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    Immune System: Review OF Introductory Processes

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    audrey
    The immune system consists of primary and secondary defenses that work together to protect the body. The primary defenses include bone marrow, thymus, and lymphatic tissues like the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendix. Bone marrow produces white blood cells including granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, as well as agranulocytes such as monocytes. The thymus plays a role in maturation of T cells. Secondary defenses include lymphatic organs that filter pathogens from the blood and sites of immune cell proliferation and response. T cells help B cells produce antibodies and lymphokines to recognize and destroy pathogens, tumor cells, and transplanted tissues

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    Immune System: Review OF Introductory Processes

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    audrey
    38 views4 pages
    The immune system consists of primary and secondary defenses that work together to protect the body. The primary defenses include bone marrow, thymus, and lymphatic tissues like the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendix. Bone marrow produces white blood cells including granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, as well as agranulocytes such as monocytes. The thymus plays a role in maturation of T cells. Secondary defenses include lymphatic organs that filter pathogens from the blood and sites of immune cell proliferation and response. T cells help B cells produce antibodies and lymphokines to recognize and destroy pathogens, tumor cells, and transplanted tissues

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    ANAPHYLEC-IMMUNE-STILL-EDITING

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    The immune system consists of primary and secondary defenses that work together to protect the body. The primary defenses include bone marrow, thymus, and lymphatic tissues like the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendix. Bone marrow produces white blood cells including granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, as well as agranulocytes such as monocytes. The thymus plays a role in maturation of T cells. Secondary defenses include lymphatic organs that filter pathogens from the blood and sites of immune cell proliferation and response. T cells help B cells produce antibodies and lymphokines to recognize and destroy pathogens, tumor cells, and transplanted tissues

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views4 pages

    Immune System: Review OF Introductory Processes

    Uploaded by

    audrey
    The immune system consists of primary and secondary defenses that work together to protect the body. The primary defenses include bone marrow, thymus, and lymphatic tissues like the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendix. Bone marrow produces white blood cells including granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, as well as agranulocytes such as monocytes. The thymus plays a role in maturation of T cells. Secondary defenses include lymphatic organs that filter pathogens from the blood and sites of immune cell proliferation and response. T cells help B cells produce antibodies and lymphokines to recognize and destroy pathogens, tumor cells, and transplanted tissues

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    of 4

    ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE) IMMUNE SYSTEM MIDTERMS 4/4

    IMMUNE SYSTEM *Granular white blood cells contains numerous


    granules in the cytoplasm, & their nuclei are lobed.
    *Agranular white blood cells have few or no granules
    REVIEW OF INTRODUCTORY
    in the cytoplasm & have a large spherical nucleus.
    PROCESSES:
    b. Thymus:
    I. ORGANIZATION OF THE IMMUNE  large during infancy, starts to atrophy at puberty,
    SYSTEM and atrophied at adulthood (the reason why
    adults have compromised immune system)
    A. PRIMARY DEFENSES
     stores T cells
    a. Bone marrow:
     site of hemopoeisis

     highly vascularized CT located b/n trabeculae of
    the spongy bone tissue
     Present in the embryo and fetus (for the embryo,
    it is found in the yolk sac, which acts as a source
    of nutrition because it contains derivatives of the
    bone marrow)
     mesenchymal cells

    B. SECONDARY DEFENSES
    a. Spleen
     large mass of lymphatic tissue
     parenchymic tissue
    Two kinds:
    1. white pulp- reservoir B and T cells
    2. red pulp- supplied by blood vessels; 3 functions:
    a. destroy worn out cells
    b. storage of platelet
    c. site for blood transfusion (hemopoeisis/
    hematopoiesis)

     called as purpotent because they are primitive,


    precursors that undergo cell differentiation
     Myeloid blast- “building” cells
     eosinophils- high levels= allergic reactions,
    parasitic infestations
     basophils- high levels= bacterial/ viral infestation
     neutrophils- high levels= bacterial/ viral
    infestation
     Macrophages- “scavengers”
     B cells can differentiate as memory cells, plasma,
    ans etc.
    b. Lymph nodes
     B cells kill the antibody; T cells help in doing so
     first site of infectious process

    1
    ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE) IMMUNE SYSTEM MIDTERMS 4/4

     500-600 distributed in the body


     bean-shaped
     1-25 mm
     small, rounded mass of tissue from which lymph
    fluid drains (liquid form that flows throughout
    the lymphatic systems)
     functions:
    a. removal of foreign material before it enters the
    blood stream
    b. serves as center for proliferation and response
    of immune cells
     Diseases:
    a. Lymphadenitis- inflammation of the lymph
    nodes
    b. Lymphadenopathy- “bulging” lymph nodes

    c. Tonsils
    Form a ring of lymphoid tissue around the entrance
    to the pharynx

    1. Palatine Tonsils- located on both sides of the


    posterior oral cavity
    -largest and the most often infected
    2. Pharyngeal Tonsils- found in the posterior wall
    of the nasopharynx
    -adenoids (enlarges) when infected
    3. Lingual Tonsils- lie at the base of the tongue

    d. Appendix
    Found at the terminal end of the cecum that drains
    the intestinal chime

    REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS:
    M-A-L-T: -Leukocytosis
    -Leukopenia
     Consists of group of lymph tissue found in many
    -V, R
    organs of the body that work together to promote
    -WBC production
    an immune response
    -increased sensitivity of WBC membranes:
     found on respiratory and digestive tracts
    -complement
     protect the organs for which they serve -antimicrobial plasma CHON
    2
    ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE) IMMUNE SYSTEM MIDTERMS 4/4

    A. Granulocytes- large granules differentiated on -largest blood cell


    stains -phagocytic
    1. Neutrophils -3-9% circulating leukocytes
    -54-62% of leukocytes
    -phagocytic and motile 2. Lymphocytes
    -initial stage a. Non T – Non B: a.1. Null cells, a.2. Natural Killer
    cells.

    b. T cells and B cells- non phagocytic but occurs in


    LT; T cells do not produce Ab

    B cells:
    -carries immunoglobulin: specificity and affinity
    -Ag - Ab reaction (outpouring of Ig’s)
    -B cells activated- “clonal selection”
    - “clonal expansion”
    -cytokines
    -Ab producing plasma cells
    -long lived memory cells
    -enhance response to Ag

    2. Eosinophils
    -phagocytic
    -Major functions:
    a. parasitic worm infection
    b. hypersensitivity reactions
    -1-3% circulating leukocytes

    3. Basophils
    -fewer granules
    -histamine
    -heparin
    -serotonin
    -1% of leukocytes

    B. Agranulocytes
    1. Monocytes to Macrophages

    3
    ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE) IMMUNE SYSTEM MIDTERMS 4/4

    T cells/ T lymphocytes:
    -assist B cells- Ig
    -Lymphokines

    Classes of T cells:
    1. Helper T cells (CD4)
    - recognize Ag to surface of macrophage
    -activate the macrophage
    -proliferates and differentiates:
    Th1
    Macro, NK, CD 8
    Th2
    Memory cells

    2. cytotoxic cells (CD 8)


    - precursors to…
    -CTL- recognize and kill target cells that are non self
    cells

    -Target cells
    -endogenous Ag
    -Tumor cells
    -transplanted foreign tissues
    -After attack
    -CTL attaches to target cells
    -release of perforin
    -cell death

    3. Regulatory cells
    -5-10%
    -secretes cytokines
    -function are not clearly defines:
    a. particularly, modify inflammation
    b. regulate response to urban rejection
    c. regulate autoimmune defense

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