading and performing the work defined in the project
management plan and implementing approved changes to achieve the project’s objectives
Key benefit of this process is that it provides overall management of the project work and deliverables,
thus improving the probability of project success

 This process is performed throughout the project

 Direct and Manage Project Work involves executing the planned project activities to complete project
deliverables and accomplish established objectives and allocate available resources.
 Project Manager and project team directs the performance of planned activities
 Direct and Manage Project Work also requires review of the impact of all project changes and the
implementation of approved changes: corrective action, preventive action, and/or defect repair.
 Work Performance data is collected and communicated to the applicable process for analysis

Direct and Manage Project Work Inputs:

1- Project Management Plan

2- Project Documents

 Change Log: Contains the status of all change requests.

 Lessons learned register: Used to improve the performance of the project and to avoid repeating
mistakes. The register helps identify where to set rules or guidelines so the team’s actions are aligned.
 Milestone list: Shows the scheduled dates for specific milestones
 Project communications: Include performance reports, deliverable status
 Project schedule: Includes at least the list of work activities, their durations, resources, and planned
start and finish dates.
 Requirements traceability matrix: Links product requirements to the deliverables that satisfy them
and helps to focus on the final outcomes.
 Risk register: Provides information on threats and opportunities that may impact project execution.
 Risk report: provides information on sources of overall project risk along with summary information on
identified individual project risks.

3- Approved Changed Requests

 Approved change requests are an output of the Perform Integrated Change Control process
 Include requests reviewed and approved for implementation by the project manager or by the change
control board (CCB).

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 The approved change request may be a corrective action, a preventive action, or a defect repair.
 Approved change requests are scheduled and implemented by the project team and can impact any
area of the project or project management plan.
 The approved change requests can also modify the formally controlled project management plan
components or project documents.

4- Enterprise Environmental Factors

5- Organizational Process Assets

Direct and Manage Project Work Tools and Techniques:

1- Expert Judgment
2- Project Management Information System (PMIS)
 PMIS provides access to information technology (IT) software tools, such as scheduling software,
work authorization systems, configuration management systems, information collection and
distribution systems.
 Automated gathering and reporting on key performance indicators (KPI) can be part of this
system.

3- Meetings
 Type of meetings (Kick-off, technical, sprint, iteration planning, Scrum daily standups, steering
group, problem solving, progress update and retrospective meetings)

Direct and Manage Project Work Outputs:

1- Deliverables
 A deliverable is any unique and verifiable product, result, or capability to perform a service that is
required to be produced to complete a process, phase, or project
 Deliverables are typically the outcomes of the project and can include components of the project
management plan
 Change control should be applied once the first version of a deliverable has been completed
 The control of multiple deliverable versions is supported by configuration management tools.

2- Work Performance Data

 Data are often viewed as the lowest level of detail from which information is derived by other
processes.
 Example of Work Performance Data is (KPI, actual start and finish dates, deliverable status,
technical performance, story points completed)

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3- Issue Log
 Project document where all the issues are recorded and tracked. Data on issues may include
 Issue log is created for the first time as an output of this process
 Issue log is updated as a result of the monitoring and control activities throughout the project’s life
cycle.

4- Change Requests
 Any project stakeholder may request a change
 Change requests can be initiated from inside or outside the project and they can be optional or
legally/contractually mandated
 Change Requests can be (Corrective, Preventive, Defect repair (modify nonconforming product),
Updates)
5- Project Management Plans Updates
6- Project Document Updates
 Activity list, Assumption log, Lessons learned register, Requirements documentation, Risk register,
Stakeholder register

7- Organizational Process Assets Updates

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 Mange Project Knowledge (Executing Process Group)

Manage Project Knowledge is the process of using existing knowledge and creating new knowledge to
achieve the project’s objectives and contribute to organizational learning

Key benefits of this process are that prior organizational knowledge is leveraged to produce or improve the
project outcomes, and knowledge created by the project is available to support organizational operations
and future projects or phases

 This process is performed throughout the project

 Knowledge can be explicit or tacit
 Explicit knowledge can be readily codified using words, pictures, and numbers.
 Tacit knowledge is personal and difficult to express, like beliefs, insights, experience, and “know-how”
 Managing knowledge is not just documenting it or to obtain lessons learned only for future projects
 Explicit knowledge can be easily shared, however tacit knowledge has context build so it’s hard to
codify and normally shared through conversations and interactions between people.

Manage Project Knowledge Inputs:

1- Project Management Plan

2- Project Documents
 Documents includes (lessons learned register, project team assignments, resource breakdown
structure and stakeholder register)
 Project team assignments provide information on the type of competencies and experience
available in the project and the knowledge that may be missing

3- Deliverables
4- Enterprise Environmental Factors
5- Organizational Process Assets

Manage Project Knowledge Tools & Techniques:

1- Expert Judgment
2- Knowledge Management
 Knowledge Management tools can be applied face-to-face or virtually, or both. However Face-to-
face interaction is usually the most effective way to build the trusting relationships.

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 3- Information Management
 Information management tools and techniques are used to create and connect people to
information. Such as (PMIS, Lessons learned register)
 Tools and techniques that connect people to information can be enhanced by adding an element of
interaction
 Communities of practice (called communities of interest) & SME’s may generate insights that lead to
improved control processes

4- Interpersonal and Team Skills

 Active listening: Helps reduce misunderstandings and improves communication and knowledge
sharing
 Facilitation: Facilitation helps effectively guide a group to a successful decision or solution.
 Leadership: Communicate the vision and inspire the project team to focus on the appropriate
knowledge and knowledge objectives.
 Networking: allows informal connections and relations among project stakeholders to be
established and creates the conditions to share tacit and explicit knowledge
 Political awareness: helps the project manager to plan communications based on the project
environment as well as the organization’s political environment

Manage Project Knowledge Outputs:

1- Lessons learned register

 Lessons learned register may include category, description, impact, recommendations, proposed
solutions, challenges, problems, realized risks and opportunities.
 lessons learned register is created as an output of this process early in the project.
 At the end of a project or phase, the information is transferred to an organizational process asset
called lessons learned repository.
 Lessons learned should document both reasons of failure and reasons of success.

2- Project Management Plan Updated

3- Organizational Process Assets Updates

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 Monitor and Control Project Work (Monitor & Control
Process Group)

Monitor and Control Project Work is the process of tracking, reviewing, and reporting the overall
progress to meet the performance objectives defined in the project management plan.

Key benefits of this process are that it allows stakeholders to understand the current state of the
project, to recognize the actions taken to address any performance issues, and to have visibility into
the future project status with cost and schedule forecasts

 This process is performed throughout the project

 monitoring gives the project management team insight into the health of the project and identifies
any areas that may require special attention
 Control includes corrective & preventive actions or replanning and following up on actions to
determine if the issue has been resolved.
 This process includes (comparing actual performance with planned, check status of individual risks,
provide forecast to update current cost and schedule information, monitor implantation of approved
changes and provide reporting on the project).

Monitor and Control Project Work Inputs:

1- Project Management Plan

2- Project Documents
(Assumption log, Basis of estimates, cost forecasts, issue log, lessons learned register, milestone list,
quality reports, risk register, risk report and schedule forecast)

3- Work Performance Information

Work performance data is gathered through work execution and passed to the controlling processes. To
become work performance information, the work performance data are compared with the project
management plan components and project documents. This comparison indicates how the project is
performing.

4- Agreements
 Procurement agreement includes terms and conditions, and may incorporate other items that the
buyer specifies regarding what the seller is to perform or provide. Project manager needs to oversee
contractor’s work to make sure all agreements are met

5- Enterprise Environmental Factors

6- Organizational Process Assets

20
Monitor and Control Project Work Tools and Techniques:

1- Expert Judgment
 Earned Value analysis, techniques to estimate durations and costs, trend analysis, risk
management, contract management, technical knowledge on industry focus area.

2- Data Analysis
 Alternative analysis: Used to select the corrective actions or a combination of corrective and
preventive actions to implement when a deviation occurs.
 Cost-benefit analysis: Helps to determine the best corrective action in terms of cost in case of
project deviations.
 Earned value analysis: Provides an integrated perspective on scope schedule, and cost
performance.
 Root cause analysis: Focuses on identifying the main reasons of a problem
 Trend analysis: Used to forecast future performance based on past results. looks ahead in the
project for expected slippages and warns the project manager ahead of time. This information is
made available early enough in the project timeline. The results of trend analysis can be used to
recommend preventive actions if necessary.
 Variance analysis: reviews the differences (or variance) between planned and actual performance,
such as (cost estimates, resources utilization, resources rates, technical performance). Variance
analysis may be conducted in each Knowledge Area. This allows for the appropriate preventive or
corrective actions to be initiated

3- Decision Making
 Voting: making decisions based on unanimity, majority, or plurality.

4- Meetings
 Meetings may be face-to-face, virtual, formal, or informal. Example groups and review meetings

Monitor and Control Project Work Outputs:

1- Work Performance Reports

 Work performance reports are the physical or electronic representation of work performance
information intended to generate decisions, actions, or awareness.
 They are circulated to the project stakeholders through the communication processes as defined in
the project communications management plan
 Examples of reports (status reports and progress reports)
2- Change Requests
3- Project Management Plan Updates
 Cost forecast, Issue log, Lessons learned register, Risk register and Schedule forecasts.

21
 Perform Integrated Change Control (Monitor & Control
Process Group)
Perform Integrated Change Control is the process of reviewing all change requests; approving changes
and managing changes to deliverables, project documents, and the project management plan. This process
reviews all requests for changes to project documents, deliverables, or the project management plan and
determines the resolution of the change requests

Key Benefit it allows for documented changes within the project to be considered in an integrated manner
while addressing overall project risk

 This process is performed throughout the project.

 The Perform Integrated Change Control process is conducted from project start through completion
and is the ultimate responsibility of the project manager
 Changes may be requested by any stakeholder involved with the project and may occur at any time
throughout the project life cycle
 Before the baselines are established, changes are not required to be formally changed
 Every Change request should be either approved, deferred or rejected.
 change control board (CCB): formally chartered group responsible for reviewing, evaluating, approving,
deferring, or rejecting changes to the project
 Customer or sponsor approval may be required for certain change requests after CCB approval,
unless they are part of the CCB.
 The steps when applying for change request are (Analyze the impact on all constraints, apply change
request to CCB. If approved you should update the change log, change management plan, any
subsidiary plans (time, cost, scope baselines) and lastly update the project management plan. If the
request was rejected it’s important to update the change log.

Perform Integrated Change Control Inputs:

1- Project Management Plan

 Change management plan: Describes how the change request will be formally authorized and roles and
responsibilities for CCB
 Configuration management plan: Describes how the information about the items of the project will be
recorded and updated. So the product/service remains consistent or operative.
 Scope baseline: provides the project and product definition
 Schedule baseline: used to assess the impact of the changes in the project schedule.
 Cost baseline: used to assess the impact of the changes to the project cost

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 2- Project Documents
 Basis of estimates: how the duration, cost, and resources estimates were derived and can be
used to calculate the impact of the change in time, budget, and resources.
 Requirements traceability matrix: helps assess the impact of the change on the project scope
 Risk report: presents information on sources of overall and individual project risks involved by the
change requested
3- Work Performance Reports
 include resource availability, schedule and cost data, earned value reports, and burnup or burndown
charts

4- Change requests
 All Monitoring and controlling processes and some of executing processes produce change request.
 Change requests include
 Corrective action: realigns the performance of project work with project management plan
 Preventive action: ensures the future performance of the work aligned with project
management plan
 Defect repair: modify a nonconforming product or product component
 Updates: changes to formally controlled project documents to reflect modified ideas

5- Enterprise Environmental Factors

6- Organizational Process Assets

Perform Integrated Change Control Tools & Techniques:

1- Expert Judgment
 Knowledge in Legislation and regulations, Legal and procurement, Configuration management and
Risk management.

2- Change Control Tools

 Tool selection should be based on the needs of the project stakeholders including organizational
and environmental considerations
 Identify configuration item
 Record and report configuration item status
 Perform configuration item verification and audit
 Process will be (Identify changes, Document changes, decide on Changes and Track Changes)

3- Data Analysis
 Alternative Analysis: assess the requested changes and decide which are accepted, rejected, or
need to be modified to be finally accepted.
 Cost-benefit analysis: determine if the requested change is worth its associated cost.

23
 4- Decision Making
 Voting: take the form of unanimity, majority, or plurality to decide on whether to accept, defer or
reject the change request
 Autocratic decision making: One individual takes the responsibility for making the decision for the
entire group.
 Multicriteria decision analysis: uses a decision matrix to provide systematic analytical approach
to evaluate the requested changes according to a set of predefined criteria

 Unanimity: everyone agrees on a single course of action

 Majority: obtained from more than 50% of the members of the group
 Plurality: decision is reached whereby the largest block in a group decided, even if a majority not
achieved

5- Meetings
 CCB may review configuration management activities

Perform Integrated Change Control Outputs:

1- Approved Change Requests

 Approved change requests will be implemented through the Direct and Manage Project Process
 Deferred or rejected change requests are communicated to the person or group requesting the
change
 The disposition of all change requests are recorded in the change log as a project document
update.

2- Project Management Updates

 Any formally controlled component of the project management plan may be changed as a result of
this process
 Changes to baselines are only made from the last baseline forward. Past performance is not
changed. This protects the integrity of the baselines and the historical data of past performance.

3- Project Document Updates

 Any formally controlled project document may be changed as a result of this process.
 A project document that is normally updated as a result of this process is the change log

24
 Close Project or Phase (Closing Process Group)

Close Project or Phase is the process of finalizing all activities for the project, phase, or contract.

Key benefits of this process are the project or phase information is archived, the planned work is
completed, and organizational team resources are released to pursue new endeavors

 This process is performed once or at predefined points in the project

 When closing the project, the project manager reviews the project management plan to ensure that
all project work is completed and the project objectives has been met
 Activities necessary for the administrative closure of the project/phase
 Actions and activities necessary to satisfy completion or exit criteria for the phase such as (all
documents are up-to-date and all issues are resolved, confirm delivery of formal accepted
deliverables, ensure all costs are charged to the project, closing project documents, reassigning
personnel, dealing with excess material, reallocating project equipment, do final project report)
 Activities related to the completion of the contractual agreements applicable to project such as
(Confirm formal acceptance of seller’s work, finalize open claims, update record to reflect final
results, archiving information for future use)
 Activities needed to (collect project/phase records, Audit project success/failure, manage
knowledge sharing/transfer, identify lessons learned, archive project information for future use)
 Actions and activities necessary to transfer the project’s products, services, or results to the next
phase or to production and/or operations.
 Collecting any suggestions for improving or updating the policies and procedures of the
organization, and sending them to the appropriate organizational unit.
 Measuring stakeholder satisfaction.
 investigate and document the reasons for actions taken if a project is terminated before
completion. In order to successfully achieve this, the project manager needs to engage proper
stakeholders in the process.

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Close Project or Phase Inputs:

1- Project Charter
2- Project Management Plan
3- Project Documents
Such as (Assumption log, Basis of estimates, Change log, Issue log, Lessons learned register,
Milestone list, Project communications, Quality control measurements, Quality reports, Requirements
documentation, Risk register and Risk report)
4- Accepted Deliverables
 Approved product specifications, delivery receipts and work performance documents.
 Partial or interim deliverables may also be included for phased or cancelled projects
5- Business Documents
 Business Case: justify the project and determines if the expected outcomes from the economic
feasibility study used to justify the project occurred
 Benefits management plan: used to measure whether the benefits of the project were achieved as
planned.
6- Agreements
 Requirements for formal procurement closure are usually defined in the terms and conditions of the
contract and are included in the procurement management plan
 complex project may involve managing multiple contracts simultaneously or in sequence.

7- Procurement Documentation
 To close the contract, all procurement documentation is collected, indexed, and filed.
 “As-built” plans/drawing or “as-developed” documents, manuals and troubleshooting considered as
part of the procurement documents
 This information can be used for lessons learned and as a basis for evaluating future contracts

8- Enterprise Environmental Factors

9- Organizational Process Assets

Close Project or Phase Tools & Techniques:

1- Expert Judgment
 Management control, Audit, Legal and procurement and Legislation and regulations.

2- Data Analysis
 Document analysis: Assessing available documentation will allow identifying lessons learned and
knowledge sharing for future projects

26
 Regression analysis: analyzes the interrelationships between different project variables that
contributed to the project outcomes to improve performance on future projects.
 Trend analysis: validate the models used in the organization and to implement adjustments for
future projects
 Variance analysis: Variance analysis can be used to improve the metrics of the organization by
comparing what was initially planned and the end result

3- Meetings
 Examples: close-out reporting meetings, customer wrap-up meetings, lessons learned meetings and
celebration meetings.

Close Project or Phase Outputs:

1- Project documents updates

 All project documents may be updated and marked as final versions
 Most important register is lessons learned register
 The final lessons learned register may include information on benefits management, accuracy of the
business case, project and development life cycles, risk and issue management, stakeholder
engagement, and other project management processes.

2- Final Product, Service or Result Transition

 Final product/service may be handed over to a different group or organization that will operate,
maintain, and support it throughout its life cycle.

3- Final Report
 Includes information such as (description of the project/phase, scope objectives, quality objectives,
Cost objectives, summary of validation information for the final product, Schedule objectives,
summary how the project achieved business needs and summary for any risks)

4- Organizational Process Assets Updates:

 Project documents: Documentation resulting from the project’s activities
 Operational and support documents: Documents required for an organization to maintain,
operate, and support the product or service delivered by the project
 Project or phase closure documents: formal documentation that indicates completion of the
project and overseen by Project manager
 Lessons learned repository: Lessons learned and knowledge gained throughout the project are
transferred to the lessons learned repository for use by future projects

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 Chapter 5 (Project Scope Management)
Project Scope Management includes the processes required to ensure that the project includes all the
work required, and only the work required. And it’s concerned with defining and controlling what is and is
not included in the project

Product Scope: features and functions that characterize a product, service, or result.
Project Scope: work performed to deliver a product, service, or result with the specified features and
functions
 The term “project scope” is sometimes viewed as including product scope
 Project Scope is measured against the Project Management Plan
 Product Scope is measured against the Product Requirements
 Project life cycles can range along a continuum from predictive approaches at one end to adaptive or
agile approaches at the other
 In predictive life cycle the deliverables are defined at the beginning of the project and any changes to
the scope are progressively managed
 In adaptive/agile life cycle the deliverables are developed over multiple iterations where detailed scope
is defined and approved for each iteration when it begins.
 Projects with adaptive life cycles are intended to respond to high levels of change and require ongoing
stakeholder engagement
 Overall scope of an adaptive project will be decomposed into a set of requirements and work to be
performed, sometimes referred to as a product backlog
 At beginning of each iteration the team determine how many of highest priority item on backlog can be
delivered on next iteration. Three Process are repeated each iteration (Collect Requirements, Define
Scope and Create WBS)
 In predictive life cycle Collect Requirements, Define Scope and Create WBS are performed at the
beginning of the project and updated as necessary using change control process
 In adaptive/agile the sponsor and customer representatives should be continuously engaged with
the project to provide feedback on deliverables
 In predictive projects, the scope baseline for the project is the approved version of the project scope
statement, work breakdown structure (WBS), and its associated WBS dictionary
 Business Analysis are used in some organizations to defining, managing, and controlling
requirements activities
 Activities of business analysis may start before a project is initiated and a project manager is assigned
 Project manager is responsible for ensuring that requirements-related work is accounted
 The relationship between a project manager and a business analyst should be a collaborative
partnership
 Agile methods deliberately spend less time trying to define and agree on scope in the early stage of the
project and spend more time establishing the process for its ongoing discovery and refinement
 In agile approaches, the requirements constitute the backlog.

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 Plan Scope Management (Planning Process Group)

Plan Scope Management is the process of creating a scope management plan that documents how the
project and product scope will be defined, validated, and controlled

Key benefit of this process is that it provides guidance and direction on how scope will be managed
throughout the project

 This process is performed once or at predefined points

 The development of the scope management plan and the detailing of the project scope begin with
the analysis of information contained in the (project charter, latest approved subsidiary plans of
the project management plan, historical information contained in OPA and EEF’s)

Plan Scope Management Inputs:

1- Project Charter
 High-level project description assumptions, constraints, and high-level requirements.

2- Project Management Plan

 Quality management plan: The way the project will be managed is influenced by organization
quality policy, methodologies, and standards
 Project life cycle description: determines the series of phases that a project passes through from
its inception to the end of the project.
 Development approach: The development approach defines whether waterfall, iterative, adaptive,
agile, or a hybrid development approach will be used

3- Enterprise Environmental Factors

4- Organizational Process Assets

Plan Scope Management Tools & Techniques:

1- Expert Judgment
 Previous similar projects and information in the industry, discipline and application area

2- Data Analysis
 Alternative Analysis: Various ways of collecting requirements, create, validate and control scope.

3- Meetings
 May include (Sponsor, project manager, team members and selected stakeholder)

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Plan Scope Management Outputs:

1- Scope Management Plan

 Component of the project management plan that describes how the scope will be defined,
developed, monitored, controlled, and validated
 Components includes processes that help (Preparing project scope statement, create WBS, how
the baseline will be approved and maintained and how formal acceptance will be obtained)
 The scope management plan can be formal or informal, broadly framed or highly detailed

2- Requirements Management Plan

 The requirements management plan is a component of the project management plan that describes
how project and product requirements will be analyzed, documented, and managed
 It’s also referred as Business Analysis Plan according to Business analysis
 Components may include (Configuration management activities, Requirements prioritization,
Metrics, Traceability structure and how requirements will be planned, tracked and reported)

 Traceability structure reflects the requirement attributes captured on the traceability matrix.
 Configuration management shows how changes will be initiated, how impacts will be
analyzed, how they will be traced and reported and authorization levels to approve changes

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 Collect Requirements (Planning Process Group)
Collect Requirements is the process of determining, documenting, and managing stakeholder needs and
requirements to meet objectives

Key benefit of this process is that it provides the basis for defining the product scope and project scope.

 This process is performed once or at predefined points

 The project’s success is directly influenced by active stakeholder involvement in the discovery and
decomposition of needs into project and product requirements
 Requirements include conditions or capabilities that are required to be present in a product to satisfy an
agreement and business needs.
 Requirements need to be elicited, analyzed, and recorded in enough detail to be included in the scope
baseline and to be measured once project execution begins
 Requirements become the foundation of the WBS Cost, schedule, quality planning, and procurement

Collect Requirements Inputs:

1- Project Charter

2- Project Management Plan

 Includes (Scope management plan, Requirements management plan and Stakeholder engagement
plan)
 Stakeholder engagement plan: used to understand stakeholder communication requirements and
the level of stakeholder engagement in order to assess stakeholder requirements

3- Project Documents
 Includes (Assumption Log, Lessons learned register and Stakeholder register)
 Stakeholder Register: used to identify stakeholders who can provide information on the
requirements also captures requirements and expectations that stakeholders have for the project.

4- Business Documents
 Business Case influence this process as it describes required, desired, and optional criteria for
meeting the business needs

5- Agreements
 contain project and product requirements.

6- Enterprise Environmental Factors

7- Organizational Process Assets

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Collect Requirements Tools & Techniques:

1- Expert Judgment
 Experts specialized in (Business analysis, Requirements elicitation, Requirements analysis
Requirements documentation, Project requirements in previous similar projects, Diagramming
techniques, Facilitation, and Conflict management)

2- Data Gathering

 Brainstorming: used to generate and collect multiple ideas related to project/product requirements
 Interviews: Can be formal & informal to elicit information by talking directly to them, and is usually
performed by asked prepared or spontaneous questions and recording the responses. Interviews
are useful for obtaining confidential information. It may include individual/multiple
interviewers/interviewees
 Focus Groups: Bring together prequalified stakeholders and subject matter experts to learn about
their expectations and attitudes about proposed product/service. A trained moderator guides the
group through interactive discussion to be more conversational than one-on-one interview
 Questionnaires and surveys: written set of questions designed to quickly accumulate information
of large number of respondents. It’s most appropriate with varied audiences, geographically
dispersed for quick turnaround where statistical analysis could be appropriate.
 Benchmarking: Comparing actual or planned products and processes to those of comparable
organizations (internal or external) to identify best practices, generate ideas for improvement and
provide a basis for measuring performance

3- Data Analysis
 Document analysis which consists of reviewing and assessing any relevant documented information
to elicit requirements by analyzing existing documentation and identifying information relevant to
the requirements

4- Decision making
 Voting: Used to classify and prioritize product requirements. (unanimity, majority and plurality)
 Autocratic decision making: one individual takes responsibility for making the decision
 Multicriteria decision analysis: decision matrix to provide a systematic analytical approach for
establishing criteria, such as risk levels, uncertainty, and valuation, to evaluate and rank many ideas

5- Data Presentation
 Affinity diagrams: allow large numbers of ideas to be classified into groups for review and
analysis.
 Mind mapping: consolidates ideas created through individual brainstorming sessions into a single
map to reflect commonality and differences in understanding and to generate new ideas.

32
6- Interpersonal and Team Skills
 Nominal group technique: Enhances brainstorming with a voting process used to rank the most
useful ideas for further brainstorming or for prioritization. It includes four steps
 Question is posed to the group. Each person silently generates and writes down their ideas
 Moderator writes down the ideas on a flip chart until all ideas are recorded
 Each recorded idea is discussed until all group members have a clear understanding
 Individuals vote privately to prioritize the ideas. (Voting may take place in many rounds)

 Observation and conversation (Job Shadowing): Direct way of viewing individuals in their
environment and how they perform their jobs. Usually used when people have difficulty or reluctant
to articulate their requirements. Usually it’s done externally by an observer viewing business expert
performing the job. Also can be done by a participant observer who actually performs a process to
experience how it’s done and uncover hidden requirements

 Facilitation: Used with focused sessions that bring key stakeholders together to define product
requirements. Workshops can be used to quickly define cross-functional requirements and
reconcile stakeholder differences. This may increase stakeholder consensus and issues can be
discovered earlier and resolved more quickly than in individual sessions. Examples
 Joint application design/development (JAD) used in software development industry
 Quality function deployment (QFD): using in manufacturing industry. It collects customer
needs known as Voice of the Customer (VOC)
 User stories: short, textual descriptions of required functionality developed during workshops

7- Context Diagram
Example of Scope model. Context diagrams visually depict the product scope by showing a
business system and how people and other systems (actors) interact with it. They show inputs to
the business system, the actor(s) providing the input, the outputs from the business system, and the
actor(s) receiving the output
 Actor  Business System Output  Actor

8- Prototypes
 Method of obtaining early feedback on requirements by providing a model of the expected product.
Examples (computer generated 2D, 3D models, mock-ups and simulations)
 Prototypes support the concept of progressive elaboration
 Storyboarding is a prototyping technique showing sequence or navigation through a series of
images or illustrations. Used in films, advertising

33
 Collect Requirements Outputs:

1- Requirements Documentation
 Describes how individual requirements meet the business need for the project.
 Requirements may start out at a high level and become progressively more detailed as more
information about the requirements is known.
 Requirements should be unambiguous (measurable and testable, traceable complete, consistent,
and acceptable to key stakeholders)

Requirements can be classified into

 Business requirements
 Stakeholder requirements
 Solution requirements: Solution requirements grouped into functional (behavior of the product) &
nonfunctional requirements (environmental qualities required to get an effective product)
 Transition and readiness requirements: Describe temporary capabilities
 Project requirements
 Quality requirements

2- Requirements Traceability Matrix

 Grid that links product requirements from their origin to the deliverables that satisfy them
 Ensure that each requirement adds business value by linking it to the business/project objectives
 Provides a means to track requirements throughout the project life cycle
 Helping to ensure that requirements approved in the requirements documentation are delivered at
the end of the project
 Provides a structure for managing changes to the product scope
 Attributes associated with each requirement can be recorded in the requirements traceability matrix
 Matrix include unique identifier, a textual description of the requirement, the rationale for inclusion,
owner source, priority, version, current status and status date
 Additional attributes to ensure that the requirement has met stakeholders’ satisfaction may include
stability, complexity, and acceptance

34
 Define Scope (Planning Process Group)

Define Scope is the process of developing a detailed description of the project and product

key benefit of this process is that it describes the product, service, or result boundaries and acceptance
criteria

 Since all the requirements identified in Collect Requirements may not be included in the project, the
Define Scope process selects the final project requirements from the requirements documentation
developed during the Collect Requirements process
 Develops a detailed description of the project and product, service, or result.
 The preparation of a detailed project scope statement builds upon the major deliverables,
assumptions, and constraints that are documented during project initiation.
 Define Scope process can be highly iterative
 In iterative life cycle projects, a high-level vision will be developed for the overall project, but the
detailed scope is determined one iteration at a time

Define Scope Inputs:

1- Project Charter

2- Project Management Plan

 Scope management plan: How the project scope will be defined, validated and controlled

3- Project Documents
 Includes (Assumption log, Requirements documentation and Risk register)

4- Enterprise Environmental Factors

5- Organizational Process Assets

Define Scope Tools & Techniques:

1- Knowledge Management

2- Data Analysis
 Alternatives Analysis: to meet the requirements and the objectives identified in the charter

3- Decision Making
 Multicriteria decision analysis
4- Interpersonal and Team Skills
 Facilitation:

35
5- Product Analysis
 Used to define products and services. It includes asking questions about a product or service
 Requirements are captured at a high level and decomposed to the level of detail needed to design
the final product
 Examples include (Product breakdown, Requirements analysis, Systems analysis and engineering
and value analysis and engineering)

Define Scope Tools & Outputs:

1- Project Scope Statement

 Description of the project scope, major deliverables, assumptions, and constraints.
 Project scope statement documents the entire scope, including project and product scope
 Provides a common understanding of the project scope among project stakeholders
 Project charter contains high level information while project scope statement includes detailed
description of the scope components. They are progressively elaborated throughout the project

Project Scope Statement include (Product scope description, deliverables, acceptance criteria and
project exclusions)

2- Project Document Updates

 Includes (Assumption log, Requirements documentation, Requirements traceability matrix and
Stakeholder register)

36
 Create WBS (Planning Process Group)
Create WBS is the process of subdividing project deliverables and project work into smaller, more
manageable components.

Key benefit of this process is that it provides a framework of what has to be delivered

 This process is performed once or at predefined points

 WBS is a hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team
to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables (top-down approach)
 WBS organizes and defines the total scope of the project and represents the work specified in the
current approved project scope statement
 Planned work is contained within the lowest level of WBS components, which called Work Packages
 Work Package can be used to group the activities where work is scheduled and estimated, monitored,
and controlled

Create WBS Inputs:

1- Project Management Plan

 Scope Management Plan

2- Project Documents
 Includes (Project scope statement and Requirements documentation)

3- Enterprise Environmental Factors

4- Organizational Process Assets

Create WBS Tools & Techniques:

1- Expert Judgment

2- Decomposition
 Technique used for dividing and subdividing the project scope and project deliverables into smaller,
more manageable parts.
 The work package is the work defined at the lowest level of the WBS for which cost and duration
can be estimated and managed.
 Popular methods to create WBS structure: top-down approach, the use of organization-specific
guidelines, and the use of WBS templates
 Bottom-up approach can be used to group subcomponents

37
 Decomposition of the upper-level WBS components requires subdividing the work for each of the
deliverables or subcomponents into its most fundamental components
 Agile approaches decompose epics to user stories
 Decomposition may not be possible for a deliverable or subcomponent that will be accomplished far
into the future The project team usually waits until the deliverable or subcomponent is agreed on,
so the details of the WBS can be developed. This technique called rolling wave planning.
 The total of the work at the lowest levels should roll up to the higher levels so that nothing is left out
and no extra work is performed. This is sometimes called the 100 percent rule.

Create WBS Outputs:

1- Scope Baseline
The scope baseline is the approved version of a scope statement, WBS, and its associated WBS
dictionary and it’s component of the project management plan. Scope baseline includes

 Project scope statement: description of the project scope, major deliverables and constraint.
 WBS: Hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team
to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables. Each descending
level of the WBS represents an increasingly detailed definition of the project work.
 Work package: The lowest level of the WBS is work package with a unique identifier. Each
work package is part of a control account which is a management control point where scope,
budget, and schedule are integrated and compared to the earned value for performance
measurement. Each control account has two or more work packages. But work package is
associated with a single control account
 Planning package: Include one or more planning packages. A planning package is a WBS
component below the control account and above the work package with known work content
but without detailed schedule activities
 WBS dictionary: document that provides detailed deliverable, activity, and scheduling
information about each component in the WBS. It’s a document that support the WBS because
you can’t include all the information in the WBS. It contains (Codes, work description,
assumption, milestones, associated activities, resources, cost, quality requirement, references)

2- Project Document Updates

 Includes (Assumption log and Requirements documentation)

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 Validate Scope (Monitor and Controlling Process Group)

Validate Scope is the process of formalizing acceptance of the completed project deliverables

Key benefit of this process is that it brings objectivity to the acceptance process and increases the
probability of final product, service, or result acceptance by validating each deliverable

 This process is performed periodically throughout the project as needed

 The verified deliverables obtained from the Control Quality process
 The verified deliverables are approved through this process by the customer or sponsor to get the
accepted deliverables
 Validate Scope concerned with acceptance of the deliverables
 Control Quality concerned with correctness of the deliverables

Validate Scope Inputs:

1- Project Management Plan

Includes (Scope management plan, Requirements management plan and Scope baseline)

2- Project Documents
Includes (Lessons learned register, Quality reports, Requirements documentation and Requirements
traceability matrix)

3- Verified deliverables
 Project deliverables that are completed and checked for correctness through Control Quality.

4- Work Performance Data

 include the degree of compliance with requirements, number of nonconformities severity of the
nonconformities, or the number of validation cycles performed in a period of time

Validate Scope Tools & Techniques:

1- Inspection
Includes activities such as measuring, examining, and validating to determine whether work/deliverables
meet requirements and product acceptance criteria. They might be called “reviews and walkthroughs)

2- Decision Making
 Voting

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Validate Scope Outputs:

1- Accepted Deliverables
Deliverables that meet the acceptance criteria are formally signed and approved by customer/sponsor

2- Work Performance Information

 includes information about project progress, such as which deliverables have been accepted and
which have not been accepted and the reasons

3- Change Requests
 The completed deliverables that have not been formally accepted are documented, along with the
reasons for non-acceptance of those deliverables Those deliverables may require a change request
for defect repair.

4- Project Document Updates

Includes (Lessons learned register, Quality reports, Requirements documentation and Requirements
traceability matrix)

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 Control Scope (Monitor and Controlling Process Group)

Control Scope is the process of monitoring the status of the project and product scope and managing
changes to the scope baseline.

Key benefit of this process is that the scope baseline is maintained throughout the project.

 This process is performed throughout the project

 Controlling the project scope ensures all requested changes and recommended corrective or
preventive actions are processed through the Perform Integrated Change
 Manage the actual changes when they occur and is integrated with the other control processes
 The uncontrolled expansion to product or project scope without adjustments to time, cost, and
resources is referred to as scope creep

Control Scope Inputs:

1- Project Management Plan

 Includes (Scope management plan, Requirements management plan, Change management plan,
Configuration management plan, Scope baseline and Performance measurement baseline)

 Performance measurement baseline When using earned value analysis, the performance
measurement baseline is compared to actual results to determine if a change, corrective action, or
preventive action is necessary

2- Project Documents
 Includes (Lessons learned register, Quality reports, Requirements documentation and
Requirements traceability matrix)

3- Work Performance Data

 Work performance data can include the number of change requests received, the number of
requests accepted, and the number of deliverables verified, validated, and completed

4- Organizational Process Assets

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 Control Scope Tools & Techniques:

1- Data Analysis
 Variance analysis: compare the baseline to the actual results and determine if the variance is
within the threshold amount (Variance = Planned – Actual)
 Trend analysis: examines project performance over time to determine if performance is improving
or deteriorating

Important aspects of project scope control include determining the cause and degree of variance relative
to the scope baseline and deciding whether corrective or preventive action is required.

Control Scope Outputs:

1- Work Performance Information

 correlated and contextualized information on how the project and product scope are performing
compared to the scope baseline.
 include the categories of the changes received, the identified scope variances and their causes,
how they impact schedule or cost, and the forecast of the future scope performance

2- Change Requests
 Analysis of project performance may result in a change request to the scope and schedule
baselines

3- Project Management Plan Updates

 Includes (Scope management plan, Scope baseline, Schedule baseline, Cost baseline and
Performance measurement baseline)

4- Project Document Updates

 Includes (Lessons learned register, Quality reports, Requirements documentation and
Requirements traceability matrix)

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