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Fertilization of Animals: Laboratory

1. External fertilization occurs outside the female's body, usually in water, where eggs and sperm are released and unite. This is common in fish, amphibians, and marine invertebrates. 2. Internal fertilization involves the transfer of sperm inside the female's body, through processes like copulation, cloacal kissing in birds, or transferring sperm bundles. This allows development of embryos inside the female. 3. The main difference is that external fertilization unites eggs and sperm in water, while internal fertilization involves sperm being deposited inside the female for fertilization and embryo development.

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66 views2 pages

Fertilization of Animals: Laboratory

1. External fertilization occurs outside the female's body, usually in water, where eggs and sperm are released and unite. This is common in fish, amphibians, and marine invertebrates. 2. Internal fertilization involves the transfer of sperm inside the female's body, through processes like copulation, cloacal kissing in birds, or transferring sperm bundles. This allows development of embryos inside the female. 3. The main difference is that external fertilization unites eggs and sperm in water, while internal fertilization involves sperm being deposited inside the female for fertilization and embryo development.

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Lisly Dizon
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Name: Pearl Arriane S.

Gannaban Grade V Date: 09/10/19


Subject: Science Teacher: Ms. Grace D. Valencia

LABORATORY

FERTILIZATION OF ANIMALS
INTRODUCTION:

Fertilization in the animal kingdom animals reproduce by way of fertilization, the union
of sperm and egg. That's pretty much the reason you are here, my friend. We are all familiar with
this concept and the fact that this kind of fertilization, at least in humans, occurs internally. Of
course, nature is quite varied, and you'll soon learn that fertilization can also occur externally.

Figure 1
External fertilization is a mode of reproduction in which a male organism's sperm
fertilizes a female organism's egg outside of the female's body. It is contrasted with internal
fertilization, in which sperm are introduced via insemination and then combine with an egg
inside the body of a female organism. External fertilization typically occurs in water or a moist
area to facilitate the movement of sperm to the egg. The release of eggs and sperm into the water
is known as spawning. In motile species, spawning females often travel to a suitable location to
release their eggs. However, sessile species are less able to move to spawning locations and must
release gametes locally. Among vertebrates, external fertilization is most common in amphibians
and fish. Invertebrates utilizing external fertilization are mostly benthic, sessile, or both,
including animals such as coral, sea anemones, and tube-dwelling polychaetes. Benthic marine
plants also use external fertilization to reproduce. Environmental factors and timing are key
challenges to the success of external fertilization. While in the water, the male and female must
both release gametes at similar times in order to fertilize the egg. Gametes spawned into the
water may also be washed away, eaten, or damaged by external factors.
Figure 2
Internal fertilization is the union of an egg cell with a sperm during sexual reproduction
inside the female body. For this to happen there needs to be a method for the male to introduce
the sperm into the female's reproductive tract. In mammals, reptiles, some birds, some fish and
certain other groups of animals, this is done by copulation, the penis or other intromittent organ
being introduced into the vagina or cloaca. In most birds, the cloacal kiss is used, the two
animals pressing their cloacas together while transferring sperm. Salamanders, spiders, some
insects and some molluscs undertake internal fertilization by transferring a spermatophore, a
bundle of sperm, from the male to the female. Following fertilization, the embryos are laid as
eggs in oviparous organisms, or in viviparous organisms, continue to develop inside the
reproductive tract of the mother to be born later as live young. In some animals like in sponges
fertilization is internal.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
Internal fertilization is the process when the syngamy (union of male and female
gamete) occurs inside the female body after insemination using copulation. In contrast, External
fertilization is the syngamy outside the female body, that is in the outer environment especially
in water bodies. Internal fertilization is followed by mammals, birds, while external fertilization
is supported by mostly aquatic animals and few amphibians.
We all are aware of the word fertilization, which defines the union of sperm (male
gamete) and egg nucleus (female gamete) to produce diploid cell or zygote, which further
develops or grow into the young ones of their generation. Internal and External fertilization are
the two types of fertilization, which takes place among various groups of animals, and with this
content, we will be discussing the diverse features of them.

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