Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa, Sr.

Memorial State

College of Agriculture and Technology

G.E – 4
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN
WORLD
MODULE IN
NATURE OF
GEOMETRY
LEO C. LAURIO, LPT
Instructor
INTRODUCTION:

Geometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. The techniques used in

surveying and astronomy today are the result of the study of geometry for a long
period of time. Since the beginning of history, people have used geometry to measure
their lands.

The term “geometry” is derived from the Greek words “geo” meaning “earth”
and “metrein” meaning “ measure”. The mathematics of the Egyptians and the
Babylonians were essentially empirical in nature. It has been traditional to state that
demonstrative mathematics first appeared in the sixth century B. C. The Greek
geometry, Thales of Melitus, is credited for applying logical reasoning (rather than
intuition and experimentation) to several elementary results involving circles and
angles of triangles.

Numerous mathematicians have studied geometry and made major contributions

throughout history, Ancient geometers of importance include Pythagoras, Euclid,
Hippocrates and Archimedes. More modern figures include Rene Discartes, Isaac
Newton and Johan Bolyai.
MODULE COVERAGE

I. PERIMETER AND AREAS

a. Perimeter
b. Area of Parallelogram
c. Area of Triangles and Trapezoid
d. Area of a Circle
………………. Self Assessment

II. VOLUMES AND SURFACE AREAS

a. Volume of Rectangular Box
b. Volume of a Cylinder
c. Volume of Sphere
d. Volume of Prism
………………. Self Assessment
 PERIMETER AND AREAS

Perimeter and area are two important and fundamental mathematical topics. They help you to quantify
physical space and also provide a foundation for more advanced mathematics found in algebra,
trigonometry, and calculus. Perimeter is a measurement of the distance around a shape and area gives us an
idea of how much surface the shape covers.

Knowledge of area and perimeter is applied practically by people on a daily basis, such as architects,
engineers, and graphic designers, and is math that is very much needed by people in general. Understanding
how much space you have and learning how to fit shapes together exactly will help you when you paint a
room, buy a home, remodel a kitchen, or build a deck.

Perimeter
The perimeter of a two-dimensional shape is the distance around the shape. You can think of wrapping a
string around a triangle. The length of this string would be the perimeter of the triangle. Or walking around
the outside of a park, you walk the distance of the park’s perimeter. Some people find it useful to think
“peRIMeter” because the edge of an object is its rim and peRIMeter has the word “rim” in it.

If the shape is a polygon, then you can add up all the lengths of the sides to find the perimeter. Be
careful to make sure that all the lengths are measured in the same units. You measure perimeter in linear
units, which is one dimensional. Examples of units of measure for length are inches, centimeters, or feet.

Example
Problem Find the perimeter of the given figure. All measurements indicated are
inches.
 P = 5 + 3 + 6 + 2 + 3 + 3 Since all the sides are measured in
inches, just add the lengths of all six
sides to get the perimeter.
Answer P = 22 inches Remember to include units.

This means that a tightly wrapped string running the entire distance around the polygon would measure 22
inches long.

Example
Problem Find the perimeter of a triangle with sides measuring 6 cm, 8 cm,
and 12 cm.

P = 6 + 8 + 12 Since all the sides are measured in

centimeters, just add the lengths of all
three sides to get the perimeter.

Answer P = 26 centimeters
Sometime
s, you need to use what you know about a polygon in order to find the perimeter. Let’s look at the rectangle
in the next example.

Example

Problem A rectangle has a length of 8 centimeters and a width of 3 centimeters.

Find the perimeter.
 P = 3 + 3 + 8 + 8 Since this is a rectangle, the opposite sides
have the same lengths, 3 cm. and 8 cm. Add
up the lengths of all four sides to find the
perimeter.

Answer P = 22 cm

Notice that the perimeter of a rectangle always has two pairs of equal length sides. In the above example you
could have also written P = 2(3) + 2(8) = 6 + 16 = 22 cm. The formula for the perimeter of a rectangle is
often written as P = 2l + 2w, where l is the length of the rectangle and w is the width of the rectangle.

Example 4: What is missing side length of a triangle whose perimeter is 40 cm and two sides are 10 cm
each?
Solution: Given,
Perimeter = 40 cm
Length of two sides are same i.e. 10 cm, is an isosceles triangle.
Using formula: P = 2l + b
40 = 2 * 10 + b
40 = 20 + b
or b = 20
Missing side length is 20 cm.
Area of Parallelograms
The area of a two-dimensional figure describes the amount of surface the shape covers. You measure
area in square units of a fixed size. Examples of square units of measure are square inches, square
centimeters, or square miles. When finding the area of a polygon, you count how many squares of a certain
size will cover the region inside the polygon.

Let’s look at a 4 x 4 square.

You can count that there are 16 squares, so the area is 16 square units. Counting out 16 squares doesn’t take
too long, but what about finding the area if this is a larger square or the units are smaller? It could take a long
time to count.

Fortunately, you can use multiplication. Since there are 4 rows of 4 squares, you can multiply 4 • 4 to get 16
squares! And this can be generalized to a formula for finding the area of a square with any length, s: Area = s
• s = s2.

You can write “in2” for square inches and “ft2” for square feet.

To help you find the area of the many different categories of polygons, mathematicians have developed
formulas. These formulas help you find the measurement more quickly than by simply counting. The
formulas you are going to look at are all developed from the understanding that you are counting the number
of square units inside the polygon. Let’s look at a rectangle
You can count the squares individually, but it is much easier to multiply 3 times 5 to find the number more
quickly. And, more generally, the area of any rectangle can be found by multiplying length times width.

Example
Problem A rectangle has a length of 8 centimeters and a width of 3
centimeters. Find the area.

A = l • w Start with the formula for the area of a

rectangle, which multiplies the length
times the width.
A = 8 • 3 Substitute 8 for the length and 3 for
the width.
Answer A = 24 cm2 Be sure to include the units, in this
case square cm.

It would take 24 squares, each measuring 1 cm on a side, to cover this rectangle.

The formula for the area of any parallelogram (remember, a rectangle is a type of parallelogram) is the same
as that of a rectangle: Area = l • w. Notice in a rectangle, the length and the width are perpendicular. This
should also be true for all parallelograms. Base (b) for the length (of the base), and height (h) for the width
of the line perpendicular to the base is often used. So the formula for a parallelogram is generally
written, A = b • h.

Example
Problem Find the area of the parallelogram.

A = b • h Start with the formula for the area of a

parallelogram:

Area = base • height.

Substitute the values into the formula.

Multiply.

Answer The area of the parallelogram is 8 ft2.

Area of Triangles and Trapezoids

The formula for the area of a triangle can be explained by looking at a right triangle. Look at the image
below—a rectangle with the same height and base as the original triangle. The area of the triangle is one half
of the rectangle!
Since the area of two congruent triangles is the same as the area of a rectangle, you can come up with the

formula Area = to find the area of a triangle.

When you use the formula for a triangle to find its area, it is important to identify a base and its
corresponding height, which is perpendicular to the base.
 Example
Problem A triangle has a height of 4 inches and a base of 10 inches.
Find the area.

Start with the formula for the area of a

triangle.

Substitute 10 for the base and 4 for the

height.

Multiply.

Answer A = 20 in2

Now let’s look at the trapezoid. To find the area of a trapezoid, take the average length of the two parallel

bases and multiply that length by the height: .

An example is provided below. Notice that the height of a trapezoid will always be perpendicular to the
bases (just like when you find the height of a parallelogram).

Example
Problem Find the area of the trapezoid.
 Start with the formula for the area
of a trapezoid.

Substitute 4 and 7 for the bases

and 2 for the height, and find A.

Answer The area of the trapezoid is 11 cm2.

Area Formulas
Use the following formulas to find the areas of different shapes.

square:

rectangle:

parallelogram:

triangle:

trapezoid:

Working with Perimeter and Area

Often you need to find the area or perimeter of a shape that is not a standard polygon. Artists and
architects, for example, usually deal with complex shapes. However, even complex shapes can be thought of
as being composed of smaller, less complicated shapes, like rectangles, trapezoids, and triangles.

To find the perimeter of non-standard shapes, you still find the distance around the shape by adding
together the length of each side.

Finding the area of non-standard shapes is a bit different. You need to create regions within the shape
for which you can find the area, and add these areas together. Have a look at how this is done below.
 Example
Problem Find the area and perimeter of the polygon.

P = 18 + 6 + 3 + 11 + 9.5 + 6 + 6 To find the perimeter,

P = 59.5 cm add together the lengths
of the sides. Start at the
top and work clockwise
around the shape.
To find the area, divide
the polygon into two
separate, simpler
regions. The area of the
entire polygon will equal
the sum of the areas of
the two regions.

Area of Polygon = (Area of A) + (Area of B)

Region A is a rectangle.
To find the area,
multiply the length (18)
by the width (6).

The area of Region A is

108 cm2.
 Region B is a triangle.
To find the area, use the

formula , where
the base is 9 and the
height is 9.

The area of Region B is

40.5 cm2.
108 cm2 + 40.5 cm2 = 148.5 cm2. Add the regions
together.
Answer Perimeter = 59.5 cm
Area = 148.5 cm2

You also can use what you know about perimeter and area to help solve problems about situations
like buying fencing or paint, or determining how big a rug is needed in the living room. Here’s a
fencing example.

Example
Problem Rosie is planting a garden with the dimensions shown below. She
wants to put a thin, even layer of mulch over the entire surface of the
garden. The mulch costs $3 a square foot. How much money will she
have to spend on mulch?
 This shape is a
combination of two
simpler shapes: a
rectangle and a
trapezoid. Find the area
of each.

Find the area of the

rectangle.

Find the area of the

trapezoid.

32 ft2 + 44 ft2 = 76 ft2 Add the measurements.

76 ft2 • $3 = $228 Multiply by $3 to find out
how much Rosie will
have to spend.
Answer Rosie will spend $228 to cover her garden with mulch.

Area of a Circle
The distance around a circle is called its circumference. The distance across a circle through its center is
called its diameter. We use the Greek letter (pronounced Pi) to represent the ratio of the circumference of
a circle to the diameter. In the last lesson, we learned that the formula for circumference of a circle
is: . For simplicity, we use = 3.14. We know from the last lesson that the diameter of a circle is
twice as long as the radius. This relationship is expressed in the following formula: .
 The area of a circle is the number of square units inside that circle. If each square in the
circle to the left has an area of 1 cm2, you could count the total number of squares to get the area of this
circle. Thus, if there were a total of 28.26 squares, the area of this circle would be 28.26 cm2 However, it is
easier to use one of the following formulas:

or

where is the area, and is the radius. Let's look at some examples involving the area of a circle. In each
of the three examples below, we will use = 3.14 in our calculations.

Example 1: The radius of a circle is 3 inches. What is the area of the circle?

Solution:

= 3.14 · (3 in) · (3 in)

= 3.14 · (9 in)
= 28.26 in

Example 2: The diameter of a circle is 8 centimeters. What is the area of the circle?

Solution:

8 cm = 2 ·
8 cm ÷ 2 =
= 4 cm

= 3.14 · (4 cm) · (4 cm)

= 50.24 cm
Example 3: The area of a circle is 78.5 square meters. What is the radius of the circle?

Solution:

78.5 m = 3.14 · ·
78.5 m ÷ 3.14 · ·
25 m = ·
= √25 m
=5m

Heron’s Formula for the Area of a Triangle

If the vertical length of a triangle is unknown, the formula A = ½ bh cannot be used to find the area. If
the lengths of the three sides are known, Heron’s formula can be used to find the area of the triangle. This
formula is stated as follows:

Let s = ½ (a + b + c), where a, b and c are the lengths of the three sides. Then, the area of the triangle is

A = √s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)

Examples:

1. Find the area of the triangle with sides 18ft., 24ft. and 30ft.

Solution: Solving for s = ½ (18 + 24 + 30) = 36 ft.

Solving for Area, A = √ s( s – a ) (s – b ) (s – c )

= √ 36 ( 36 – 18 ) ( 36 – 24 ) ( 36 – 30 )
= 216 sq. ft.
2. Find the area of the triangular piece of land with the dimensions, 19.1 m, 13.8 m and 30.8 m.

Solution: Solving for s = ½ ( 19.1 + 13.8 + 30.8 ) = 31.85 m.

Solving for Area, A = √ s ( s – a ) ( s – b ) ( s – c )

= √ 31.85 ( 31.85 – 19.1 ) ( 31.85 – 13.8 ) ( 31.85 – 30.8 )
= 87.73 sq. m.
Direction: Solve the following problems, indicate / show your complete solution.

1. The diameter of a circle is 12 inches. What is the area of the circle?

2. The area of a coin is 3.14 square centimeters. What is the radius of the circle?
3. The diameter of a bicycle wheel is 20 inches. What is the area of the wheel?
4. The area of a parallelogram is 120 m² and its perimeter is 60 m. What is the
length of its side if its height is 8 m?
5. A town park was constructed to form the shape of a trapezoid. The base
measures 128 m and 92 m and its height is 40 m. A 5 m wide stream is
constructed which runs perpendicular from the two bases and connected to a
river. Calculate the area of the park after the addition of the stream.
6. What is the area of a triangle where every side 5 ft. long? Use Heron’s
formula.
7. Using the Heron’s formula, determine the area of the triangle with dimensions
9 cm, 8 cm and 14 cm.
VOLUMES AND SURFACE AREAS

Surface area and volume are calculated for any three-dimensional geometrical shape. The surface
area of any given object is the area covered or region occupied by the surface of the object. Whereas volume
is the amount of space available in an object. We have learned so far in geometry about different shapes and
sizes such as sphere, cube, cuboid, cone, cylinder, etc. Each shape has its surface area as well as volume. But
in the case of two-dimensional figures like square, circle, rectangle, triangle, etc., we can measure only the
area covered by these figures and there is no volume available. Now, let us see the formulas of area and
volume for different shapes.

Area
The space occupied by a two-dimensional flat surface. It is measured in square units.

Generally, Area can be of two types

(i) Total Surface Area

(ii) Curved Surface Area

Total surface area

Total surface area refers to the area including the base(s) and the curved part.
Curved surface area (lateral surface area)
Refers to the area of only the curved part excluding its base(s).
Volume
The amount of space, measured in cubic units, that an object or substance occupies. Some shapes are
two-dimensional, so it doesn’t have volumes. Example, Volume of Circle cannot be found, though Volume
of the sphere can be. It is so because a sphere is a three-dimensional shape.

Volume of Rectangular Box

Volume is the measure of how big an object is in three dimensions, so the volume of a box measure how
much room there is inside of the box. To find it, you need to make a few simple measurements of length,
width, and height, and then multiply them.
Method in Calculating the Volume of Rectangular Boxes

1. Understand the volume of a rectangle equals it's length x width x height. If your box is a rectangular
prism or a cube, the only information you need is the box's length, width, and height. You can then
multiply them together to get volume. This formula is often abbreviated as V = l x w x h.
Sample Question: "If I have a box with a length of 10cm, width of 4cm, and height of 5cm, what is the
volume of the box?"
V=lxwxh
V = 10cm x 4cm x 5cm
V = 200cm3
"Height" may be replaced with "depth." For example, "The box has a length of 10cm, width of 4cm, and is
5cm deep."
2. Measure the length of a box. If your are looking down at your box, the top appears to be a flat
rectangle/The length the longest side of this rectangle. Write this number down as "length."
Make sure you use the same measurement for each side -- if you measure one side in inches, you need to
measure them all in inches.
3. Measure the width of the box next to the length. The width of the box is the other edge next to the
length. If you are looking one side of the box, the width is the side the forms an "L" with the length.
Write down this measurement as "width."
The width is always the shorter side.
4. Measure the height of the box. This is the last side you have not measured, and is the distance from
the top of the box to the ground. Write this measurement down as "height."
Depending on how the box is laying, which side you call "height" or "length" might be different. However, it
doesn't matter what side you call the length, just that you measure 3 different sides.
5. Multiply the three sides together. Remember, the equation for volume is V = length x width x
height, so simply multiply all three sides together to get your volume. Be sure to include the units
you used to measure with as well, so you don't forget what your numbers mean.
6. Add the "units3" to your volume. Volume is a measurement, but if you don't know what the
measuring system your number will be meaningless. The correct way write out volume is with your
type of measurement cubed. For example, if I measured all the sides in inches, my final answer
would be in "inches3."
Sample Question: "If I have a box with a length of 2 feet, width of 1 foot, and height of 4 feet what is the
volume of the box?"
V=lxwxh
V = 2ft x 1ft x 4ft
Volume = 8ft3
Advanced Note:' This is because volume tell you how many small cubes you could fit in the box. In the
previous example, this means we could fit eight separate 1 foot cubes in our box.

Examples:

Example #1: Find the volume with a length of 5 inches, a height of 2 inches, and a width of 4 inches

Solution:

Vbox = l × w × h
= 5 inches × 4 inches × 2 inches
Vbox = 40 inches³

Example #2: An LCD tv was put in a box with a length of 2 feet, a height of 3 feet, and a width of 0.5
foot. What is the volume of the box?

Solution:
 Vbox = l × w × h
= 2 × 0.5 × 3
Vbox = 3 ft³

Example #3: A swimming pool is shaped like a big box with a length of 10 feet, a height of 8 feet,
and a width of 20 foot. What is the volume of the swimming pool?

Solution:

Vbox = l × w × h
= 10 × 20 × 8
= 200 ft2 × 8 ft
Vbox = 1600 ft³

Surface Area of the Rectangular Box

Finding the surface area of a box is easy as long as you know the length of the sides. Once you know how
long the sides are, you simply have to plug them into a basic equation to get your answer. You can even find
the surface area of cylindrical boxes with a few simple measurements.

Methods in Calculating the Surface Area of the Rectangular Boxes

1. Add together the area of each side to get the surface area of the box. Surface area is the total
area of each side. As long as you know how to find the area of a regular rectangle, which is simply
the length times the height, you can find each side and add them together. However, there is also a
simplified formula that will do this for you if you know the measurements of the box:
Surface Area = 2lw + 2lh + wh
l = is the length of the box, or the longest side.
h = is the height of the box.
w = is the width of the box.

2. Measure the length of the box. This is your longest side. There should be 4 identical lines equally
long across the whole box. Lay the box down on its longest side to make it easier to measure.[2]
Example: The length of the box is 5 feet.
3. Measure the height of the box, or the distance from the floor to the top. Make sure you don't
measure the same side as the length.[3]
Example: The height of the box is 4 feet.
4. Measure the width of the box. This is the side directly perpendicular (it forms a right angle, or L)
with the length. Make sure you are not re measuring the height.
Example: The width of the box is 2 feet.
5. Ensure that you didn't measure the same side twice. The easiest way to prevent this is to check
that all three lines meet at some point. Find a corner and measure the three sides coming off of it --
this ensures you have the right measurements.
The sides may be the same measurement. You just want to make sure you're measuring three unique sides,
even if two or three of them are all identical.
6. Input your measurements into the formula to solve the equation. Once you've got the numbers,
the rest is easy. Simply input the measurements and add it all up.

SA = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh

= 2 (5) (2) + 2 (5) (4) + 2 (2) (4)
= 20 + 40 + 16
SA = 76
 7. Express your answer in "units squared" when done. This lets people know how you measured
everything, and is a crucial part of your answer. Luckily, all you need to do is use the units provided
in the question. For this example, since the units were in feet, you would put "feet squared" at the
end of your answer:
You have a box 5 feet long, 4 feet high, and 2 feet wide, what is the total surface area?
Answer: SA =76 ft²
8. Break complex boxes into smaller pieces to find surface area. For example, say you had an "L"
shaped box. Instead of finding everything by hand, simply think of two separate boxes, the vertical
half on top and the horizontal half on the bottom. Find the surface area of both, then add them
together to get the total surface area. For example, if you have a U shaped box:

➢ Say the bottom has a surface area of 12 units squared.

➢ Say both sides have a surface area of 15 units squared.
➢ The total area would be 42 units squared, since 12 + 15 + 15 = 42

Examples:

1) A rectangular box of length 40 cm, width 25 cm and height 20 cm is to be made of tin. What is the
area of tin sheet required if the box has a lid also?

Solution : l = 40 cm ; w = 25 cm and h = 20 cm
Total surface area of box = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh
SA = 2 (40) (25) + 2 (40) (20) + 2 (25) (20)
= 2000 + 1600 + 2000
SA = 4600 cm 2
________________________________________________________________
2) A rectangular room of dimensions 8 m x 6 m x 3 m is to be painted. If it costs $60 per square meter,
find the cost of painting the walls of the room.

Solution : l = 8 m ; w = 6 m ; h = 3 m
Painting walls of the room that means here we have to use the formula for area of 4 walls.
Area of 4 walls = 2 x h (l + w)
= 2 x 3 ( 8 + 6)
= 6 x 14
Area of 4 walls = 84 m 2
Cost of painting 4 walls = 84 x 60 = $ 5040

Volume of a Cylinder

A cylinder is a simple geometric shape with two equally-sized and parallel circular bases.
Calculating the volume of a cylinder is simple once you know the formula.

The volume of a cylinder is the density of the cylinder which signifies the amount of material it can
carry or how much amount of any material can be immersed in it. It is given by the formula, πr2h, where
r is the radius of the circular base and h is the height of the cylinder. The material could be a liquid
quantity or any substance which can be filled in the cylinder uniformly. This has been explained in this
article briefly along with solved examples for better understanding. Apart from the volume of cylinder
definition, its formula, derivation, the surface area is also discussed here.
 Methods in Calculating the Volume of a Cylinder

1. Find the radius of the circular base. Either circle will do since they are the same size. If you
already know the radius, you can move on. If you don't know the radius, then you can use a ruler to
measure the widest part of the circle and then divide it by 2. This will be more accurate than trying
to measure half of the diameter. Let's say that the radius of this cylinder is 1 inch (2.5 cm). Write it
down.
➢ If you know the diameter of the circle, just divide it by 2.
➢ If you know the circumference, then you can divide it by 2π to get the radius.
2. Calculate the area of the circular base. To do this, just use the formula for finding the area of a
circle, A = πr2. Just plug the radius you found into the equation. Here's how to do it:
A = π x 12
A=πx1
A=π
Since π is approximately 3.14 to three digits, you can say that the area of the circular base is 3.14 in.2
3. Find the height of the cylinder. If you know the height already, move on. If not, use a ruler to
measure it. The height is the distance between the edges of the two bases. Let's say the height of the
cylinder is 4 inches (10.2 cm). Write it down.

4. Multiply the area of the base by the height. You can think of the volume of the cylinder as the
volume of the area of the base being extended throughout the height of the cylinder. Since you know
that the area of the base is 3.14 in.2 and that the height is 4 in., you can just multiply the two together
to get the volume of the cylinder. 3.14 in.2 x 4 in. = 12.56 in.3 This is your final answer.
➢ Always state your final answer in cubic units because volume is the measure of a three-dimensional
space.

Volume of a Cylinder Formula

As a cylinder can be seen as a collection of multiple congruent disks stacked one above the other. In
order to calculate the space occupied by a cylinder, we calculate the space occupied by each disk and then
add them up. Thus, the volume of the cylinder can be given by the product of the area of base and
height.

For any cylinder with base radius ‘r’, and height ‘h’, the volume will be base times the height.
Therefore, the cylinder’s volume of base radius ‘r’, and height ‘h’ = (area of base) × height of the cylinder
Since the base is the circle, it can be written as
Volume = πr2 × h
Therefore, the volume of a cylinder = πr2h cubic units.
Where:
‫ = ת‬approx. 3.14
r = radius
h = height of a cylinder

Volume of Cylinder in Litres

When we find the volume of the cylinder in cubic centimetres, we can convert the value in litres by
knowing the below conversion, i.e.,
1 Litre = 1000 cubic cm or cm3
For example: If a cylindrical tube has a volume of 12 litres, then we can write the volume of the tube as 12
× 1000 cm3 = 12,000 cm

Examples
Question 1: Calculate the volume of a given cylinder having height 20 cm and base radius of 14
cm. (Take pi = 22/7)
Solution:
Given:
Height = 20 cm
radius = 14 cm
we know that;
Volume, V = πr2h cubic units
V= (22/7) × 14 × 14 × 20
V= 12320 cm3
Therefore, the volume of a cylinder = 12320 cm3
Question 2: Calculate the radius of base of a cylindrical container of volume 440 cm3. Height of
the cylindrical container is 35 cm. (Take pi = 22/7)
Solution:
Given:
Volume = 440 cm3
Height = 35 cm
We know from the formula of cylinder;
Volume, V = πr2h cubic units
So, 440 = (22/7) × r2 × 35
r2 = (440 × 7) / (22 × 35 ) = 3080/770 = 4
r = √4 = 2
Therefore, r = 2 cm
Therefore, the radius of a cylinder = 2 cm.
Surface Area of Cylinder
The amount of square units required to cover the surface of the cylinder is the surface area of the
cylinder. The formula for the surface area of the cylinder is equal to the total surface area of the bases of the
cylinder and surface area of its sides.

SA = 2πr2 + 2πrh

Examples:

1. A cylinder has height 5 centimeters and radius 3 centimeters. Find the 1. volume and 2. surface area.

Solution:
Given:
h = 5 cm, r = 3 cm
solving for volume, V = ‫ ת‬r² h
= 3.14 (3)² (5)
= 3.14 (9) (5)
= 141.3 cm³
Solving for surface area, SA = 2 ‫ת‬r² + 2‫ת‬rh
= 2 (3.14) (3)² + 2 (3.14) (3) (5)
= 2 (28.26) + 2 (47.1)
= 56.53 + 94.2
= 150.72 cm²

2. Find the 1. volume and 2. surface area of a can of soda. The radius of the base is 4 inches and the
height is 13 inches. Assume that the can is shaped exactly like a cylinder.

Solution:
Given: h = 13 in., r = 4 in.
Solving for volume, V = ‫ ת‬r² h
 = 3.14 (4)² (13)
= 3.14 (16) (13)
= 653.12 in.³
Solving for surface area, SA = 2‫ת‬r² + 2‫ת‬rh
= 2 (3.14) (4)² + 2 (3.14) (4) (13)
= 2 (50.24) + 2 (163.28)
= 100.48 + 326.56
= 427.04 in.²

Volume of Sphere

The sphere is defined as the three-dimensional round solid figure in which every point on its surface
is equidistant from its centre. The fixed distance is called the radius of the sphere and the fixed point is
called the centre of the sphere. When the circle is rotated, we will observe the change of shape. Thus,
the three-dimensional shape sphere is obtained from the rotation of the two-dimensional object called a
circle

Archimedes principle helps us to find the volume of a spherical object. It states that when a solid object
is engaged in a container filled with water, the volume of the solid object can be obtained. Because the
volume of water that flows from the container is equal to the volume of the spherical object.
The volume of sphere is the capacity it has. The shape of the sphere is round and three -dimensional. It
has three axes such as x-axis, y-axis and z-axis which defines its shape. All the things like football and
basketball are examples of the sphere which have volume. The volume here depends on the diameter of
radius of the sphere, since if we take the cross-section of the sphere, it is a circle. The surface area of
sphere is the area or region of its outer surface. To calculate the sphere volume, whose radius is ‘r’ we have
the below formula:

Volume of a sphere = 4/3 πr3

Now let us learn here to derive this formula and also solve some questions with us to master the concept.
If you consider a circle and a sphere, both are round. The circle can be drawn on a piece of paper but the
sphere cannot be drawn on the paper. The difference between the two shapes is that a circle is a two-
dimensional shape and sphere is a three-dimensional shape which is the reason that we can measure Volume
and area of a Sphere.
Examples

1. Find the volume of a sphere whose radius is 3 cm?

Solution :
Given: Radius, r = cm
Volume of a sphere = 4/3 πr3 cubic units
V = 4/3 x 3.14 x 33
V = 4/3 x 3.14 x 27
V = 113.04 cm3
2. Find the volume of sphere whose diameter is 10cm.

Solution:
Given, diameter = 10cm
So, radius = diameter/2 = 10/2 = 5cm
As per the formula of sphere volume, we know;
Volume = 4/3 πr3 cubic units
V = 4/3 π 53
V = 4/3 (3.14) (125)
V = 4/3 (392.5)
V = 523.33 cm.3

Surface Area of a Sphere

The Greek mathematician Archimedes discovered that the surface area of a sphere is the same as the
lateral surface area of a cylinder having the same radius as the sphere and a height the length of the diameter
of the sphere.

The lateral surface area of the cylinder is 2πrh where h=2r .

Lateral Surface Area of the Cylinder = 2πr (2r) = 4πr².
Therefore, the Surface Area of a Sphere with radius r equals 4πr².

Examples

1. Find the surface area of a sphere with radius 5 inches.

Solution:
Given: r = 5 in.
 S.A. = 4‫ת‬r²
S.A.= 4π(5)²
= 4 (3.14) (25)
= 314 in.²
2. A spherical ball has a surface area of 2464 cm2. Find the radius of the ball, correct to 2 decimal
places, using π = 3.142.
Solution:
Given: S.A. = 2454 cm², π = 3.142.
SA = 4 × π × r2
In order to find r, we need to isolate it from the equation above:
r2 = SA / (4π)
r2 =2464 / (4 × π)
r2 =196.054
r = √(196.054)
r = 14.00 cm
Volume of Prism

A prism is a polyhedron in which all the faces are flat, and the bases are parallel to each other. It is a
solid object with flat faces, identical ends, and the same cross-section along with its length. In Geometry, we
will learn the different types of prisms, such as a triangular prism, pentagonal prism, and hexagonal prism.
Since it is a three-dimensional shape, a prism has a surface area and volume. In this article, we are going to
discuss the volume of a prism, its formulas and solved problems.

The volume of a prism is defined as the total space occupied by the three-dimensional object.
Mathematically, it is defined as the product of the area of the base and the length.
Therefore,
The volume of a Prism = Base Area × Length
The measurement unit used to represent the volume of a three-dimensional object is cubic units.

Volume of a Prism Formula

Now, let us discuss the volume of the different prism formulas such as the volume of the triangular
prism, rectangular prism, pentagonal prism, and so on.

Volume of a Triangular Prism

A triangular prism is a prism that has three rectangular faces and two triangular bases. Since the
cross-section of the triangular prism is a triangle, the formula for the volume of a triangular prism is given
as:
The volume of a Triangular Prism = (½) abh cubic units.
Where:
 a = Apothem length of a triangular prism
b = Base length of a triangular prism
h = height of a triangular prism

Volume of a Rectangular prism

A rectangular prism has four rectangular faces and two parallel rectangular bases. We know that the
cross-section of a rectangular prism is a rectangle. The rectangular prism is also known as “Cuboid”.
Hence, the formula to find the volume of a rectangular prism is given as:
The volume of a Rectangular Prism = lbh cubic units.
Where:
l = Base width of a rectangular prism
b = Base length of a rectangular prism
h = height of a rectangular prism

Volume of a Pentagonal Prism

A pentagonal prism has five rectangular faces and two parallel pentagonal bases. Since the base area of
the pentagonal prism is (5/2) ab, the volume of the pentagonal prism is given as:
The Volume of a Pentagonal Prism = (5/2) abh cubic units
Where:
a – Apothem length of the pentagonal prism.
b – Base length of the pentagonal prism.
h – Height of the pentagonal prism

Volume of a Hexagonal Prism

 A hexagonal prism is a prism with six rectangular faces and two parallel hexagonal bases. The base
area of the hexagonal prism is 3ab, the formula to find the volume of a hexagonal prism is given as:
The volume of a Hexagonal Prism = 3abh cubic units
Where:
a – Apothem length of the hexagonal prism.
b – Base length of the hexagonal prism.
h – Height of the hexagonal prism.

Examples:

1. What is the volume of a triangular prism with dimensions 12 m, 16 m and 20 m as given in figure.

Solution:
Volume of a triangular prism can be found by V = Area of base × Height of Prism
As the base is triangular, So , Area of triangle = ½ × base × height = ½ × 12 × 16 = 96
So, Volume of prism = 96 × 20 = 1920 m³.

2. Find the volume of the prism shown.

Solution

The formula for the volume of a prism is V = Bh, where B is the base area and h is the height.
The base of the prism is a rectangle. The length of the rectangle is 9 cm and the width is 7 cm.
The area A of a rectangle with length l and width w is A= lw.
So, the base area is 9×7 or 63  cm².
The height of the prism is 13 cm.
Substitute 63 for B and 13 for h in V = Bh.
V = (63) (13)
Multiply.

V = 819 cm³
Therefore, the volume of the prism is 819 cubic centimeters.

Surface Area of a Prism

The surface area is the area that describes the material that will be used to cover a geometric solid. When we
determine the surface areas of a geometric solid we take the sum of the area for each geometric form within
the solid.
A prism is a solid figure that has two parallel congruent sides that are called bases that are connected by the
lateral faces that are parallelograms. There are both rectangular and triangular prisms.
To find the surface area of a prism (or any other geometric solid) we open the solid like a carton box and
flatten it out to find all included geometric forms.
Example 1: Find the lateral surface area of a triangular prism with bases edges 3 inches, 4 inches
and 5 inches and altitude 8 inches.

Solution:
Given:
The perimeter is the sum of the bases.
P = 3 + 4 + 5 = 12 inches
Lateral Surface Area, L.T.A = Ph = 12 (8) = 96  inches².

Example 2: Find the total surface area of an isosceles trapezoidal prism with parallel edges of the base 6 cm
and 12 cm, the legs of the base 5 cm each, the altitude of the base 4 cm and height of the prism 10 cm.

Solution:
The perimeter of the base is the sum of the lengths of the sides.
P = 6 + 5 + 12 + 5 = 28 cm
Since the base is an isosceles trapezoid, its area is ½ h (b1 + b2).
B = ½ (4) (6 + 12) = 36 cm²
T.S.A. = P h + 2 B              
= 28 (10) + 2 (36)           
= 352  cm²
Direction: Solve the following problems by showing your solution.

1. Find the volume of the rectangular box with a length of 31 in., width of 17 in. and a height
of 42 in.. Find also its surface area.
2. Find the volume and the surface area of the candle holder if the diameter of the glass is 4 in.
and its height is 8in.
3. A tree trunk is to be cut into a piece of lumber of size 20 ft. by 2 ft. by 2 ft. Find the volume
and surface area of each piece of lumber.
4. A water tank is in the form of cylinder with a height of 75 cm. and s diameter of 77 cm.
How many liters of water can this tank hold if 1 liter can be stored in 1000 cm² space?
Assume that ‫ = ת‬3.14.
5. A ball has a diameter of 100 cm. Find its volume and surface area.