ENGINEER IN THE SOCIETY

INTRODUCTION
By way of definition, Engineering is an industry which engages man in
the pursuit of moulding his environment to improve the conditions of his
existence. This concept is based on the premise that engineering is
technology put into action, where technology is “a flexible repertoire of
skills, knowledge and methods for attaining desired results and avoiding
failures under varying circumstances” (Merrill 1959).
Societies all over the world look up to engineering and indeed Engineers
to mould their environment to ensure continuous better living standards
and more comfortable existence. Exactly the same way Nigerians expect
the Nigerian Engineer to improve on the standard of life in Nigeria,
whether the Government provides the financial resources and enabling
environment or not. Therefore, the Nigerian Engineer must aggregate
into a group or society that can pressure government to provide
necessary enabling environment and resources to enable the Engineer to
perform his role in the society.

BRIEF HISTORY OF NSE

In Nigeria, there is the existence of several professional organisations
such as the Nigerian Medical Association, the Nigerian Bar Association,
the Nigerian Society of Engineers, the Nigeria Institute of Architects and
so on. Most are largely learned societies concerned with the problems of
how to maintain high standards of professional practice, and
development of their specialties. Some veer on occasions towards trade
union activities and are then brought into limelight and popularity as
spokes union for articulating and interfacing with Government on issues
of the welfare of their chosen areas of specialization or professions. The
Nigerian Society of Engineers is not a registered trade union but an
umbrella body of all engineering disciplines aimed to ensure professional
standards in the practice of engineering in Nigeria.
The Nigerian Society of Engineers started as a struggle for the
emancipation of the Nigerian Engineer from the hands of the colonial
leaders. It was a struggle for recognition and I dare say that till date 60
years after political Independence, the Nigerian Engineer is still
struggling for adequate recognition.
The case of Abuja airport closure (from March 8, to April 19, 2017) for
maintenance work, the stance of the NSE; the invitation extended to the
NSE by the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to present a
technical view point, it will appear that there is in fact now some light at
the end of the struggle for recognition. However, what Nigeria Engineers
did with the opportunity leaves some bitter taste in the mouth.

The history of the NSE dates back to February 16, 1958 when its first
Executive Committee Officers inauguration ceremony was held at the
Nigeria House in London. Its fundamental objective then was as a
nationalist challenge to the racial discrimination and injustices that
permeated the practice of engineering in Nigeria (more details on this
can be obtained from the History of the Nigerian Society of Engineers by
J. F. Ade Ajayi). After the Nigeria Independence in 1960, the NSE
continued its existence with the aim to uphold the high standards of
engineering practice in Nigeria. I recommend strongly that all Engineers
should endeavour to understand the history of the NSE, as this will
enable them to know clearly what the Nigerian Society expects from
them.

WHAT ARE THE DUTIES OF AN ENGINEER

Simply put Engineers own the duty to improve on the environment for
the betterment of Humanity. Engineers play key roles in the
development of nations through design, construction and development
of Infrastructures and Industrial Systems. Consequently, the activities
of Engineers impact on the environment and the quality of life, health
and safety of the people. The high demand for these infrastructures
and the by–product of engineering activities increased public focus on
the practice of engineering. The public became aware that the benefits
of industrial progress and infrastructure development must be
balanced against need to protect the public from dangers caused by
engineering failures and o t h e r by-products of technology.
Accordingly, Engineers were made to perform under the highest
standards of ethical conduct. The Engineer own it a duty to satisfy the
society, self and the environment in the areas of quality of life, safety
of the environment, and comfort associated to living.
HOW SHOULD THE ENGINEER CARRY OUT HIS/HER DUTIES
The Engineering Professional has some characteristics which engender
commitment to excellence. The fundamental building blocks for
engineering professional practice are based first on safety and second
on improvement of the environment for human comfort and resources
utilization. Mandatory Professional Development and Professional
conduct are requirements for successful g r o w t h i n professional
career. The engineering profession is a dynamic one and in order to
satisfy the ever changing society, the engineer must be current in
approach, resourceful with ideas and economical with resources.

SAFETY ISSUES IN THE SOCIETY

The Engineer’s responsibility for public safety and the various
professional obligations are highlighted in this section of the paper.

Engineering failures usually lead to loss, of lives, huge resources and

attract national and international media interest. Also, failures of
complex engineering systems are often described as national disasters
which should be prevented. Therefore Engineers should always be
conscious of the implications of their actions. Engineering Ethics
became necessary to assist Engineers achieve public safety and high
standards of performance. Engineering Ethics is today attracting
attention in Professional Societies and engineering curricula throughout
the world.
Recent incidences in Nigeria of Building collapse – A b u j a
Building Collapse, Lagos Church & Akwa Ibom
C h u r c h C o l l a p s e have drawn attention to the Engineers’
responsibility for public safety. Safety is a social and professional
obligation, not a legal obligation. Engineers and their managers must
keep their obligations to public safety at the forefront when making
design and management decisions. For the Engineer, it is “Safety
First”!
However, when quarks get involved in Engineering designs,
construction supervision and installation and fabrication of engineering
products, safety is usually second to economic gains.
Quality designs and construction practice are imperative in every field
of engineering. There is need for ethical and creative engineering
designs and corporate practice. The American Society of Civil
Engineering Code of Ethics states that “Engineers must hold the public
safety, welfare, and health paramount and use our knowledge and skill
for the enhancement of human welfare”. When Engineers take pride
and responsibility for their designs, the entire engineering profession
will benefit. Consideration of professional ethics in engineering practice
positively affects engineering creativity. If ignored, bad public relations
are the outcome for the engineer, the company he works for and the
profession in general.
Engineers should strictly adhere to their professional codes and
standards. They should encourage others to report those who do not.
They should do so because:
It will help protect people from being injured by what the
engineers do.
It will assure each engineer of a better working environment and
reduce pressures from other people to do otherwise.
They will be proud of their profession if they adhere to the codes of
ethics, especially in Nigeria where the public image of engineers
need improvement.
Adhering to the codes will lead to benefits for all engineers and
public confidence in the profession will be increased.

Safety is an essential design consideration. Safety is deemed as the

absence of unreasonable danger. Sometimes, a factor safety of 2-3 is
built into engineering design equations. Despite this, litigations
associated with engineering failures are on the increase, and in some
countries practicing as a professional has become a risky venture. The
Engineers and their professional societies must acquire requisite
knowledge about liability issues. The question is often asked, “where
does a design engineer and his companies responsibility end and the
contractors, manufacturers and consumer’s begin?” It is pertinent to
end this section on Engineers responsibility for public safety with a
quotation from the Ethics case studies published by the Texas A & M
department of philosophy and mechanical Engineering: “The public has
provided Engineers, through the tax base, with the means of obtaining
education, and through legislation, with the means of licensing and
regulating themselves. In return, engineers have responsibility for
protecting the safety and wellbeing of the public in all of their design
efforts”. This is part of an implicit social contract engineers accept to
honour when they get admitted into membership of NSE.

OBLIGATION TO THE CLIENT

Engineers should always act in a manner that is in the best interest of

their employers and clients, consistence with public interest. As
appropriate, they should;
 Provide service only in their area of competence and should be
honest in any limitations of their experience and education.
 Should not knowingly use designs that are obtained illegally or
unethically.
 Should use the property of his client or employer only in
authorized manner or with their consent.
 Maintain confidentiality of any information gained in the
professional work where such is in the public interest and
consistent with the law.
 Report to client or employer promptly, if a project is likely to fail,
prove too expensive, violate intellectual property law or
otherwise be problematic.
 Accept no outside work detrimental to the work being performed
for the primary employer.
 Inform client or employer or appropriate authority when a higher
ethical concern is being compromised.

OBLIGATION TO THE PUBLIC

Engineers shall act consistently in public interest by;

 Accepting full responsibility for their work.
 Act as moderators of the interests of the employer, the client
and the users in the best Interest of the public good.
 Accept designs and proposals only if they are safe, meet
specifications and do not diminish quality of life or harm the
environment.
  Disclose to appropriate bodies, any potential danger to the
user, public or the environment that may be associated with a
proposal or design.
 Cooperate in any efforts to address such matters of grave
public concern that may arise from his engineering proposal
or design.
 An engineer should avoid deception in all public statements
concerning his proposal, methods and tools.
OBLIGATION TO COLLEAGUES

Engineers should be fair and supportive of their professional colleagues.

They should as appropriate:
 Encourage colleagues to strictly adhere to the code.
 Should be committed to assisting colleagues in their professional
development.
 Always credit fully the work of others and refrain from taking
undue credit.
 Should always give a fair hearing to the opinions, concerns or
complains of other colleagues.
 Engineers in situations outside their area of competence, call on
the opinions of other professionals who have competence in that
area.

Engineering projects managers and leaders should ensure and

promote ethical approach to development and execution of
engineering projects and shall as appropriate:
 Ensure good management and effective procedures for
promotion of quality and standards and reduction of
associated risks.
 Ensure that information on standards are available to engineers
on a project.
 Assign responsibility to engineers after considering
appropriate contributions of education and experience
tempered with potential for further education and experience.
 Ensure realistic and quantitative bills of quantities, scheduling,
and outcomes on the project and provide uncertainty
assessments of the estimates.
 Provide full and accurate conditions of service to prospective
 engineers for employment on the project.
 Offer fair and just remuneration to employees on the project.
 Provide for due process in hearing charges of violation of an
employer’s policy or of this code.
 Should not punish any engineer for expressing ethical concerns
on a project.

PROFESSIONALISATION.

It is generally agreed that there are a number of characteristics which

distinguish a profession from other less formally constituted trades and
occupations:

1. The professional discipline has a command of a specialized

body of knowledge necessary for planning, design,
construction and operation of physical structures,
engines/machines.

2. The body of knowledge is transmitted through recognized

training and regularly updated on be- half of the professional
body to ensure certified standards of proficiency.

3. A code of Ethics and Standards govern the practice of the

profession and ensure the satisfaction and safety of the client
in particular and the society in general.

4. A monopoly is usually granted to a professional body by society

through laws to ensure that only registered members can
engage in the professional practice.

5. The members are committed to constant educational renewal

through a lifelong learning of latest technology and
professional development.

6. The professional body is legally to regulate itself, discipline it’s

members and control the practice of the profession.

It is said that the quality of a person’s life is in direct proportion to their

commitment to excellence regardless of their chosen field of
endeavour. Professionalism is therefore about commitment to
standards of excellence in the performance of tasks which require
specialized skills and expertise. A professional is thus someone whose
basic satisfaction is in performing well, tasks for which he has been
trained and always strives to achieve the best standard possible in any
circumstance. To be a professional is thus to flaunt the highest levels
of the skills one professes to command. The Nigerian Society of
Engineers in organizing courses for her members is encouraging
continuing professional development of its membership.

Engineers should always work to advance the integrity and reputation

of the profession consistent with public interest. Engineers should as
appropriate:
1. Provide public knowledge of the profession and an environment
that encourages ethical practice of engineering.
2. Should not promote their own interest at the expense of the
profession, client or employer.
3. Ensure professional standards except when inconsistent with
public interest
4. Should always avoid false statements and those that could be
considered speculative, vacuous, deceptive, misleading or
doubtful
5. Engineers should ensure that clients, employers and supervisors
know of their commitment to the professional code of ethics
and the implications of such commitment.

COMMITMENT TO EXCELLENCE
Engineers shall ensure that their final output meet the highest
professional standards possible.
Aim to achieve high quality and acceptable cost, irrespective of trade-
offs. Such trade-offs should be clear to and accepted by the client and
employer.
Identify and address ethical, economic, legal and environmental issues
related to the projects.
Engineers should ensure that they have the requisite qualifications, by
appropriate combination of education, training and experience, for the
project they accept to execute.
Ensure that their output meet the highest professional standards and
should not depart from such standards unless when ethically or
technically justified.
Understand clearly the specifications for projects they undertake.
Ensure realistic estimates of cost, scheduling, quality and outcomes
on any project and provide uncertainty assessment of their estimates
Engineers should ensure adequate documentation, including problems
encountered and solutions adopted for any project executed.
FUNDAMENTAL CODE OF ETHICS.

The professional engineer has some authority which has to be

exercised carefully to avoid being a source of danger to the public.
This includes being a leader in engineering projects, practicing
engineering and supervising the work of younger engineers. The basic
rules that govern the conduct of engineers (Engineering Ethics) are
summarized into:
(i) Hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public.
(ii) Perform services only in areas of their competence.
(iii) Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
(iv) Act for your employers as faithful agents or trustees.
(v) Avoid deceptive acts.
(vi) Conduct them in such a way as to always enhance the reputation
of the profession.

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS TO ALL ENGINEERS.

When you develop any professional activity:

1. Try with the best of your ability, courage, enthusiasm and
dedication to obtain a superior technical achievement, which all
contribute to and promote a healthy and agreeable surrounding for all
men, in open spaces as well as indoors.
2. Strive to accomplish the beneficial objectives of your work with the
lowest possible consumption of raw materials and energy and the
lowest production of wastes and any kind of pollution.
3. Discuss in particular the consequences of your proposals and
actions, direct and indirect, immediate or long term, upon the health
of people, social equity and the local system of values.
4. Study thoroughly the environment that will be affected, assess all
the impacts that may arise in the state, dynamics and aesthetics of
the ecosystem involved, urbanized or natural, as well as in the
pertinent socio-economic systems, and select the best alternative for
an environmentally sound and sustain- able development.
5. Promote a clear understanding of the actions required to restore and,
if possible, to improve the environment that may be disturbed, and
include them in your proposals.
6. Reject any kind of commitment that involves unfair damages for
human surroundings and nature, and negotiate the best possible social
and political solution.
7. Be aware that the principle of ecosystem interdependence, diversity
maintenance, resource recovery and inter-relational harmony form
the bases of our continued existence and that each of those bases
poses a threshold of sustainability that should not be exceeded.

Always remember that war, greed, misery, and ignorance, plus

natural disasters and human induced pollution and destruction of
resources, are the main causes of the progressive impairment of the
environment and that you, as an active member of the engineering
profession, deeply involved in the pro- motion of development, must
use your talent, knowledge and imagination to assist society in
removing those evils and improving the quality of life for all people.

NSE CODE OF ENGINEERING CONDUCT.

Every member is expected in his general conduct to uphold and

enhance the honour and dignity of the Engineering profession and the
reputation of the Nigerian Society of Engineers and to act always in the
public interest.
(i) A member shall make available his professional knowledge and
experience in accordance with this code as a consultant or adviser, or
a salaried employee, or a teacher of engineering science, or in de-
sign, or manufacture, or construction as a faithful agent and trustee
of his client, employer, or other people concerned with the works.
(ii) A member shall not practice in a dual capacity as a consultant
and as a contractor for the same project except with the prior written
consent of the client.
(iii) It shall be concerned unprofessional and inconsistent with
 honourable and dignified conduct and contrary to the public interest for
any member of the Nigerian society of Engineers;
(a) To exert undue influence or to offer, solicit or accept
compensation for the purpose of affecting negotiations for an
engineering engagement.
(b) To use the advantages of a salaried position to compete unfairly
with other Engineers.
(c) To accept remuneration for services rendered other than from his
client or his employer.
(d) To attempt to supplant another engineer in a particular
engagement after definite step have been taken towards his
employment.
(e) To review the work of another engineer for the same client
except with the knowledge of such engineer, unless such
engineer’s engagement on the work which is subject to review
has been terminated.
(f) To attempt to injure, falsely or maliciously, the professional
reputation, business, or employment position of another
engineer.
A member shall not place orders on his own behalf in respect of a
project which he is engaged but shall only do so explicitly on behalf of
his client.
(iv) A member shall not be the medium of payments made on his
clients behalf unless especially so re- quested in writing by his client,
but shall only issue certificates for payment.
(v) A member shall not take part in a competition involving the
submission of proposals and designs foe engineering work unless an
assessor who shall be an engineer of acknowledged standing has
been ap- pointed of whom all such proposals and designs are to be
submitted for adjudication.
(vi) A member shall not invite or submit priced proposals under
conditions that constitute price competition for professional services.
(vii) A member shall not advertise engineering services in self-laudatory
language or in any other manner derogatory to the dignity of the
profession.
(viii) On engineering works in a foreign country the member may
adapt his conduct according to the professional standards and customs
of that country, but shall adhere as closely as practicable to the
principles of this code.
REGISTERED CODE OF CONDUCT (C.O.R.E.N).
A Registered Engineer may be engaged in research, in production, in
supervision of construction, in management of engineering concern or
as designer, or he may be retained as a consultant for professional
advice, inspection, certification or adjudication, or be engaged in any
combination of these. In discharging these responsibilities, a
registered engineer shall uphold and enhance the honour and dignity
of the engineering profession and shall at all times act in strictly
judicial manner as a faithful agent or trustee of his client or as official
arbiter between the contractor and the client. He shall act with full
regard to the codes of practice of the professional society, association
or institution to which belongs and in accordance with the rules laid
down in this Code of conduct.
A registered Engineer when trusted with the finances of his client or
Employer must let his honesty of purpose be above suspicion. When
he acts as a professional adviser, he must let advise be absolutely
disinterested. When he is charged with the exercise of judicial function
between Owner and Contractor, he must act with entire impartiality
and above all, he must at all times be conscious of the moral
responsibility of his profession, his associates and his subordinates,
and he must be fully conscious that the profession carries with it,
great responsibility to the public.

RULES FOR SUCCESSFUL CONDUCT OF THE ENGINEER IN

SOCIETY

1. RESPONSIBILITY OF AN ENGINEER TO THE PROFESSION.

1.1 A registered engineer shall not knowingly take part in a competition

involving the submission f proposals and designs for engineering work
unless an assessor who shall be an engineer of acknowledged
standing has been appointed, to whom all such proposals and designs
are to be submitted for adjudication.
1.2 A registered engineer should satisfy himself to the best of his ability
that the enterprises with which he becomes identified are to
legitimate character. If, after associated with an enterprise in good
faith, he finds it to be of questionable character, he should sever his
connection with it as soon as possible.
1.3 A registered engineer should not engaged in the practice of
making preliminary studies and estimates of costs for proposed
projects or render other professional service or advice without
adequate compensation.
1.4 A registered engineer shall not advertise engineering services in any
language or manner derogatory to the dignity of the professional.
1.5 A registered engineer shall not, either himself or through any person
or firm, offer to make payment, by way of commission or otherwise,
for the introduction of employment.
1.6 It shall be the duty of every registered engineer to bring to the
attention of council any violation of this code of conduct and to
endeavour to encourage other registered engineers o adhere to its
provisions.

2. RELATIONSHIP AMONG REGISTERED ENGINEERS.

2.1 A Registered Engineer shall not act so as to injure or attempt to

injure, whether directly or indirectly, the professional reputation,
prospects or business of another registered engineer provided that this
rule shall not be taken as prohibiting him from expressing technical
opinion on behalf of his client before a tribunal or in a commissioned
report, or from lodging the complaint of the conduct of another
registered engineer to the competent body.
2.2 A registered engineer shall not, directly or indirectly, attempt to
supplant another registered engineer, nor shall he intervene or
attempt to intervene in or in connection with engineering work of any
kind which to his knowledge has already been entrusted to another
registered engineer.
2.3 A registered engineer shall not review or take over work of another
registered engineer acting as a consulting engineer for the same
client, until he has either obtained the consent of such registered
engineer, or has been notified by the client in writing that the
connection of such registered engineer with the work has been
terminated, and in either case, his reports and advice shall be confined
to the particular matters upon which he has been consulted.
2.4 A registered engineer shall not accept engagement while the just
claim for compensation or damages, or both, of another registered
engineer previously employed on the same project and whose
employment has been terminated, remains unsatisfied or until such
claim has been referred to arbitration, or issue has been joined at
law, unless the registered engineer previously employed has
neglected to press his claim legally after a reasonable time.
2.5 It is improper for a registered engineer to attempt to secure
engagement by reducing his usual charges for professional service
after being informed of the charges named by a competitor.
2.6 It shall be considered unprofessional and inconsistent with
honourable and dignified conduct and contrary to the public interest
for any registered engineer to use the advantages of a salaried position
to compete unfairly with other registered engineers.
2.7 It is the duty of the registered engineer to ensure that credit for
work and ideas are attributed only to the real authors.

3. AN ENGINEER’S RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS EMPLOYER OR CLIENT.

3.1 A registered engineer shall not be a director or salaried employee

of any company, firm or person carrying on any commercial,
contracting or manufacturing business, which is or may be involved in
the class of work to which his appointment relates, nor have any
substantial financial interest in, nor be an agent for any such
company, firm or person without disclosing the fact to the client in
writing.
3.2 A registered engineer shall not place orders in his own behalf in
respect of a project on which he is engaged but shall only do so
explicitly on behalf of his client.
3.3 A registered engineer shall not be the medium of payments made
on his client’s behalf unless especially so requested in writing by his
client, but shall only issue certificates for payment.
3.4 Unless authorized by the owner, a registered engineer shall not
receive directly or indirectly any royalty, gratuity or commission on
any patented or protected article or process used in connection with
work upon which he is retained by the owner nor shall he accept
without the owner’s consent any trade Commissions, discounts,
allowances, indirect profits or other secondary considerations in
connection with any professional service which he undertakes for the
owner.
3.5 A registered engineer shall discharge his duties to his employer
with complete fidelity and shall accept remuneration only from his
client unless he has his client’s authority in writing to do otherwise.
3.6 A registered engineer shall make available his professional
knowledge and experience at all times and in accordance with this
code as a consultant, or adviser, or salaried employer, or teacher of
engineering science, or in design, or manufacture, or construction as
a faithful agent and trustee of his client, employer, or other people
connected with the work.

4. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ENGINEER AS AN EMPLOYER OF LABOUR.

4.1 It is the duty of a registered engineer as an employer to ensure

that no person in his employment other than a registered engineer
holds any post, discharges or purports to discharge any function that is
properly that of an engineer.
4.2 A registered engineer employing the services of any person
working or training to become a registered engineer, shall ensure that
such a person is given every opportunity to satisfy the conditions to
enable him earn satisfactory certificate of experience and shall not
improperly withhold the issue of such a certificate when required to
do so.

5. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ENGINEER TO THE PUBLIC ON ALL

MATTERS.

5.1 A registered engineer in discharging his responsibility to his

employer and to his profession shall have full regard to the public
interest.
5.2 A registered engineer shall maintain dignified interest in the welfare
of the community and shall endeavour to assist the public to arrive at
a correct general understanding of the technical phases of issues of
public interest. He shall discourage and challenge untrue, unfair and
exaggerated statements on technical subjects, especially when such
statements lead to unworthy or uneconomic public enterprises.
5.3 A registered engineer shall accept personally his responsibility as a
citizen, assumed his share of gratuitous public work for the general
good, support public officials in the enforcement of technical
regulations, and take an active interest in the formulation and
improvement of such regulations.
5.4 Public appreciation of the profession will be increased by the
advancement of the technical sciences. A registered engineer shall
therefore promote such advancement by his own efforts and by his
encouragement of sound technical training and research.
5.5 In addition to the safeguards directed by him, a registered engineer
shall recognize his broader obligation to provide amply for the safety,
health, and comfort of the public in whatever field his services may
be required.
5.6 A registered engineer, when working in a country other than his
own shall order his conduct according to these rules, so far as they are
applicable, but where there are recognized standards of profession- al
conduct, he shall adhere to them.
5.7 A registered engineer who shall be convicted by a competent
tribunal of a criminal offence which in the opinion of the disciplinary
body renders him unfit to be a member of his professional society,
association or institution, shall be deemed to have been guilty of
improper conduct.

6. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ENGINEER FOR NEUTRALITY REGARDING

CONTRACTS.

6.1 A registered engineer shall see that every position which he

considers necessary to protect the interest of owner, engineer,
contractor, or the public is incorporated in the contract.
6.2 A registered engineer shall ensure that fairness and honour shall
govern the use of every bid over which he is to adjudicate. The
contract shall be awarded on the basis of the original bids except
when substantial change is made in the work, or when further
bidding on alternate items is requested. Any reduction of a bid
disproportionate to such change constitutes unfair competition.
6.3 A registered engineer shall ensure that a bid received from a
contractor, whether in open competition or privately, should not be
used to secure lower prices from competitors, nor shall competitive
bids be rejected for the purpose of using the information derived
from them as a means of securing lower bids from those who
competed or from others. After the acceptance of a bid, any
alteration which would have materially changed the bidding or awards
shall be avoided.
6.4 A registered engineer shall not call for unnecessary full estimates
from prospective bidders on tentative projects, and if he calls upon a
contractor for preliminary estimates or appraisals, the registered
engineer shall see that the contractor is paid for the service.

REFERENCES;

1. Professional Ethics In Engineering By Engr. (Prof). C. C.

Okoro. FNSE, Reviewed By Engr Dr Isa Emoabino FNSE, 2017
2. History of the Nigerian Society of Engineers by J. F. Ade.Ajayi
1995.
3. Engr Johnson B: Engineering Career in organized Private
Sector/Private practice, NSE Lagos Branch Technical Paper,
17th Nov, 1998.

4. Okoro C.C: “Nigerian society of Engineers and the challenge for

change,” 15th Kasim Memorial Lecture, NSE Lagos Branch,
Sheraton hotel Ikeja, 14th Aug 2001.

5. Shonubi F.A: Sustainability, Professionalism and Engineering, 15th

Oct Lecture, NSE, 4th Oct 1996.

6. Engineering Ethics: The Professional challenge

ethics.tamu.edu/ethics/essays/brochure.htm.