RADIO SYSTEMS – ETIN15

Lecture no:
5
Digital modulation

Anders J Johansson, Department of Electrical and Information Technology

[email protected]

3 April 2017 1
 Contents

• Brief overview of a wireless communication link

• Radio signals and complex notation (again)
• Modulation basics
• Important modulation formats

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 STRUCTURE OF A WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION LINK

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 A simple structure

Speech Speech Chann.

A/D Encrypt. Modulation
encoder encoding

Data

Key

Speech Speech Chann.

D/A Decrypt. Demod.
decoder decoding

Data

(Read Chapter 10 for more details)

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 RADIO SIGNALS AND
COMPLEX NOTATION
(from Lecture 3)

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 Simple model of a radio signal
FR R
O M EP
E
• A transmitted radio signal can be written LE ATE
CT D
UR
E
3

Amplitude Frequency Phase

• By letting the transmitted information change the
amplitude, the frequency, or the phase, we get the tree
basic types of digital modulation techniques

– ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)

– FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
Constant envelope
– PSK (Phase Shift Keying)

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 Example: Amplitude, phase and
frequency modulation
FR R
O M EP
s  t   A  t  cos  2 f ct    t   E
LE ATE
CT D
A t    t Comment: UR
E
3
00 01 11 00 10

- Amplitude carries information

4ASK - Phase constant (arbitrary)

00 01 11 00 10

4PSK - Amplitude constant (arbitrary)

- Phase carries information

00 01 11 00 10
- Amplitude constant (arbitrary)
4FSK - Phase slope (frequency)
carries information

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 The IQ modulator
FR R
O M EP
E
LE ATE
CT D
I-channel UR
E
(in-phase) Transmited radio signal 3

fc

-90o

Q-channel
(quadrature)
Take a step into the complex domain:
Complex envelope

Carrier factor

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 Interpreting the complex notation
FR R
O M EP
E
Complex envelope (phasor) Transmitted radio signal LE ATE
CT D
UR
E
3

Polar coordinates:
By manipulating the amplitude A(t)
and the phase Φ(t) of the complex
envelope (phasor), we can create any
type of modulation/radio signal.

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 MODULATION
BASICS

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 Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
The modulation process
Bits Complex domain
Radio
bm cm sLP  t  signal
Mapping PAM Re{ }

Complex
exp  j 2 f c t 
numbers

Symbol
∞
Many possible pulses
PAM: s LP t = ∑ c m g  t−m T s  time g  t
m=−∞

∞
“Standard” basis pulse criteria t
∫ ∣g t ∣2 dt =1 or =T s (energy norm.) g  t
−∞
∞

∫ g t g *  t−mT s  dt=0 for m≠0 (orthogonality) t

−∞ Ts
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 Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
Basis pulses and spectrum
Assuming that the complex numbers cm representing the data
are independent, then the power spectral density of the
base band PAM signal becomes:

∞ 2

∣
S LP  f ~ ∫ g t e
−∞
− j 2 f t
dt
∣
which translates into a radio signal (band pass) with

1
S BP  f    S LP  f  f c   S LP   f  f c  
2

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 Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
Basis pulses and spectrum
Illustration of power spectral density of the (complex) base-band
signal, SLP(f), and the (real) radio signal, SBP(f).

S LP  f  S BP  f 

f  fc fc f
Can be asymmetric,
since it is a complex Symmetry (real radio signal)
signal.

What we need are basis pulses g(t) with nice properties like:

- Narrow spectrum (low side-lobes)

- Relatively short in time (low delay)
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 Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
Basis pulses
TIME DOMAIN FREQ. DOMAIN
Rectangular [in time]

Normalized time t / Ts Normalized freq. f ×T s

(Root-) Raised-cosine [in freq.]

Normalized time t / Ts Normalized freq. f ×T s

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 Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
Interpretation as IQ-modulator
For real valued basis functions g(t) we can view PAM as:

sI  t   Re  sLP  t  
Re  cm 
g  t
cos  2 f ct 
Radio
bm cm Pulse fc signal
Mapping shaping
filters
-90o
 sin  2 f ct 
g  t
Im  cm 
sQ  t   Im  sLP  t  

(Both the rectangular and the (root-) raised-cosine pulses are real valued.)

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 Multi-PAM
Modulation with multiple pulses
Bits Complex domain
Radio
bm cm sLP  t  signal
Mapping multi-PAM Re{ }

exp  j 2 f c t 

∞
multi-PAM: s LP t = ∑ g c  t −mT s 
m
m−∞

“Standard” basis pulse criteria Several

different
2
∫∣g c t∣ dt =1 or =T s
m
(energy norm.)
∫ g c t g *c  t−kT s  dt =0 for k ≠0 (orthogonality) pulses
m m

∫ g c t g *c  t  dt =0 for c m≠c n

m n
(orthogonality)

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 Multi-PAM
Modulation with multiple pulses
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) with M (even) different transmission
frequencies can be interpreted as multi-PAM if the basis functions
are chosen as:
− j k  f t
g k t =e for 0≤t≤T s
and for k = +/- 1, +/- 3, ... , +/- M/2

S LP  f  S BP  f 

 fc fc
f
Bits: 00 01 10 11

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 Continuous-phase FSK (CPFSK)
The modulation process
Bits Complex domain
Radio
bm cm sLP  t  signal
Mapping CPFSK Re{ }

exp  j 2 f c t 

CPFSK: s LP t = A exp  j  CPFSK t  

where the amplitude A is constant and the phase is
∞ t

 CPFSK t =2 h mod ∑ c m ∫ g  u−mT  du

m=−∞ −∞
Phase basis
where hmod is the modulation index.
pulse

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 Continuous-phase FSK (CPFSK)
The Gaussian phase basis pulse
In addition to the rectangular phase basis pulse, the Gaussian is the
most common.

BTs=0.5

Normalized time t / Ts

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 IMPORTANT MODULATION
FORMATS

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 Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)
Rectangular pulses

Base-band

Radio
signal

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 Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)
Rectangular pulses
Complex representation Signal constellation diagram

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 Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)
Rectangular pulses

Power spectral
density for BPSK

Normalized freq. f ×T b

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 Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)
Raised-cosine pulses (roll-off 0.5)

Base-band

Radio
signal

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 Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)
Raised-cosine pulses (roll-off 0.5)
Complex representation Signal constellation diagram

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 Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)
Raised-cosine pulses (roll-off 0.5)

Power spectral
density for BAM

Normalized freq. f ×T b
Much higher spectral
efficiency than BPSK
(with
rectangular
pulses).

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 Quaternary PSK (QPSK or 4-PSK)
Rectangular pulses

Complex representation

Radio
signal

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 Quaternary PSK (QPSK or 4-PSK)
Rectangular pulses

Power spectral
density for QPSK

Twice the spectrum

efficiency of BPSK
(with rect. pulses).
TWO bits/pulse
instead of one.

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 Quadrature ampl.-modulation (QAM)
Root raised-cos pulses (roll-off 0.5)

Complex representation

Much higher spectral

efficiency than QPSK
(with
rectangular
pulses).

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 Amplitude variations
The problem
Signals with high amplitude variations leads to less efficient amplifiers.

Complex representation of QPSK

It is a problem that the signal

passes through the origin, where
the amplitude is ZERO.
(Infinite amplitude variation.)

Can we solve this problem in a simple

way?

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 Amplitude variations
A solution
Let’s rotate the signal constellation diagram for each
transmitted symbol!

 /4 2× /4
etc.

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 Amplitude variations
A solution
Looking at the complex representation ...

QPSK without rotation QPSK with rotation

A “hole” is created in
the center. No close to
zero amplitudes.

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  / 4- Differential QPSK (DQPSK)

Complex representation

Still uses the same rectangular pulses as QPSK - the power

spectral density and the spectral efficiency are the same.
This modulation type is used in several standards for mobile
communications (due to it’s low amplitude variations).

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 Offset QPSK (OQPSK)
Rectangular pulses

In-phase
signal

Quadrature
signal

There is one bit-time offset between the in-pase and the quadrature
part of the signal (a delay on the Q channel). This makes the transitions
between pulses take place at different times!

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 Offset QPSK
Rectangular pulses
Complex representation

This method
also creates a
hole in the
center, giving
less amplitude
variations.

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 Offset QAM (OQAM)
Raised-cosine pulses
Complex representation

This method
also creates a
hole in the
center, but
has larger
amplitude
variations
than OQPSK.

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 Continuous-phase modulation

Phase
MSK/FFSK
Basic idea: 2
- Keep amplitude constant
3
- Change phase continuously 
2

1 0 1 0
In this particular example 1

we change the phase in 2 1 0 1 0
a piecewise linear fashion
by +/- /2, depending on Tb 0 1 t
the data transmitted. 1
− 
2
−
3
This type of modulation − 
2
can be interpreted both as
phase and frequency −2 
modulation. It is called
MSK (minimum shift keying) or
FFSK (fast frequency shift keying).
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 Minimum shift keying (MSK)

Simple MSK implementation

0 1 0 0 1

Rectangular Voltage MSK signal

01001 controlled
pulse
filter oscillator
(VCO)

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 Minimum shift keying (MSK)

Power spectral
density of MSK

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 Gaussian filtered MSK (GMSK)

Further improvement of the phase: Remove ’corners’

(Simplified figure)
Phase Phase
2 2
3 3
 
2 2
1 1
 
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
 
2 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 1

Tb t Tb t
1 1
−  − 
2 2
− −
3 3
−  − 
2 2
−2  −2 

MSK Gaussian filtered MSK - GMSK

(Rectangular pulse filter) (Gaussian pulse filter)

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 Gaussian filtered MSK (GMSK)

Simple GMSK implementation

0 1 0 0 1

Gaussian Voltage GMSK signal

01001 controlled
pulse
filter oscillator
(VCO)

When implemented this “simple” way, it is usually called Gaussian

filtered frequency shift keying (GFSK).

GSFK is used in e.g. Bluetooth.

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 Gaussian filtered MSK (GMSK)

Digital GMSK implementation

D/A
cos  2 f c t 
Digital
Data baseband
fc
GMSK
modulator
-90o
 sin  2 f ct 
D/A

Digital Analog

This is a more precise implementation of GMSK, which is used in

e.g. GSM.
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 Gaussian filtered MSK (GMSK)

BT = 0.5 here
(0.3 in GSM)
Power spectral
density of GMSK.

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 How do we use all these spectral
efficiencies?
Example: Assume that we want to use MSK to transmit 50 kbit/sec,
and want to know the required transmission bandwidth.

Take a look at the spectral efficiency table:

The 90% and 99% bandwidths become:

B90%  50000 /1.29  38.8 kHz
B99%  50000 / 0.85  58.8 kHz

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 Summary

BPSK with
root-raised
cosine
pulses

TABLE 11.1 in textbook.

3 April 2017 45