Hydraulic press

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Hydraulic force increase

This article needs additional citations for verification.

A hydraulic press is a machine (see machine press) using a hydraulic cylinder to generate a compressive
force. It uses the hydraulic equivalent of a mechanical lever, and was also known as a Bramah press after the
inventor, Joseph Bramah, of England. He invented and was issued a patent on this press in 1795. As Bramah
(who is also known for his development of the flush toilet) installed toilets, he studied the existing literature on
the motion of fluids and put this knowledge into the development of the press. [1]

Contents
 [hide]

1 Principle

2 See also

3 Reference

4 External

links

[edit]Principle
The hydraulic press depends on Pascal's principle: the pressure throughout a closed system is constant. One
part of the system is a pistonacting as a pump, with a modest mechanical force acting on a small cross-
sectional area; the other part is a piston with a larger area which generates a correspondingly large mechanical
force. Only small-diameter tubing (which more easily resists pressure) is needed if the pump is separated from
the press cylinder.

Pascal's law: Pressure on a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished and acts with equal force on equal areas
and at 90 degrees to the container wall.

A fluid, such as oil, is displaced when either piston is pushed inward. The small piston, for a given distance of
movement, displaces a smaller amount of volume than the large piston, which is proportional to the ratio of
areas of the heads of the pistons. Therefore, the small piston must be moved a large distance to get the large
piston to move significantly. The distance the large piston will move is the distance that the small piston is
moved divided by the ratio of the areas of the heads of the pistons. This is how energy, in the form of work in
this case, is conserved and the Law of Conservation of Energy is satisfied. Work is force times distance, and
since the force is increased on the larger piston, the distance the force is applied over must be decreased.

The pressurized fluid used, if not generated locally by a hand or mechanically-powered pump, can be obtained
by opening a valve which is connected to a hydraulic accumulator or a continuously-running pump whose
pressure is regulated by a relief valve. When it is desired to generate more force than the available pressure
would allow, or use smaller, higher-pressure cylinders to save size and weight, a hydraulic intensifier can be
used to increase the pressure acting on the press cylinder.

When the pressure on the press cylinder is released (the fluid returning to a reservoir), the force created in the
press is reduced to a low value (which depends on the friction of the cylinder's seals. The main piston does not
retract to its original position unless an additional mechanism is employed.

Hydraulic Press in a machine shop. This press is commonly used for hydroforming.

[edit]See also

 Simple machine
[edit]References

1. ^ Carlisle, Rodney (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries, p. 266. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New Jersey. ISBN 0471244104.

[edit]External links

Wikimedia Commons has

Stamping

Introduction

The operations associated with stamping are blanking, piercing, forming, anddrawing.

These operations are done with dedicated tooling also known as hard tooling. This type of
tooling is used to make high volume parts of one configuration of part design. (By
contrast, soft tooling is used in processes such as CNC turret presses, laser profilers and
press brakes). All these operations can be done either at a single die station or multiple die
stations — performing a progression of operations, known as aprogressive die.

Equipment Types

The equipments of stamping can be categorized to two types: mechanical presses and
hydraulic presses.

Mechanical Presses: Mechanical presses has a mechanical flywheel to store the energy,
transfer it to the punch and to the workpiece. They range in size from 20 tons up to 6000
tons. Strokes range from 5 to 500 mm (0.2 to 20 in) and speeds from 20 to 1500 strokes
per minute. Mechanical presses are well suited for high-speedblanking, shallow drawing and
for making precision parts.

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Hydraulic Presses: Hydraulic Presses use hydraulics to deliver a controlled force. Tonnage
can vary from 20 tons to a 10,000 tons. Strokes can vary from 10 mm to 800 mm (0.4 to
32 in). Hydraulic presses can deliver the full power at any point in the stroke; variable
tonnage with overload protection; and adjustable stroke and speed. Hydraulic presses are
suitable for deep-drawing, compound die action as in blanking with forming or coining, low
speed high tonnage blanking, and force type of forming rather than displacement type of
forming.
Top of Page

Tooling Considerations

 • Optimum clearance (total = per side × 2) should be from 20 to 25% of the stock
thickness. This can be increased to 30% to increase die life.
 • Punch life can be extended by sharpening whenever the punch edge becomes 0.125
mm (0.005 in) radius. Frequent sharpening extends the life of the tool, cuts down on
the punch force required. Sharpening is done by removing only 0.025 to 0.05 mm
(0.001 to 0.002 in) of the material in one pass with a surface grinder. This is repeated
until the tool is sharp. If it is done frequently enough, only 0.125 to 0.25 mm (0.005 to
0.010 in) of the punch material is removed.
 • Grinding is to be done with the proper wheel for the tool steel in question. Consult with
the abrasive manufacturer for proper choice of abrasive material, feeds and speeds,
and coolant.
 • After sharpening the edge is to be lightly stoned to remove grinding burrs and end up
with a 0.025 to 0.05 mm (0.001 to 0.002 in) radius. This will reduce the chance of
chipping.
 • Punching Force: Punching can be done without shear or with shear.
    - Punching without shear. This is the case where the entire punch surface strikes the
material square, and the complete shear is done along the entire cutting edge of the
punch at the same time. Punching Force = Punch Perimeter × Stock thickness ×
Material Shear Strength.
  e.g.,
Punch Diameter = 25 mm (1 in),
Circumference = 78.54 mm (3.092 in)
Thickness = 1.5 mm, (0.060 in)
Material Shear Strength (Steel) = 0.345 kN/mm2 (25 tons/in2)
Punching Force = 78.54 × 1.5 × 0.345 (3.09 × 0.060 × 25)
      = 40.65 kN (4.64 tons)
      = 4.14 Metric Tons (4.64 US Tons)
- Punching with shear. This is the case where the punch surface penetrates the
material in the middle, or at the corners, first, and as the punch descends the rest of
the cutting edges contact the material and shear the material. The distance between
the first contact of the punch with the material, to when the whole punch starts
cutting, is the Shear Depth. Since the material is cut gradually (not all at the same
time initially), the tonnage requirement is reduced considerably.
 

- The Punching Force calculated above is multiplied by a shear factor, which ranges in
value form 0.5 to 0.9 depending on the material, thickness, and shear depth. For
shear depths of 1.5 mm (0.060 in) the shear factor ranges from 0.5 (for 1.2 mm /
0.047 in stock) to 0.9 (for 6.25 mm / 0.25 in stock). For shear depth of 3 mm (0.120
in) the shear factor is 0.5.
Punching Force = Punch Perimeter × Stock thickness × Material Shear Strength ×
Shear Factor.
Since shear factor is about 0.5, the Punching Force is reduced by about 50%.
  For the same example above,
Punching Force = 78.54 × 1.5 × 0.345 (3.09 × 0.060 × 25) × 0.5 (Shear Factor)
      = 40.65 kN (4.64 tons) × 0.5
      = 2.07 Metric Tons (2.32 US Tons)