Human Cardiovascular System
INTRODUCTION
The cardiovascular system is
transport system of body
It comprises blood, heart and
blood vessels.
The system supplies nutrients
to and remove waste products
from various ssue of body.
The conveying media is liquid
in form of blood which flows
in close tubular system.
Figure 1-2(f)
FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Transport nutrients, hormones
Remove waste products
Gaseous exchange
Immunity
Blood vessels transport blood
◦ Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
◦ Also carries nutrients and wastes
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
•BLOOD
•HEART
•BLOOD VESSELS
BLOOD
•The Blood: Blood cells & Plasma
•Blood cells
1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells
2- Leucocytes
3- Thrombocytes
•Plasma is fluid por on
HEART
• Heart is a four chambered, hollow
muscular organ approximately the size of
your fist
• Loca on:
– Superior surface of diaphragm
– Le of the midline
– Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior
to the sternum
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 6
HEART
Figure 18.1
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 20
FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART
• Genera ng blood pressure
• Rou ng blood
Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circula ons
• Ensuring one-way blood flow
Heart valves ensure one-way flow
• Regula ng blood supply
Changes in contrac on rate and force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
BLOOD VESSELS
•Blood Vessels -A closed network of tubes
•These includes:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
BLOOD VESSELS
-Arteries(Distribu ng channel)
• Thick walled tubes
• Elas c Fibers
• Circular Smooth Muscle
– Capillaries (microscopic vessels)
• One cell thick
• Serves the Respiratory System
– Veins (draining channel)
BLOOD VESSELS
• General structure
1.Tunica in ma
2.Tunica media
3.Tunica adven a
CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD VESSELS
•Conduc ng Vessels
•Distribu ng Vessels
•Resistance Vessels
•Exchange Vessels
•Capacitance / Reservoir Vessels
ARTERIES
Blood vessels that carry
blood away from the
heart are called arteries.
They are the thickest
blood vessels and they
carry blood high in
oxygen known as
oxygenated blood
(oxygen rich blood).
ARTERIES
• Accompanied by vein and nerves
• Lumen is small
• No valves
• Repeated branching
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTEIES
• Elas c- e.g. (Aorta & its Major branches)
• Muscular -e.g.(Renal, Tes cular, Radial, Tibial
etc.)
• Arterioles (<0.1 mm)-
Terminal arterioles
Meta-arterioles
Thoroughfare
channel/ preferred
CAPILLARIES (5-8 micron)
• The smallest blood
vessels are
capillaries and they
connect the arteries
and veins.
• This is where the
exchange of
nutrients and gases
occurs.
BODY CONTAINS TWO KINDS OF CAPILLARIES
• CONTINUOUS-SKIN, LUNG, SMMOTH MUSCLE,
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
• FENESTRATED- PANCREAS,ENDOCRINE GLANDS,
SMALL INTESTINE,CHOROID PLEXUS,CILLIARY
PROCESS etc.
SINUSOIDS
•SINUSOIDS- Large irregular vascular space
(30-40 micron) eg.Liver, Spleen, Bone marrow,
suprarenal, Parathyroid etc.
VEINS
• Blood vessels that carry
blood back to the heart
are called veins.
• They have one-way
valves which prevent
blood from flowing
backwards.
• They carry blood that is
high in carbon dioxide
known as deoxygenated
blood (oxygen poor
blood).
VEINS
• Thin Walled
• Large irregular lumen
• Have valves
• Dead space around
• Types:
Large
Medium
Small
VEINS
• Veins without valves:
SVC & IVC
Hepa c, Renal
Uterine, Ovarian not Tes cular
Facial
Pulmonary
Umbilical
Emissary
Portal Veins <2mm
VEINS
• Veins without Muscular ssue:
Dural venous sinuses
Pial Veins
Re nal
Veins of erec le ssue of sex organs
Veins of spongy bones
VEINS
• Factors responsible for venous return:
1. Muscle contrac on
2. Nega ve intrathoracic pressure
3. Pulsa on of arteries
4. Gravity
5. Valves
ANASTOMOSIS
• Communica on
between vessels
• ARTERIAL:
Actual( end to end &
convergent) -Palmar,
plantar, Circle of Willis,
Labial Intes nal
arcade, etc.
Poten al -Coronary,
around joints etc.
ANASTOMOSIS
• ARTERIOVENOUS
ANASTOMOSIS:
1. Skin of nose
2. Lips
3. External Ear
4. Mucus membrane of GI
& nose
5. Erec le ssue of sex
organ
6. Thyroid
7. Tongue
END ARTERIES
• END ARTERIES:
1. Central artery of re na
2. Arteries of spleen,
liver, kidneys,
metaphyses of long
bones
3. Central branches of
cerebral cortex
CIRCULATION
–Coronary circula on – the circula on
of blood within the heart.
–Pulmonary circula on – the flow of
blood between the heart and lungs.
–Systemic circula on – the flow of blood
between the heart and the cells of the
body.
–Fetal Circula on
SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Pulmonary circula on
The flow of blood
between the heart
and lungs.
Systemic circula on
The flow of blood
between the heart
and the cells of the
body.
Figure 18.5
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 45
CORONARY CIRCULATION: ARTERIAL
SUPPLY
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 46
Figure 18.7a
PORTAL CIRCULATION
Portal circula on -
the flow of blood
between tow set of
capillaries before
draining in systemic
veins.
FETAL CIRCULATION
PLACENTA
UMBILICAL ARTERY
UMBILICAL VEIN
DESCENDING AORTA
PORTAL VEIN
(Through Ductus Arteriosus)
(Through Ductus Venosus)
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
PULMONARY TRUNK
RIFHT ATRIUM
RIGHT VENTRICLE
(Through Foramen Ovale)
ASCENDING AORTA
LEFT ATRIUM
APPLIED
Diseases and Disorders
BLOOD PRESSURE
HAEMORRHAGE/STROKE
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
ANEURYSM
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
HEART ATTACK
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)
ANEMIA, HEMOPHILIA, AND LEUKEMIA
APPLIED
• Problems with the
cardiovascular
system are common,
but they don’t just
affect older people.
• Many heart
problems affect
children and
teenagers.
