UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

KAMPUS ARAU PERLIS

MAR 650
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

CASE STUDY

GROUP MEMBERS:
NAME MATRICS NO.
AHMAD ASLAM SUFI BIN MAZLAN 2017117045
MUHAMMAD RIDZUAN BIN WAHID 2017442704
LUKMAN HAKIM BIN MOHD SALEH 2017442712
AHMAD ALEEF AMIRUL BIN ANNUWA 2017442714
MUHAMMAD SYAHMI AZFAR BIN SALAHUDDIN 2017598091

GROUP CLASS : AS2546A

TITLE REPORT: CASE STUDY ON THE PROPOSED RECLAMATION
AND DREDGING WORKS FOR THE PENANG SOUTH RECLAMATION
(PSR), PENANG.
LECTURER: MDM ROSNANI BINTI NAZRI
 Table of Contents

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5

Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10

Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-17

Recommendation and Implementation Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18-21

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

Exhibits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-24

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
 Executive Summary
Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from the sea. The simplest
method of land reclamation involves simply filling the area with large amounts of heavy rock
and/or cement, then filling with clay and soil until the desired height is reached. Draining of
submerged wetlands is often used to reclaim land for agricultural use. Dredging is the
removal of sediments and debris from the bottom of lakes, rivers, harbors, and other water
bodies. It is a routine necessity in waterways around the world because sedimentation—the
natural process of sand and silt washing downstream—gradually fills channels and harbors.
The object of this report is to outline the in board of what reclamation and dredging works for
the Penang south reclamation that would affect and how it going to be done. The report is
intended to provide the lecturer with background information to assess the analysis,
alternatives, recommendation and implementation plan, of reclamation and dredging works
for the Penang. Land reclamation is one of the main areas of interest for the dredging
industry. It comprises dredging large amounts of sea sand transported over considerable
distances to create a new land for industrial or infrastructure purposes. Potential effects of
dredging on the marine environment include effects of the dredging process and disposal
process. The reclamation site and dredging site both undergo biological, physical and
chemical impacts. Dredged material may cause suspended solids during dredging as a result
of substratum disturbance and during transport to the surface, overflow from barges or
leakage from pipelines during transport between dredged and disposal sites. Dredging may
affect the physical environment by changing the bathymetry, current velocity and wave
conditions. As this could be happen, this report would provide alternatives, analysis, and
recommendation to reduce the impact that are going to happened to the ecosystem that being
there.

1
 Introduction
The ocean covers 70% of the surface of the earth. Hence, the ocean plays a big role in
our ecosystem. The ocean act as a giant sink of carbon dioxide, CO 2 which helps absorb CO2
emission in the air. Combustion of fossil fuel and open burning contribute to the releases of
CO2 in the air. Without the ocean, it could lead to rise in global temperature due to the
accumulation of CO2 in the air thus resulting Greenhouse effect. The oceans also is the house
for about 80% of living creature on earth from the smallest microscopic bacteria to the
biggest mammal in the ocean which is the blue whale. A healthy ocean is important to our
country because it not only provide balances to our ecosystem, it also provide food and
source of income to the fishermen.
Nowadays, the ocean have been seriously damaged and it can be seen through the
damage on the coral reef, the deterioration of water quality and the destruction of the coastal
area. Majority of these damage are due to anthropogenic factors or by human activities. One
of those activities is the land reclamation activities. Land reclamation is the process of
creating new land from the sea. The simplest method of land reclamation involves simply
filling the area with large amounts of heavy rock and/or cement, then filling with clay and
soil until the desired height is reached. Land reclamation also can be done by draining the
submerged wetlands which is often used to reclaim land for agricultural use.
Even though this process is proven to be beneficial, it also have negative impact on
the environment. One of the negative impact of land reclamation is the damage it cause to the
benthic zone. When the bottom is filled with soil and rocks, it changes the natural topography
of the seabed. This process also damage the natural habitats at the reclamation site and the
area around it. The ocean is an important economical source for the country since they rely
on the profits of imported fish. For the local fisherman, their source of income are based on
the number of fish that they manage to catch. This process will eventually, lead to the
decreases of number of fishes and hence reduce the number of catch of the fishermen. Thus,
the purpose of this study is to identify and understand the pros and cons of land reclamation
activities.

2
1.1 Project Background of Penang South Reclamation (PSR)

This Project consists of the reclamation of three man-made islands and is commonly
known as the Penang South Reclamation (PSR) Project. It covers a total area of 4,500 acres
(F1.7) with the islands being fully owned by the Penang State Government.

Figure 1. This figure shows the location of three new man-made will be located

The proposed Project is projected to help keep the economic growth engines
humming and for Penang and Malaysia to keep moving up the value chain. The islands shall
be part of the expansion of the Bayan Lepas Industrial Zone as well as in providing land for
the development of a Smart City.
Rising property prices and shortage of quality affordable housing problems will be
addressed and projected to be significantly resolved by also having a mixed development on
top of the reclaimed islands. This will be a contribution towards solving Penang’s liveability
concerns due to its high-speed and ad-hoc developments in addition to aiding the
sustainability of Penang’s economic growth. SRS Consortium which is a joint venture
between Gamuda Berhad, Ideal Property Development Sdn. Bhd. and Loy Phoy Yen
Holdings Sdn. Bhd. will be the Penang state government’s Project Delivery Partner (PDP) in
ensuring smooth implementation of the entire Project delivery process.

3
1.2 Issues Regarding Penang South Reclamation (PSR) Project

This project has been proposed by the Penang Government years ago. However, it is
only approved recently due to certain factors that need to be considered before proceeding
with the project.

1.2.1 Biological impact on Coastal Area of Pulau pinang

The west coast of Malaysia is made up of wide sandy and muddy beach and also
mangroves area which is located nearby the Straits of Malacca where it is rich with
biodiversity. The coastal area have been the habitats for many kind of marine organisms
which make it an area with high concentration of marine organisms from the sandy area,
rocky area, and the shallow area. The land reclamation process involve drilling and
destruction of the benthic zone which could heavily affect the biological component in that
area. Damaged coral reef area, loss of grass bed and sandy area could lead to loss of the
benthic ecosystem. When the habitats is no longer inhabitable, the marine organisms will
migrates to other places resulting loss of biodiversity in the project site.

1.2.2 Socio-economical Impact on Coastal Area of Pulau Pinang

The local fishermen rely on their catch in the coastal area to make a living. The
changes in the southern coast line of Penang could impact the livelihood of the local in the
project site. One of the impact of this project to the local on the project site is the loss of fish
catching area. The loss of catching area push the fishermen to go further off the coast in order
to catch some fish. A local fishing boat would usually went as far as 8 nautical mile off the
coast, going further would increases the total cost (Eg: fuel, preservation). Due to this project,
about 3,000 fishermen along the southern coastline of Penang would be affected. When the
amount of catch is no longer sustainable to make a living, the local fishermen would needed
to find other source of income. Even though the project developer promised to pay
compensation the affected locals, it is little compared to the amount of loss from losing their
source of income.

4
1.2.3 Physical Impact on Coastal Area of Pulau Pinang

The Penang South Reclamation project will make changes in the southern Penang
coastal area. This changes include the removal of important ecosystem such as the mangrove
forest and the mud flat. Removal of these ecosystems could changes underground water
systems. The mangroves tree act as a barrier against the force of current wave to the shore.
Without this barrier, the erosion of the beach will occur and this will affect the local who live
nearby the shore. Other effect is that the pH value of the soil will changes since the sea water
could easily flow into the soil. Due to this changes, the land will be no longer suitable for
agriculture especially for species of plant that cannot withstand changes in the pH value of
the soil.

5
 Analysis
The implementation of the Project will go through several different development
scenarios. Each of the scenarios will present varying degrees of environmental impacts
whereby some of these may be immediate while others might be manifested over a longer
period. The environmental impacts related to the project, in particular the impacts on various
ESAs inside the 5-km impact zone. Impact can be described as results or adjustments to the
status quo introduced to the local community by the proposed growth, and can be categorized
from many aspects such as magnitude, extent, duration and significance.

2.1 Impacts on Hydraulic and Hydrology

The proposed development would modify the site’s bathymetry, contributing to

changes in the hydrographic state. Simulation studies were performed according to the
projected development scenarios to determine the effects caused by the changes. Different
modeling methodologies have been used with various hydraulic components, covering
different variables and situations that either occur or could be present on site in the future.

Table 2.1 Modules used for hydraulic assessments

Assessment of the possible effect on coastal hydraulic conditions associated with the Project
was conducted using a numerical modeling approach. The hydraulic components assessed in
this study consist:

 Current flow;
 Water level;
 Wave conditions;
 Sedimentation and erosion;
 Sediment spill dispersion; and
 Flushing capacity (water quality).

6
7
2.2 Impacts on Water Quality

One of the big issues that this Project has to deal with delicately is the effect on water
quality. Land reclamation and dredging may be very harmful to water quality if they are not
managed properly. Impacts arising from the reclaiming and dredging of land should be
considered as short-term impacts because they would stop until the reclaiming and dredging
works are completed.

The presence of newly reclaimed islands, however, will stimulate a more serious
problem as the impact will be wide and permanent. The water quality issue for the proposed
project is very delicate, as several rivers can be classified as polluted discharging into the
proposed development site.

Sediment plume production is mainly related to sand-filling research for land

reclamation. Activities which do not involve sand filling, such as rock bund construction or
revetment, will not generate significant sediment plume levels. It should be known that the
movement of the vessels in their wake may also create visible plume trailing. This usually
occurs at an area where the draft is relatively shallow and the seabed made up of soft, muddy.
The plume generated from the movement of the vessels, however, is mostly localized and
does not disperse significantly across a large area.

As for dredging, the sediment dispersion source may come from the material loosened
by the cutter head, which will be dispersed across to the surrounding area by the current.
Meanwhile, the dredged material from the dredger is filled into a barge for disposal via
pipeline. Significant plume of sediment will be generated from the overflow during the filling
process.

2.3 Impacts on Environmentally Sensitive Areas

Every stage of the dredging and land reclamation works would result in changes to the
environmental condition status quo. Such changes will create additional stress that can then
materialize as negative impacts on the ESAs.

2.3.1 Coral Reefs

Pulau Rimau and Pulau Kendi contain an existing network of coral reefs surrounding
these islands' rocky outcrops. While both islands are close to each other, at Pulau Kendi and
Pulau Rimau, the nature of the coral reefs is different. The coral reefs at Pulau Kendi are

8
mostly hard coral reef, with some soft coral, whereas the coral reefs at Pulau Rimau are
mostly gorgonian.

Image 2.3.1 Location of coral reefs at Pulau Kendi and Pulau Rimau

2.3.2 Turtle Nesting Area

There are several identified turtle nesting sites along Penang Island's south coast. Two
species, namely Green Turtle and Olive Ridley Turtle were confirmed to nest within the
study area. Artificial lighting from developments at Teluk Kumbar is considered to
discourage nesting of female turtles. If the land reclamation and dredging process begins,
disruption from the boats by light and noise will exacerbate the condition and the southern
coast of Penang Island will become an undesirable landing ground for turtles. Most critically,
after the reclamation is complete, the new landmass would pose a huge physical obstacle to
the nesting beaches. With these latest obstacles in place, it is logical to conclude that the

9
landing site would not be reached by any turtles seeking to nest on the south coast of Penang
Island.

Image 2.3.2 Turtle nesting sites at the south coast of Penang Island

2.3.3 Mangrove

Although no significant mangrove forests are found around the Project area, some
small patches of mangroves can still be seen mainly in the rivers near the Project site. While
the mangroves tend to be less dense, taking into consideration the significance of mangroves
in the marine ecosystem on the nearshore, the impacts on mangroves is still evaluated and

discussed in this subsection.

Image 2.3.3 Mangroves observed nearby the Project site

2.4 Impacts on Fishing Industry

The proposed project is situated in an area with an active fishing industry, backed by
hatchery and aquaculture operations as well as numerous fishing villages and jetties dotting
along the coastline. It is especially noted that hatchery and aquaculture operations are
important in sizes and in value. The product is marketed as well as sold to Singapore and
Hong Kong on the local market. As for fishermen within the study area, although mostly
consisting of small-scale, artisanal fishermen, it is still an important source of livelihood for
some local population.

2.5 Impacts on Marine Biology

10
 Marine biology is an important part linked to the fisheries sector. The area of study
includes ecologically crucial habitats, namely mudflat, coral reefs, mangrove and coastal
waters that support significant marine fauna such as fish, macrobenthos and plankton.
Consequently, should some element of the complex marine ecosystems be affected by the
implementation of the proposed Project, it will impact the fishing industry.

11
2.6 Impacts on Marine Traffic and Navigation

For this Initiative, land reclamation and dredging operations may require a wide range of
vessels ranging from dredgers, barges, tug boats and pontoons. These vessels will operate
within an area where there is a heavy concentration of fishing boats because there were a
variety of fishing villages and bases in the coastline adjacent to the Project site. In addition,
there are also several boat operators catering for the recreational fishing trip. The fishermen
are projected to be the most affecting community in terms of maritime traffic and navigation,
as the area's main marine operator.

12
 Alternative
3.0 Intoduction

Several Project alternative are made to give a clear basis for choice among the alternatives for
the decision-maker and the relevant parties involved. These will briefly be described in this
topic. The Project alternatives are as follows:

 Layout option

 No-build option

3.1 Layout option

The layout option include the enhancement of the recovered island's shape, considering the
minimization of potential effects on nature. It is to be noticed that the underlying
arrangements of Islands A, B and C were fixed by the direction of the current straights of the
south coast, which diminishes protection from the hydrodynamic powers. Island C has a
marina sea wall situated at its east coast and a channel. This format determination procedure
will for the most part center around the measuring of Island an in light of poor flushing in the
channel to its west. Issues, for example, the anglers' availability to and from the ocean and
conceivable air terminal expansion in future were likewise thought of.

3.2 Hydraulic modelling was conducted on four (4) alternatives as follows:

a) Reclaimed islands with foreshore reclamation for airport extension

b) Streamlined edges of Island A with foreshore reclamation for airport extension

c) Reduction of size of Island A with no foreshore reclamation

d) Increased number of embayed beaches at the south coastlines of all islands

13
Alternative 1: Reclaimed Islands with Foreshore Reclamation for Airport Extension

Alternative 1 permits a least of 200 m width of get to channel for anglers at the
eastern portion of Island A and Penang Island. The sizes of Islands A, B and C are 2,451,
1,100 and 865 sections of land separately. This alternative gives a foreshore recovery zone of
320 sections of land for air terminal expansion. It permits a least of 120 m width of get to
channel between the airplane terminal expansion range and Island A. The current changes
around the recovered islands appear that there are regions of moo streams within the 200 m
wide channel, particularly at the sharp twist around the airplane terminal expansion. The
southeastern corner of Island A appears to have caused changes in current speeds close Pulau
Rimau. Disintegration might happen at the sharp edge of Island. A near to Tanjung Chut and
Permatang Damar Laut due to the increment of current speed at the range, making this
alternative unworkable.

14
Alternative 2: Streamlined Edges of Island A with Foreshore Reclamation for Airport
Extension

Alternative 2 proposed to streamline the edges at the southern and eastern coastlines
of Island A to create the shape less safe to hydrodynamics. The range of Island A is decreased
from 2,451 sections of land to 2,124 sections of land. This format appears decrease of the
changes in current speeds close Pulau Rimau, making it less powerless to disintegration. By
the by, tall rate of disintegration is anticipated to happen at the southeastern tip of Island A.
Within the get to channel, expanded current speed is watched within the channel around the
air terminal expansion. Superior flushing inside the channel may offer assistance. Be that as it
may, at Tanjung Teluk Tempoyak, the current speed diminishes, making the range helpless to
sedimentation. Hence, this alternative isn't picked for.

15
Alternative 3: Reduction of Size of Island A with No Foreshore Reclamation

In Alternative 3, the zone of Island A has been changed to 2,432 sections of land. The
shape of Island A is presently streamlined with the cove between Tanjung Teluk Tempoyak
and Tanjung Chut. This choice still permits a least of 200 m width of get to channel for the
anglers, with no necessity for foreshore recovery for air terminal expansion. The sharp edge
at the tip of Island A is minimized to diminish the water current speed which thus diminishes
the plausibility of disintegration of the island. Diminish of current speed within the get to
channel especially at Tanjung Teluk Tempoyak and Tanjung Gertak Sanggul is watched,
making it more inclined to be silted up. In spite of that, the current speed increments within
the get to channel between the recovered islands and Penang Island, guaranteeing simple get
to to the anglers. The marina breakwater at Island C is, in any case, as well distant to be
gotten to from profound waters. More enhancements got to be made, making this choice not
reasonable.

16
Alternative 4: Increased Number of Embayed Beaches at the South Coastlines of
Reclaimed Islands

The estimate of Island A in Alternative 4 is 2,300 sections of land. This choice

comprises of the reconfiguration of the southwest-facing coastlines of all islands to extend
the number of embayed shorelines, which advance decreases the littoral transport rates. The
get to channel is presently extended to 250 m and follows the existing foreshore to preserve
the broaden channel width. The marina breakwater on Island C is migrated to the
southwestern corner for a shorter route course from deeper water. The channel in Island C is
additionally expelled due to destitute flushing capacity. This setup has less current speed
changes close Pulau Rimau, making it less helpless to disintegration. There will moreover be
higher current speed within the get to channel between Island A and Penang Island which
may lead to way better flushing. This option is established as the chosen layout with
consideration of the hydraulic modeling results and discussions with the PDP and master-
planner.

17
No-Build Option

The no-build option assumes that the proposed PSR Project is not implemented. This
will hinder any plan for the expansion of Bayan Lepas FIZ which subsequently will impede
the projected economic growth. In addition, the problem of scarcity of land for housing and
development on Penang Island which is currently being faced could not be adequately
addressed and resolved.

Conclusion

A summary of the Project options are tabulated. The PSR Project is proposed to be
developed at the southern coastline of Penang Island, having a configuration of three (3)
reclaimed islands with a total area of 4,500 acres: Island A with 2,300 acres, Island B with
1,400 acres and Island C with 800 acres.

18
19
20
 Recommendation and Implementation
Reclamation and dredging works for the Penang South Reclamation (PSR), Penang
have their benefits and disadvantages on their own. Therefore, there are some
recommendation plans for the authority need to consider. These strategies and measures are
to reduce or prevent adverse impacts on different sectors of the environment. Proposed
recommendation is sustainable, integrated, measurable, achievable, feasible and to cover all
the constructions and operation stage.

The environmental consultant must for each foreseen impact for each proposal for
changes to scope, technology or methodology assesses the risk level and magnitude of all
expected residual impacts and state these clearly in the report. In Addition, there are also
requirements, which are imposed for administrative reasons. These include employment of an
environmental officer, provision of maps and other information, which may be necessary for
environmental monitoring. However, it is important for the project proponent and
development in the respective fields, in order to devise a project and site-specific plan for
environmentally sound management and associated mitigation. The pointers included in this
guideline should not be seen as a compete, ready-made, direct solutions, but rather as
principles of mitigation. At the same time, it must be stressed that any combination of site,
technology and methodology will warrant a unique set of mitigation measures.

In planning and implementing land reclamation projects, consideration should be

made on the existing coastal regime and features offshore. Bathymetric conditions, river
estuaries, water quality, etc. Responses to the coastal features will fundamentally influence
the land shape and deposition of any reclamation and consequently determine the basic plan
outline.

Anyhow, the policy and legal requirements should be obey by the authority and any
fields without hesitation in order to make the project successful and causing minimal and
safest impact towards environment. Hence, The recommendation and implementation plans
are written as below ;

21
Physical environment
 Further research needs to be done in terms of geology and minerals, erosion or
sedimentation. Authority need to provide more fund for the researchers to do
their parts. Locals or overseas university such as University Malaya (UM) ,
University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) or University Sains Malaysia (USM),
should take parts in this and provide more scientific evident based problems that
will encounter by the environment in the short or long run.
 By doing so, Scientific evidences and researchers published can be used by
other authority and person and eventually will help more person in the future
regarding to the reclamation and dredging activities.
Climate, Air Quality and Noise
 Selection of Haulage Route need to be reconsidered as it can disturb other
transportation whether it is on land or water. Therefore, the best route should be
by water, hydrographic survey needs to be done to figure the best passage routes
for the goods to be transfer to the construction site at south of Penang.
 Anti-vibration mountings, fitting silencers on internal combustion engine need
to be used to control production of noise ergo to reduce noise pollution.
Coastal Hydraulics
 Constructions of proper containment structure need to be considered. The best
should be provide to sustain the construction in the long run.
 Slit curtain or sheet piles need to be consider in the construction of containment
structure.
 Construction of permanent structure need to be monitored regularly even fter
the reclamation works.
Water Quality
 Turbidity/Suspended Solids
 Surface run-off should be directed to a number of silt traps. Any degraded area
that were identified need to be covered with mulch, fibromat, etc.
Oil and Grease
 Discharge of oily wastewater from the transportation of sea vehicles from the
engine room should be channeled into the oil separator.

22
Waste Products
 Sufficient number of mobile toilets need to be provided and the effluent from
the toilets and the sullage need to be treated in self-contained septic tank
system.
 
Biological Sytem.
Habitat damage
 Types of equipment used for dredging and dumping need to be study to ensure
minimal destruction towards benthic habitats.
 Construction workers have to ensure the best way to minimize seabed
disruption as well as the dispersion of sand.
 Aquatic food web must not be disrupted in anyway. Engineers have to do more
research and need to improve their skills to ensure none of this happen during
the process.
Drainage interceptor
 The natural flow of rivers and streams to the sea must not be blocked in any
way.
 Natural form of outlets must be maintained for the healthy ecosystem and
environment.
Navigation and Safety
 All sea vehicles that involve in the construction process should avoid busy sea
naval routes especially when transporting fill materials and spoils.
 When working at night, necessary signals that were approved by the authority
must be used.
Socio – Economic System.
Economy
 Compensatory package need to be paid for other employment especially in the
“assisted area”.
 Potential employment, commerce, and income should be improve especially for
local people.
 To encourage local linkage between suppliers, local supplier have to be
registered within the project.

23
24
Social
 Additional accommodation for the workforce should be provided in all aspect
such as providing qualified readers or interpreters, flexible work schedules or
modified job duties.
 Local community projects should be funded financially, or in terms of energy
and support.
For those who affected from the project, compensation need to be paid in anyhow and
anyway.
A list of EIA consultant team with their relevant qualification and verification on the
competency of the firm engaged to prepare the detailed EIA report. The environmental
consultant team need to be leaded by a project manager, whose ultimately responsibility is to
co-ordinate the input of individual specialist and to provide an overview. For EIA study of
land reclamation, members of the study team should have the following
specialization/expertise:
o Soil erosion
o Hydrology
o Hydrodynamic
o Coastal hydraulic
o Ecology, fisheries and freshwater biology
o Drainage & irrigation expert
o Geology minerals
o Marine, river and brackish water quality
o Sediment quality
o Climate & weather
o Air quality and noise
o Civil engineering
o Urban planning
o Sociology
o Waste management
o Wastewater treatment
o Environmental health

25
 Conclusion
We can conclude that this reclamation and dredging works for the Penang South Reclamation
(PSR), Penang have their own advantages and disadvantages as being state in the
recommendation, analysis and etc, this situation cant be there is no doubt that there are
disadvantages but they are also important for us even for the local economy, so developers
should take appropriate steps or seek advice from environmental officials responsible for
reducing the impact of long-lived wildlife, In addition to these potential factors also need to
be carefully considered so that there is no adverse impact on the life of the place. It is also
possible that the change in the size of the waves and everything, and therefore alternative A is
the best as it also provides a place for living in the area to move to a new place after the old
timetable has been taken and used for development. In the recommendation there are also
good and bad developments in the development but the study can use alternative A for
construction as not only can the developer develop the project easily but also keep the area's
ecosystem at the same time reducing the adverse impact on the area involved. And if the
project is successful, the habitat and ecosystems that have been there for a long time will
continue to survive in the area without having to move to another location. In addition, it can
reduce the impact on the surrounding area and even enhance the economy of the local people.
The mangrove or erything that lived there become to able to live there.

26
 Exhibit

Exhibit 1 Sheet pile

Exhibit 2 Anti vibration mountings

Exhibit 3 Fitting silencer in engine

27
28
Exhibit 4 Slit Curtain

29
 References
Dr. Nik Associates Sdn Bhd.(2017). The Proposed Reclamation & Dredging Works for The
Penang South Reclamation (PSR): Environmental Impact Assessment (2nd Schedule) Study.
Retrieved 20th April 2020 from http://anyflip.com/zxcu/zmtw/basic .

SAM. (2019). Kesan-Kesan Penambakan Laut Di Malaysia. Published by Sahabat Alam

Malaysia.

30