‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ )‪(Linear Algebra‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪Matrix Algebra‬‬ ‫ﺠﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬

‫ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ‪ K‬ﺤﻘ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﺘﺒﺩﻴﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻴﻥ ‪ p, n ≥ 1‬ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺒﺄﻤﺜﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل‬
‫‪ A :‬ﻭﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪ ، K‬ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ‪→ K ; (i , j ) → aij‬‬

‫‪⎛ a11‬‬ ‫‪a12‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪… a1 p‬‬

‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜ a 21‬‬ ‫‪a 22‬‬ ‫⎟ ‪… a2 p‬‬
‫⎜ = ) ‪A = (aij‬‬ ‫ﺒـ‪:‬‬
‫…‬ ‫…‬ ‫⎟… …‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜a‬‬ ‫‪an2‬‬ ‫⎠⎟ ‪… a np‬‬
‫‪⎝ n1‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ aij‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (i‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪ . ( j‬ﻭﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ‪ K‬ﺒـ ) ‪ M n × p ( K‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ‪n × p‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ‪ k‬ﻭﺘﻘﻭل ﺇﻥ ‪ A‬ﻫﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ‪ n × p‬ﺃﻭ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ‪ A‬ﻫﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺒـ ‪ n‬ﺴﻁﺭﹰﺍ ﻭ ‪ p‬ﻋﻤﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ‪. k‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ‪ i = 1,…, n‬ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﺒـ ‪ R i (A ) = (ai 1 ,… , aip ) ∈ K n‬ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭﻱ ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪(i‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ‪. A‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ‪ j = 1,… , p‬ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﺒـ ‪ C j (A ) = (a j 1 ,… , a jn ) ∈ K n‬ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪j‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ‪. A‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ‪ A, B‬ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ) ‪ M n × p ( K‬ﺤﻴﺙ ) ‪A = (aij ), B = (bij‬‬

‫∈ ) ‪∀ (i , j‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪; aij = bij‬‬ ‫‪⇔ A =B y‬‬

‫‪ A + B = (Cij ) y‬ﻫﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ) ‪ M n × p ( K‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ‬

‫∈ ) ‪∀ (i , j‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪; c ij = aij + bij‬‬

‫‪ y‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ λ ∈ K‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ) ‪ λ A ∈ M n × p ( K‬ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫∈ ) ‪λ.A = (d ij ); ∀ (i , j‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪; d ij = λ.aij‬‬

‫‪ y‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜل ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺩﻱ ‪ 0k‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫∈ ) ‪0n × p = (f ij ); ∀(i , j‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪; f ij = 0K‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ‪ 3× 4‬ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛1 2 0 3‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛1 2 3 4‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎟ ‪A = ⎜5 3 0 1⎟ , B = ⎜ 2 6 7 8‬‬
‫⎟‪⎜9 2 1 6‬‬ ‫⎟ ‪⎜ 9 10 11 12‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬
‫⎞‪⎛2 4 3 7‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⇒‬ ‫⎟ ‪A+ B = ⎜ 7 9 7 9‬‬
‫⎟ ‪⎜18 12 12 18‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬
‫⎞‪⎛2 4 0 6‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ 3 6 3 10‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎟ ‪2 A = ⎜10 6 0 2 ⎟ & 2 A + B = ⎜ 12 12 7 10‬‬
‫⎟ ‪⎜18 4 2 12‬‬ ‫⎟ ‪⎜ 27 14 13 24‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬
‫⎞‪⎛ 0 0 0 0‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎟ ‪0 A = 0B = ⎜ 0 0 0 0‬‬
‫⎟‪⎜ 0 0 0 0‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫∈ ‪ k‬ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫∈ ‪,l‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ) ‪ E kl ∈ M n × p ( K‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬

‫⎞‪⎛0 … 0 … 0‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪E kl‬‬ ‫⎟ ‪= (δ ik δ jl ) = ⎜ 0 … 1 … 0‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎟‪⎜0 … 0 … 0‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﺼﻔﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ‪k‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ‪ l‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪.1‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬
‫‪⎧1 k = l‬‬
‫⎨ = ‪δ kl‬‬ ‫‪ δ kl‬ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺭﻤﺯ ﻜﺭﻭﻨﻴﻜﺭ ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪⎩0 k ≠ l‬‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ )‪ (M n × p (K ), +,.‬ﻫﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺫﻭ ‪ n × p‬ﺒﻌﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫∈ ) ‪. (k , l‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ‪ Ekl‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﻥ )‪ (M n × p (K ), +,.‬ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ‬

‫ﻤﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻷﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻪ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ‪ . Ekl‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ‬

‫‪∀ A ∈ M n , p , A = ∑∑ akl E kl‬‬

‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫‪∑∑ λ‬‬ ‫‪kl‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺤﺭﺓ ﻷﻥ ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ‪ (λkl ) ∈ K n× p‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪Ekl = 0n× p‬‬
‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫⎞ ‪⎛ λ11 ... λ1 p ⎞ ⎛ 0 ... 0‬‬

‫⎜‬ ‫⎜ ⎟‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎜ ⇒‬ ‫⎜=⎟‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜λ‬‬ ‫‪λ‬‬ ‫⎟ ‪⎟ ⎜ 0 ... 0‬‬
‫‪⎝ n1‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪np‬‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬

‫∈ ) ‪⇒ λkl = 0, ∀ ( k , l‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪p‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ) ‪ M n , p (K‬ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ‪. n × p‬‬

‫ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ‪:‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻥ )‪ A ∈ M 2×2 ( R‬ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛1 2⎞ ⎛1 0⎞ ⎛ 0 1⎞ ⎛ 0 0⎞ ⎛ 0 0‬‬
‫⎜=‪A‬‬ ‫⎜‪⎟ = 1‬‬ ‫⎜‪⎟ + 2‬‬ ‫⎜‪⎟ + 5‬‬ ‫⎜‪⎟ + 9‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠‪⎝5 9⎠ ⎝ 0 0⎠ ⎝ 0 0⎠ ⎝ 1 0⎠ ⎝ 0 1‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛1 0⎞ ⎛ 0 2⎞ ⎛0 0⎞ ⎛0 0‬‬
‫⎜=‬ ‫⎜‪⎟+‬‬ ‫⎜‪⎟+‬‬ ‫⎜‪⎟+‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠‪⎝0 0⎠ ⎝0 0⎠ ⎝5 0⎠ ⎝0 9‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛1 2‬‬
‫⎜=‬ ‫‪⎟= A‬‬
‫⎠‪⎝5 9‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛1 0‬‬ ‫⎞‪⎛0 0‬‬
‫⎜ = ‪E11‬‬ ‫⎜ = ‪⎟ , E22‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ⎟‬
‫⎠‪⎝0 0‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝0 1‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻲ ﺤﺭﺓ ﻷﻥ ‪λ11 E11 + λ12 E12 + λ21 E21 + λ22 E22 = 022‬‬

‫‪⇒ λ11 = λ12 = λ12 = λ22 = 0‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻤﻨﻘﻭل ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ‪ A ∈ M n × p ( K‬ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ) ‪ t A ∈ M p ×n (K‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ) ‪A = (a ij‬‬

‫~‬
‫‪t‬‬

‫∈ ) ‪ . ∀ ( i , j‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ‪ A‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪; aij = a ji‬‬
‫‪T : M n × p ( K ) → M p ×n ( K ) ; A → t A‬ﻫﻭ ﺘﺸﺎﻜل ﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫⎞‪⎛ 1 5‬‬ ‫⎞‪⎛1 2‬‬
‫⎜=‪A‬‬ ‫⎜ = ‪ A‬ﻓﺈﻥ ⎟‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ⎟‬
‫‪t‬‬

‫⎠‪⎝ 2 9‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝5 9‬‬

‫⎞‪⎛1 5‬‬
‫‪⎛1 2 4⎞ t‬‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎜= ‪B‬‬ ‫⎟‪⎟ ⇒ B = ⎜2 9‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫⎟‪⎜ 4 0‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬

‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬

‫ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺴﻁﺭﻴﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ( ﻜل ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ) ‪) M 1× p ( K‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ‬

‫) ‪ ( M n ×1 ( K‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(Matrix Multiplication‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ‪ A = (aij ) ∈ M n ×m ( K‬ﻭ ) ‪ . B = (b jk ) ∈ M m × p ( K‬ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺘﻴﻥ ‪B, A‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒـ ‪ AB‬ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ AB = (c ij ) ∈ M n × p ( K ) :‬ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫∈ ) ‪∀ (i , j‬‬ ‫× ‪n‬‬ ‫‪p ; c ij = ∑ aik b kj‬‬
‫‪k =1‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬

‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ( ‪ X ∈ M 1×3 ( ) , Y ∈ M 3×1‬ﺤﻴﺙ ) ‪ X = (a, b , c ), Y = t (x , y , z‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ‬

‫‪⎛x‬‬ ‫⎞‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪X Y = (a b c ) ⎜ y‬‬ ‫∈ ‪⎟ = ax + by + cz‬‬
‫‪⎜z‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺠﺩﺍﺀ ‪ X Y‬ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪⎛x‬‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫‪⎛ xa‬‬ ‫‪xb‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪xc‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪YX =⎜y‬‬ ‫‪⎟ ( a b c ) = ⎜ ya‬‬ ‫‪yb‬‬ ‫( ‪yc ⎟ ∈ M 3×3‬‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ‪ Y X‬ﻓﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ )‬
‫‪⎜z‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪⎜ za‬‬ ‫⎠⎟ ‪zc‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫‪zb‬‬

‫ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ‪X Y ≠ Y X :‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫⎞‪⎛1 2‬‬ ‫⎞‪⎛a b‬‬
‫⎜ = ‪ A‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ‬ ‫⎜ = ‪⎟, B‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ⎟‬
‫⎠‪⎝3 4‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝c d‬‬
‫⎛‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛a‬‬ ‫⎞⎞ ‪⎛b‬‬
‫⎟ ⎟ ⎜ )‪⎜ (1 2) ⎜ ⎟ (1 2‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝c‬‬ ‫‪⎝ d ⎠ ⎟ ⎛ a + 2c‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪b + 2d‬‬
‫⎜ = ‪AB‬‬ ‫⎜=‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛a‬‬ ‫‪⎛ b ⎞ ⎟ ⎝ 3a + 4c‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪3b + 4d‬‬
‫⎟ ⎟ ⎜ )‪⎜ (3 4) ⎜ ⎟ (3 4‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝c‬‬ ‫⎠⎠ ‪⎝a‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ a b ⎞ ⎛ 1 2 ⎞ ⎛ a + 3b 2a + 4b‬‬
‫⎜ = ‪BA‬‬ ‫⎜⎟‬ ‫⎜=⎟‬ ‫ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ‪⎟ :‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ c d ⎠ ⎝ 3 4 ⎠ ⎝ c + 3d 2c + 4d‬‬

‫ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ‪ . AB = BA‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻟـ ‪a, b, c, d‬‬
‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪. AB ≠ BA‬‬

‫)‪(Matrix Multiplication‬‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ) ‪ B ∈ M m × p (K ), A ∈ M n ×m (K‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ‪ AB‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
 ⎛ R 1 ( A )C 1 ( B ) R1 ( A )C p ( B ) ⎞
⎜ ⎟
C = AB = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ R n ( A )C 1 ( B ) R n ( A )C p ( B ) ⎟⎠
⎝

(2) ‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ‬

AB = ( AC 1 ( B ) ...AC p ( B ) ) ‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬B ∈ M m × p (K ), A ∈ M n ×m (K ) ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬

:‫ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ‬
⎛ R1 ( A ) ⎞ ⎛ R1 ( A )C j ( B ) ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
AC j ( B ) = ⎜ ⎟C j ( B ) = ⎜ ⎟ ; 1 ≤ j ≤ p.
⎜ R (A )⎟ ⎜ R n ( A )C j ( B ) ⎟
⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

(1) ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬

⎛ b1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
. AB = b1C 1 ( A ) + + b mC m ( A ) ‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬B = ⎜ ⎟ ‫ ﺃﻱ‬B ∈ M m×1 (k ) ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬-1
⎜b ⎟
⎝ m⎠

AB = a1R1 ( A ) + + am R m ( A ) ‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬A = (a1 ,..., an ) ‫ ﺃﻱ‬A ∈ M 1×m (k ) ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬-2

:‫ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ‬

‫ ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ‬-1
⎛ R1 ( A ) ⎞ ⎛ b1 ⎞ ⎛ a11b1 + + a1m b m ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
AB = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ R ( A ) ⎟ ⎜b ⎟ ⎜ a b + + anm b m ⎠⎟
⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ m ⎠ ⎝ n1 1
⎛ a11b1 ⎞ ⎛ a1m b m ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
=⎜ ⎟+ +⎜ ⎟
⎜a b ⎟ ⎜a b ⎟
⎝ n1 1 ⎠ ⎝ nm m ⎠
= b1C 1 ( A ) + + b mC m ( A )

.‫ ﻴﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ‬-2

(3) ‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ‬

:‫ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ‬C ∈ M p ×q ( K ) ‫ ﻭ‬B ∈ M m × p ( K ) ‫ ﻭ‬A ∈ M n ×m ( K ) ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ‬

6
 ‫‪) A( BC ) = ( AB)C -1‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪∀λ ∈ k ; λ (AB ) = (λ A )B = A (λ B ) -2‬‬

‫‪) λ ( A + B) = λ A + λ B -3‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ(‪.‬‬

‫‪0 k A = 0 n × m , A 0 m × p = 0 n × p -4‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ) ) ) ‪ A (BC ) = A ( B (C 1 (C ) ,...,C q (C‬ﺤﻴﺙ ) ‪ C i (C‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ j‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ‬

‫‪ . C‬ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪ (2‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ) ) ‪A (BC ) = A ( BC 1 (C ) ,..., BC q (C‬‬

‫‪⎛ c1 j‬‬ ‫⎞‬

‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎜ = ) ‪ C j (C‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ‪:‬‬ ‫(‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ) ) ‪ . A (BC ) = A ( BC 1 (C ) ) ,..., A ( BC q (C‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ⎟‬ ‫)‬
‫‪⎜ c pj‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬

‫‪ . BC j = c1 j C 1 ( B ) +‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ )‪ (1‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪+ c pj C p ( B ) , j = 1,‬‬ ‫‪,q‬‬

‫‪A ( BC j ) = A (c1 j C 1 ( B ) +‬‬ ‫) ) ‪+ c pj C p ( B‬‬

‫‪= c1 j AC 1 ( B ) +‬‬ ‫) ‪+ c pj AC p ( B‬‬
‫‪= ( AC 1 ( B ) +‬‬ ‫‪+ AC p ( B ) )C j = ( AB )C j‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ‪ . A ( BC ) = ( AB )C‬ﺇﻥ ﺇﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪(4‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ‪ A ∈ M n ×m ( K‬ﻭ ) ‪ B ∈ M m × p ( K‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ‬

‫‪( AB ) = t B t A‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬

‫‪t‬‬

‫‪( A)=A‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬

‫‪∀ (λ, µ ) ∈ K 2 ,‬‬ ‫‪(λA + µB ) = λ t A + µ t B‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬

‫‪t‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺴﻬل ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﻜﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
 ‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﺔ )‪(Square Matrices‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬

‫ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ‪ n‬ﻜل ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ‪ n × n‬ﺒﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ‪. K‬‬
‫ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺒـ ) ‪ . M n ( K‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ) ‪ A ∈ M n ( K‬ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﹸﺘﻤﺜل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪⎛ a11 a12‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪a1n‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪ A = ( aij ) = ⎜ 21‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪∀ ( i , j ) ∈ n , aij ∈ K‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a22‬‬ ‫⎟ ‪a2 n‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎝ an 1 an 2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪ann‬‬

‫∈ ‪ ( aii )i‬ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ) ‪ I n ∈ M n ( K‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪⎛1 0‬‬ ‫⎞‪0‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪0 1‬‬ ‫⎟‪0‬‬
‫⎜ = ‪In‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎝0 0‬‬ ‫⎠‪1‬‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪(5‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ) × ‪ ( M n ( K ) , +,‬ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﻴﻥ ) ×( ‪ ( + ) ,‬ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪) M n ( K‬ﺠﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻭ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ( ﻫﻲ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ) ‪ I n ∈ M n ( K‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪. (.‬‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪(6‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ )× ‪ ( M n ( K ) , +,.,‬ﺘﺸﻜل ﺠﺒﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ‪ K‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ) ×( ‪ ( + ) ,‬ﻫﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل‬
‫ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪ M n ( K‬ﻭ )‪ (.‬ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪( .) : K × E‬‬ ‫‪→ E ; ( λ , x ) → λ.x = λ x‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺜﺭ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ )‪(Matrix Trace‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‪ :‬ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ‪ A ∈ M n ( K‬ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ‪ A‬ﻭﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒـ ) ‪Tr ( A‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪.Tr ( A ) = a11 +‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪+ ann = ∑ aii‬‬
‫‪i =1‬‬

‫⎞ ‪⎛1 2 3‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ⎟ ‪A = ⎜ 5 6 7‬‬
‫⎟‪⎜ 9 10 11‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬
‫ﻫﻭ ‪Tr (A ) = 1 + 6 + 11 = 18‬‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪(7‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ‪ A, B ∈ M n ( K‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪. Tr ( A) = Tr ( t A) -1‬‬
‫‪∀λ ∈ k ;Tr (λ A ) = λTr (A ) -2‬‬

‫‪Tr (A + B ) = Tr (A ) +Tr (B ) -3‬‬

‫‪.Tr (AB ) = Tr (BA ) -4‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ‪ 1‬ـ ‪ 3‬ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻭﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 4‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ‪ C = AB‬ﺘﻌﻁﻰ‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪ Cii = ∑ aik bki ; i = 1,…, n‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪k =1‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪Tr (C ) = Tr (AB ) = ∑∑ aik b ki‬‬
‫‪i =1 k =1‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪= ∑∑ b ki aik = ∑C kk′‬‬
‫‪k =1 i =1‬‬ ‫‪k =1‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ C ′ = BA‬ﻭ ‪ c kk′ = ∑ bki aik‬ﺇﺫﻥ )‪ Tr (C ) = ∑∑ aik b ki = Tr (C ′‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪i =1 k =1‬‬ ‫‪i =1‬‬

‫) ‪.Tr (AB ) = Tr (BA‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
 ‫‪ -3‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ) ‪M n (K‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ) ‪ M n (K‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﺒﺩﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛a b‬‬ ‫⎞‪⎛1 2‬‬
‫⎜⎜ = ‪ A‬ﻻﺤﻅﻨﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪AB = BA‬‬ ‫& ⎟⎟‬ ‫⎜⎜ = ‪B‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ⎟⎟‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝c d‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝3 4‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ) ‪ M n (K‬ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﻱ )‪AB = 0 ⇒ (A = 0) ∨ (B = 0‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫⎞‪⎛0 0‬‬ ‫⎞‪⎛0 0⎞ ⎛ 0 0‬‬ ‫⎞‪⎛ 0 0⎞ ⎛0 0‬‬
‫⎜ = ‪. AB‬‬ ‫⎜⎜ = ‪ A‬ﻋﻠﻤ ﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ⎟‬ ‫⎜⎜ ≠ ⎟⎟‬ ‫⎜⎜ = ‪⎟⎟, B‬‬ ‫⎜⎜ ≠ ⎟⎟‬ ‫ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ⎟⎟‬
‫⎠‪⎝0 0‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝1 0⎠ ⎝ 0 0‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝ 2 5⎠ ⎝0 0‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ) ‪ M n (K‬ﻫﻲ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪ (+‬ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ )×( ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻼ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ) ‪ . A , B ∈ M n (K‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ AB = BA‬ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻥ ‪ p ∈ N‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪p‬‬
‫‪( A + B) p = ∑ C pk A k B p −k‬‬
‫‪k =0‬‬

‫‪A p − B p = ( A − B )( A p −1 + A p − 2 B +‬‬ ‫) ‪+ A p −1‬‬

‫‪( I n − A p ) = ( I n − A)( I n + A + A 2 +‬‬ ‫) ‪+ A p −1‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ‪ A‬ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ‪ . A p = 0‬ﻭﻨﺴﻤﻲ‬
‫∈ ‪ p‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪. A p = 0‬‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫⎞‪⎛0 0 1‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ⎟ ‪. A = ⎜ 1 0 0‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ‪ A , A‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ‪ A‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪. n ∈ N‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫⎟‪⎜0 1 0‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤل‪:‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛0 0 1⎞ ⎛0 0 1⎞ ⎛ 0 1 0‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎜⎟‬ ‫⎜ ⎟‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪A2 = ⎜ 1 0 0 ⎟ ⎜ 1 0 0 ⎟ = ⎜ 0 0 1 ⎟ =t A‬‬
‫⎟‪⎜0 1 0⎟ ⎜0 1 0⎟ ⎜1 0 0‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎝⎠‬ ‫⎝ ⎠‬ ‫⎠‬

‫‪10‬‬
 ‫⎞ ‪⎛ 0 1 0 ⎞⎛ 0 0 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 0 0‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎜⎟‬ ‫⎜ ⎟‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪A = A . A = ⎜ 0 0 1 ⎟⎜ 1 0 0 ⎟ = ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟ = I 3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫⎟ ‪⎜ 1 0 0 ⎟⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟ ⎜ 0 0 1‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎝⎠‬ ‫⎝ ⎠‬ ‫⎠‬

‫ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ‪ A 4 = I 3 . A = A‬ﻭ ‪ A5 = A 4 . A = A 2 = t A‬ﻭﺃﻥ ‪ A6 = A5 . A= t A = I 3‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪..‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ‪: A n‬‬

‫‪A n = A3 p = I 3‬‬ ‫…‪; p = 1,2,‬‬

‫;‪A n = A3 p −1 = A 2 = t A‬‬ ‫…‪p = 1,2,‬‬

‫…‪A n = A3 p −1 = A3 = I 3 ; p = 1,2,‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺭﺓ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭﻴﺔ )‪(Diagonal Matrices‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ) ‪ M n (K‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪:‬‬

‫‪⎛ d1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫⎞‪0‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜0‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬ ‫⎟‪0‬‬
‫⎜=‪D‬‬ ‫‪⎟ = Diag (d1 ,…, d n ); (d1 ,…, d n ) ∈ K‬‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜0‬‬ ‫⎠⎟ ‪d n‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ )‪(Scalar Matrices‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ) ‪ M n (K‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪:‬‬

‫‪⎛λ 0‬‬ ‫⎞‪0‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜0 λ‬‬ ‫⎟‪0‬‬
‫⎜ = ‪M = λI n‬‬ ‫‪⎟ ;λ ∈ K‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜0 0‬‬ ‫⎠⎟ ‪λ‬‬
‫⎝‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪(8‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺠﺒﺭﻴﻥ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ) ‪. M n (K‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﺎﻜل ﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ )× ‪. (K , +,‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
 ‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺘﻴﻥ ﻗﻁﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻗﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪Diag (d 1 ,… , d n )Diag (d `1 ,… , d `n ) = Diag (d 1d `1 ,… , d n d `n‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) ‪. ( Diag (d1 ,…, d n )) 2 = Diag (d12 ,…, d n2‬‬

‫‪ -i‬ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ )‪:(Upper Triangular matrix‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

‫⎞ ‪⎛ u11 u12 … u1n‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎜‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫…‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎜ = ‪∀(i , j ) ∈ N n2 ; u ij = 0; i > j ⇔ U‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫⎟‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜ 0‬‬ ‫⎠⎟ ‪0 … u nn‬‬
‫⎝‬

‫‪ -ii‬ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ )‪:(Lower Triangular Matrix‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪:‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ l11 0 … 0‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟ ‪l 21 l 22 … 0‬‬
‫=‪L‬‬ ‫‪∀(i , j ) ∈ N n2 ; l ij = 0; i < j‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ l n 1 l n 2 … l nn‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺎﻟﻔﻴﺔ ‪(Symmetric, Skew- symmetric‬‬

‫)‪matrices‬‬

‫ﻨﻘﻭل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﺔ ) ‪ A ∈ M n (K‬ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ A= t A‬ﻭﻨﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﺒـ ) ‪. S n (K‬‬

‫ﻭﻨﻘﻭل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﺔ ) ‪ A ∈ M n (K‬ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺨﺎﻟﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ . A =− t A‬ﻭﻨﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺎﻟﻔﻴﺔ ﺒـ ) ‪. A n (k‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪⎛ a11‬‬ ‫‪a12‬‬ ‫‪… a1n ⎞ ⎛ a11‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪a 21 … a n1‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎜ ⎟‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜a‬‬ ‫‪a 22‬‬ ‫‪… a 2 n ⎟ ⎜ a 21‬‬ ‫⎟ ‪a 22 … a n 2‬‬
‫‪A = ⎜ 21‬‬ ‫=‬
‫…‬ ‫…‬ ‫…⎜ ⎟… …‬ ‫⎟… … …‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎜ ⎟‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜a‬‬ ‫‪… a nn ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ a1n‬‬ ‫⎠⎟ ‪a 2 n … a nn‬‬
‫‪⎝ n1‬‬ ‫‪an 2‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪∀(i, j ) ∈ N n2 ; aij = a ji :‬‬

‫‪12‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫⎞‪⎛1 2 3‬‬ ‫⎞‪⎛1 2 3‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ⎟ ‪ A = ⎜ 2 3 4‬ﻫﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻷﻥ ‪A = ⎜ 2 3 4 ⎟ = A‬‬
‫⎟‪⎜ 3 4 5‬‬ ‫⎟‪⎜ 3 4 5‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪(9‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ) ‪ S n (k‬ﻫﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ) ‪ M n (K‬ﺒﻌﺩﻩ‬
‫)‪n(n + 1‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺎﻟﻔﻴﺔ ) ‪ A n ( K‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ) ‪M n (K‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪n(n − 1‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ) ‪M n ( K ) = S n ( K ) ⊕ A n ( K‬‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩﻩ‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﺠﺩﺍ ﺇﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ) ‪ S n (K ), A n (K‬ﻫﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ) ‪ M n (K‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ‪ ( Eij ) (ij )∈N‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎﺀ ) ‪ . M n (K‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫‪⎧⎪E ii , i = j‬‬
‫⎨ = ‪∀(i , j ) ∈T n ; S ij‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫≠‬
‫{‬ ‫}‬
‫‪ S = ( S ij ) (ij )∈Tn‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ‪ T n = (i , j ) ∈ N n2 ; i ≤ j‬ﻭ‬
‫‪⎪⎩ ij‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪ji‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪j‬‬

‫)‪n (n + 1‬‬
‫= ) ‪. dim ( S n ( K ) ) = card (T n‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ‪ S‬ﺘﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎﺀ ) ‪ S n (K‬ﻭﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ‪ S ′ = ( S i′, j ) ; ( i , j ) ∈T n′‬ﺤﻴﺙ } ‪T n′ = {(i , j ) ∈ N n2 ; i < j‬‬

‫ﻭ ‪ S ij′ = E ij − E ji ;1 ≤ i < j ≤ n‬ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎﺀ ) ‪ A n ( K‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫)‪n (n − 1‬‬
‫= ) ‪ . dim A n ( K ) = Card (T n′‬ﺃﺨﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ) ‪M ∈ S n (K ) ∩ A n (K‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ‪ M = t M =− t M‬ﺇﺫﻥ ‪ M = 0n‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫= ‪ M‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‬ ‫(‬
‫;) ‪M + t M + M − t M ∀M ∈ M n (k‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺇﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ) ‪ (M − t M ) ∈ A n ( K‬ﻭﺃﻥ ) ‪ (M + t M ) ∈ S n ( K‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪. M n ( K ) = S n ( K ) ⊕ An ( K‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
 ‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻭﺒﺔ )‪(Invertible Matrix‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ‪ A ∈ M n ( K‬ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ‪ A‬ﻗﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ‬
‫) ‪ B ∈ M n ( K‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪ AB = BA = I n‬ﻭﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺒـ ) ‪GLn (k‬‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪(10‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ )×‪ (GLn (k ),‬ﻫﻲ ﺯﻤﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﺒﺩﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺼﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ‪. I n‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻭﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ) ‪. GLn (k‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ) ‪ A , B ∈ M n ( K‬ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ‪ . AB = 0 n‬ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪ A‬ﻗﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪. B = 0n‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤل‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ‪ A‬ﻗﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ) ‪ A ′ ∈ M n ( K‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪AA ′ = A ′A = I n‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪ A ′ ( AB ) = A ′0n‬ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪ I n B = 0n‬ﻷﻥ ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﻥ‬
‫‪. B = 0n‬‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪(11‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ‪ . A ∈ M n ( K‬ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪A ∈ GLn (k ) -1‬‬

‫‪ A -2‬ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ‪∃B ∈ M n ( K ) ; BA = I n :‬‬

‫‪ A -3‬ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﻱ‪∃B ∈ M n ( K ) ; AB = I n :‬‬

‫‪∀X ∈ M n ×1 ( K ) ; AX = 0n 1 ⇒ X = 0n 1 -4‬‬

‫‪rg ( A) = n -5‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
 ‫‪ .4‬ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺨﻁﻲ )‪(The matrix of linear map‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ‪ E‬ﻤﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ‪ . K‬ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ‪ e = (e1 ,…, en‬ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ x = x1e1 +‬ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ‪ x‬ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺎﺱ ‪e‬‬ ‫ﻟـ ‪ . E‬ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ‪ x ∈ E‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ‪+ xn en‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪n × 1‬‬

‫⎞ ‪⎛ x1‬‬
‫⎟ ⎜‬
‫) ‪Mat e (x ) = ⎜ ⎟ ∈ M n ×1 ( K‬‬
‫⎟ ‪⎜x‬‬
‫⎠‪⎝ n‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ‪ S = ( x1 ,…, x p‬ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ‪ p‬ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ‪ E‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪ ∀j = 1,… , p ; x j = ∑ x ij e i‬ﹸﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ‪ S‬ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ‪ e‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫‪i =1‬‬

‫‪ n × p‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪⎛ x 11‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪x 1p‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎜ = ) ‪Mat e (S‬‬ ‫) ‪⎟ ∈ M n×p ( K‬‬
‫⎟ ‪⎜ x n 1 … x np‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ F , E‬ﻓﻀﺎﺌﻴﻥ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ‪ K‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ‪. dim F = n, dim E = P‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ‪ e = (e1 ,…, e p‬ﺃﺴﺎﺴ ﹰﺎ ﻟـ ‪ E‬ﻭ ) ‪ f = ( f1 ,…, f n‬ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻟـ ‪ . F‬ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ) ‪u ∈ L( E , F‬‬
‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺨﻁﻲ‪ .‬ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ ‪ u‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ‪ f , u‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ a11 … a1 p‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎜ = ) ‪Mat e , f (u‬‬ ‫) ‪⎟ ∈ M n× p (k‬‬
‫‪⎜a‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ n1 … anp‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ ∀j ∈ N n ; u (e j ) = ∑ aij f i‬ﻭﺒﻜﻼﻡ ﺁﺨﺭ ) ‪ Mat e, f (u‬ﻫﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫‪i =1‬‬

‫)) ‪u (e) = (u (e1 ),…, u (e p‬‬

‫‪15‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪(12‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ‪ E‬ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ‪ K‬ﻭ ‪ dim E = p‬ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻪ ) ‪ e = (e1 ,…, e p‬ﻭ ‪F‬‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ‪ K‬ﻭ ‪ dim F = n‬ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻪ ) ‪ f = ( f1 ,…, f n‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ) ‪ φe ,f : L (E , F ) → M n × p ( K ) ; u → Mat e ,f (u‬ﻫﻭ ﺘﺸﺎﻜل ﻓﻀﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺨﻁﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﺒل‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫‪ U :‬ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺨﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫→‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ) ‪ . ∀(, x, y, z ) ∈ R 3 ; u ( x, y, z ) = ( x − y, z‬ﻟﺘﻜﻥ })‪e = {(1,1,0), (0,1,1), (1,0,1‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ‪ .‬ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻭ })‪ f = {(1,2), (2,1‬ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ‬
‫‪u (e1 ) = u (1,1,0) = (0,0) = 0 β1 − 0β 2‬‬
‫‪u (e2 ) = u (0,1,1) = (−1,1) = β1 − β 2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪u (e3 ) = u (1,0,1) = (1,1) = β1 − β 2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫⎛‬ ‫⎞‪1‬‬
‫‪⎜0 1‬‬ ‫⎟‪3‬‬
‫‪. Mat e ,f‬‬ ‫⎜ = ) ‪(u‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ⎟‬
‫‪⎜ 0 −1‬‬ ‫⎟‪1‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‪3‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ )‪(Rank of Matrix‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ‪ A ∈ M n × p ( K‬ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻥ )‪ C1 ( A),…, C p ( A‬ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ‬
‫‪ A‬ﻭﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺒـ )‪ rg ( A‬ﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ))‪ C = (C1 ( A),…, C p ( A‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬
‫) ‪rg ( A) = dim vect (C‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ci‬‬ ‫∈ ) ‪C j ; (i , j‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﻁﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺒـ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻀﺭﺏ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ )ﺃﻭ ﺴﻁﺭ( ﺒﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ )ﺃﻭ ﺴﻁﺭ( ﺃﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﻨﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫∈ ) ‪ ، C i ← C i + λC j ; ( i , j‬ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ‪ C i‬ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪,λ ∈K‬‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺒـ‬
‫∈ ) ‪. (i , j‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪ C i + λC j‬ﻭ ‪, λ ∈ K‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
 ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ‪ A‬ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬

‫‪a1 a2‬‬ ‫‪a3 a4‬‬ ‫‪a5‬‬

‫‪⎡0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫⎤‪5‬‬
‫‪⎢0‬‬ ‫‪0 2‬‬ ‫⎥⎥ ‪3 4‬‬
‫⎢= ‪A‬‬
‫‪⎢4‬‬ ‫⎥‪2 −11 11 11‬‬
‫⎢‬ ‫⎥‬
‫‪⎣2‬‬ ‫⎦ ‪0 −6 9 7‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪a1 , a2 − a1 , a3 + a1 , a4 + a2 − a1 + a3 , a5 + a2 a1 + a3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪⎡0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪+6‬‬ ‫⎤ ‪12‬‬
‫‪⎢0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫⎥⎥ ‪6‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫⎢‬
‫‪⎢4‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪−7‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫⎥ ‪0‬‬
‫⎢‬ ‫⎥‬
‫‪⎣2‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎦ ‪0‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪b1 = a1‬‬ ‫‪b2 = a 2 − a1 , b3 = a3 + a1‬‬ ‫‪b4 = a 4 + a3 + a 2 − a1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪b5 = a5 + a3 + a2 − a1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ b1 b2 b3 − b2 + b1 b4 + 2b2 b5‬ﻭﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫⎤ ‪⎡ 0 2 −3 10 12‬‬
‫⎥ ‪⎢0 0 2 5 6‬‬
‫⎢‬ ‫⎥‬
‫⎥ ‪⎢ 4 0 −3 0 0‬‬
‫⎢‬ ‫⎥‬
‫⎦ ‪⎣ 2 −1 0 0 0‬‬

‫ﺜﻡ ﻨﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ) ‪ b1 b2 b3 − b2 + b1 b 4 + 2b2 b5 − (b4 + 2b2‬ﻓﻨﺠﺩ‬

‫‪6‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫⎤ ‪⎡ 0 2 −3 10 0‬‬
‫⎥‪⎢0 0 2 5 0‬‬
‫⎢‬ ‫⎥‬
‫⎥ ‪⎢ 4 0 −3 0 0‬‬
‫⎢‬ ‫⎥‬
‫⎦ ‪⎣ 0 −1 0 0 0‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ‪rg (A ) = 4 :‬‬

‫‪17‬‬
 ‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺨﻁﻴ ﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪(13‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ‪ u : E → F‬ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺨﻁﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ F , E‬ﻓﻀﺎﺌﻴﻥ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ‪ K‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ‬

‫) ‪ e = (e1 ,…, e p‬ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ‪ E‬ﻭ ) ‪ f = ( f1 ,…, f n‬ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ‪ F‬ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ‪A = Mat e ,f (u‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ )‪rg (u ) = rg ( A‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ )) ‪rg (u ) = dim Im(u ) = rg (u (e1 ),…, u (e p‬‬

‫⎤ ‪⎡ y1‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ f‬ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻟـ ‪ F‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ‪ ϕ f : M n×1 (k ) → F ; Y = ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ → ϕ f (Y ) = ∑ yi f i‬ﻫﻭ‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫‪i =1‬‬
‫⎦⎥ ‪⎢⎣ y n‬‬

‫ﺘﻘﺎﺒل ﺨﻁﻲ ﻭﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪ϕ f (C j ( A)) = u (e j ) ; ∀j ∈ N p‬‬

‫⎦⎤) )‪rg(u) = rg ⎡⎣ϕf (C1 ( A) ) ,…,ϕf (Cp ( A‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪= rg (C1 ( A) ,…,Cp ( A) ) = rg ( A‬‬

‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ )‪(2‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ) ‪ A ∈ M n × p ( K‬ﻓﺈﻥ )‪rg ( A) = rg ( t A‬‬

‫‪ .6‬ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ‪ E‬ﻓﻀﺎ ًﺀ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻤﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ‪ K‬ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻥ ) ‪ e = (e1 ,…, en‬ﺃﺴﺎﺴ ﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎﺀ ‪E‬‬
‫ﻭ ) ‪ f = ( f1 ,…, f n‬ﺃﺴﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎﺀ ‪ . E‬ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ‪ e‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ f‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ‬
‫) ‪. Pef = Mat e (f 2 ,… , f n‬‬

‫‪18‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪(14‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻘل ‪ . k‬ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻥ ) ‪ e = (e1 ,…, en‬ﺃﺴﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ‪ P = ( Pij‬ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ) ‪ . M n ( K‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﹸﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ) ‪f = ( f1 ,…, f n‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ f j = ∑ Pij .ei‬ﺃﺴﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎﺀ ‪ E‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ) ‪ P = ( Pij‬ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪i =1‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫∈ ‪ ∀j‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪; u (e j ) = f‬‬ ‫‪j‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ‪ u‬ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ ﻓﻲ ) ‪ L( E‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫) ‪ P = Mat e (u‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ f‬ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻟـ ‪ f ⇔ E‬ﺘﻭﻟﺩ ‪ P ⇔ ( n = rg ( P ) ) ⇔ ( n = rg (u ) ) ⇔ E‬ﻗﻠﻭﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪(15‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ‪ E‬ﻓﻀﺎ ًﺀ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻘل ‪ . K‬ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ‪ . x ∈ E‬ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻥ ‪ f , e‬ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﻟـ ‪. E‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ‪ X = Mat e (x ), X ′ = Mat f (x‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ‪. X = Pef X ′ :‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫; ‪∀x ∈ E ; ∃(α1 …α n ) ∈ K n‬‬ ‫‪x = α n en = ∑ α i ei‬‬
‫‪i =1n‬‬

‫‪n‬‬
‫‪∀ x ∈ E ; ∃( β1 .…, β n ) ∈ K n ; x = β1 f1 +‬‬ ‫‪+ βn fn = ∑ β j f j‬‬
‫‪j =1‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ α1‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ β1‬‬
‫⎟ ⎜‬ ‫⎟ ⎜‬
‫⎟ ⎜=‪X =⎜ ⎟ , X ′‬‬
‫⎟ ‪⎜α‬‬ ‫⎟ ‪⎜β‬‬
‫⎠‪⎝ n‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝ n‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪⎛ n‬‬ ‫‪⎞ n ⎛ n‬‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪x = ∑ β j f j = ∑ β j ⎜ ∑ Pij .e i‬‬ ‫∈ ‪ ∀j‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪⎟ = ∑ ⎜ ∑ Pij β j ⎟e i‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ‪n ; f j = ∑ p ij e i‬‬
‫‪j =1‬‬ ‫‪j =1‬‬ ‫‪⎝ i =1‬‬ ‫‪⎠ i =1 ⎝ j =1‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫‪i =1‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪⎛ n‬‬ ‫‪⎞ n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪n , α i = ∑ p ij β j‬‬ ‫∑‬ ‫‪⎜ ∑ ij j i ⎟ ∑ i i‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬ ‫∑‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ‪α i ei‬‬

‫∈ ‪∀i‬‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬‫‪β‬‬ ‫‪).‬‬‫‪e‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪j =1‬‬ ‫‪i =1 ⎝ j =1‬‬ ‫‪⎠ i =1‬‬ ‫‪i =1‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ‪. X = Pef X ′‬‬

‫‪19‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬

‫‪f1 = (1,2),‬‬ ‫= ‪ E‬ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﻥ )‪f 2 (1,3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﻜﻥ‬

‫= ‪.E‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ -a‬ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ) ‪ f = ( f1 , f 2‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻟـ‬

‫‪ -b‬ﺃﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ })‪ e = {(1, 0 ) , ( 0,1‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ‪. f‬‬

‫∈ )‪ . x = (4,1‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ‪ x‬ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺎﺱ ) ‪. f = ( f1 , f 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ -C‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤل‪:‬‬

‫∈ ) ‪ (λ , µ‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫∈ ‪ ∀x‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺠﺩ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪; x = ( x 1 , x 2 ) -a‬‬

‫) ‪ λf1 + µf 2 = ( x1 , x2‬ﺃﻱ ) ‪ λ (1,2) + µ (1,3) = ( x1 , x2‬ﺇﺫﻥ ‪λ + µ = x1 , 2λ + 3µ = x2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫∈ ‪⇒ λ = x1 − µ , λ = ( x 2 − 3µ ) ⇒ 2x 1 − 2µ = x 2 − 3µ ⇒ µ = x 2 − 2x 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪⇒ λ = x1 − µ = 3 x1 − x2 ∈ ℜ‬‬

‫∈ ) ‪ ∀(λ , µ‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪λ + µ = 0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪ f‬ﻤﻭﻟﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺤﺭﺓ ﻷﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪; λ f 1 + µ f 2 = 0‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ 2λ + 3µ = 0‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪ λ = µ = 0‬ﺇﺫﻥ ‪ f‬ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻟـ ‪. E‬‬

‫‪ -b‬ﺇﻥ ‪ ( f 1 , f 2 ) ∈ E 2‬ﺇﺫﻥ )‪ f1 = λe1 + µe2 ⇒ λ (1,0) + µ (0,1) = (1,2‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪λ = 1, µ = 2‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ‪ . f 2 = 1e + 3e2 = e1 + 3e2‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬
‫⎞‪⎛ 1 1‬‬
‫⎜⎜ = ‪Pe f‬‬ ‫⎟⎟‬
‫⎠‪⎝ 2 3‬‬

‫ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫⎞ ‪⎛ f1 ⎞ ⎛ e1 + 2e2‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎛ e1‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛e‬‬
‫⎜⎜ = ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜‬ ‫=⎟⎟‬ ‫⎜⎜‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = Pe f ⎜⎜ 1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ f 2 ⎠ ⎝ e1 + 3e2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝1 3 ⎠ ⎝ e 2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ e2‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫⇒ ‪f = t Pe f e‬‬ ‫‪f = ePe f‬‬

‫∈ )‪ x = (4,1‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ -C‬ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ‪ (4,1) = 4(1, 0) + (0,1) = 4e1 + 1e 2 = 4e1 + e 2‬ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫⎞‪⎛ 4‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛λ‬‬
‫‪ (4,1) = λf1 + µf 2‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪ (15‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ⎟ ⎜ = ‪ X = ⎜ ⎟ , X ′‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫⎠‪⎝1‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝µ‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ λ‬‬
‫⎜ = ⎟ ⎜ ⇒ ‪X = PX ′‬‬ ‫‪⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ λ + µ = 4, 2λ + 3µ = 1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 3⎠ ⎝ µ‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪ λ = 4 − µ ⇒ 8 − 2µ + 3λ = 1‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪ µ = −7‬ﻭﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ‪λ = 4 − (−7) = 11‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
 ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ )‪ x = (4,1‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ‪ f‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ )‪. X ′ = t (11, −7‬‬

‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ )‪(Similar Matrix‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ‪ A , B ∈ M n ( K‬ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺘﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻨﻘﻭل ﻋﻥ ‪ A, B‬ﺃﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺘﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﻁ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪∃P ∈GL n ( K ) ; B = PAP −1‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﺒـ ‪ A ≅ B‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )≅( ﺘﹸﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺅ )ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺫﻟﻙ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪(16‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ E‬ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ‪ . K‬ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ‪ A, B‬ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ‬
‫) ‪ . M n ( K‬ﺇﻥ ‪ B, A‬ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺘﻴﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ ‪ u : E → F‬ﻭ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻥ‬
‫‪ e, f‬ﻟـ ‪ E‬ﺤﻴﺙ ) ‪. A = Mat e (u ), B = Mat f (u‬‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪(17‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪ B, A‬ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ) ‪ M n ( K‬ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ‪ A ≅ B‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻘﻘﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪A≅ t B -1‬‬

‫‪Tr (A ) = Tr (B ) -2‬‬

‫∈‪∀ k‬‬ ‫*‬

‫‪⇒ (A k ≅ B k ) ∧ (A k = PB k P −1 ) -3‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪ A‬ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ B‬ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﺏ ﻭ ‪. A −1 ≅ B −1‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻀﺢ‬

‫‪21‬‬
 ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل‬

‫∈ ‪ p‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ A p = 0‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪ A‬ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫*‬

‫ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ )‪ ( I n− A‬ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻗﻠﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤل‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪( I n − A p ) = ( I n − A)( I n + A +‬‬ ‫) ‪+ A p −1‬‬
‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ A‬ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ * ‪ P ∈ N‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ A p = 0‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‬
‫‪( I n − 0) = ( I n + A +‬‬ ‫) ‪+ A p −1‬‬
‫‪( I n − A)( I n + A +‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ‪+ A p −1 ) = I n‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ )‪ ( I n − A‬ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﺏ ﻭﻤﻘﻠﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ‬
‫‪( I n − A ) −1 = ( I n + A +‬‬ ‫) ‪+ A p −1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫⎞‪⎛a 0‬‬
‫∈‪∀n‬‬ ‫⎜⎜ = ‪ A‬ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ) ( ‪ M 2‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ‪ A n , A 2‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫∈ ) ‪ (a, b‬ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻥ ⎟⎟‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﻥ‬
‫⎠‪⎝0 a‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤل‪:‬‬
‫‪⎛ a 0 ⎞⎛ a 0 ⎞ ⎛ a 2‬‬ ‫⎞‪0‬‬
‫⎜⎜ = ‪A 2‬‬ ‫⎜⎜⎟⎟‬ ‫⎜⎜ = ⎟⎟‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎟‪2‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ b a ⎠⎝ b a ⎠ ⎝ 2ab a‬‬
‫ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ‪ A‬ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛ a 0 ⎞ ⎛0 0⎞ ⎛ a 0‬‬
‫⎜⎜ = ‪A‬‬ ‫⎜⎜ = ⎟⎟‬ ‫⎜⎜ ‪⎟⎟ +‬‬ ‫⎟⎟‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ b a ⎠ ⎝b 0⎠ ⎝ 0 a‬‬
‫‪= A1 + A2‬‬
‫ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 0 0 ⎞⎛ 0 0 ⎞ ⎛ 0 0‬‬
‫⎜⎜ = ‪A12‬‬ ‫⎜⎜⎟⎟‬ ‫⎜⎜ = ⎟⎟‬ ‫‪⎟⎟ = o2‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ b 0 ⎠⎝ b 0 ⎠ ⎝ 0 0‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪⎛an‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪0‬‬
‫⎜⎜ = ‪A‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫* ‪⎟ ; ∀n ∈ N‬‬
‫⎟ ‪N‬‬
‫‪⎝0‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪a‬‬

‫‪22‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫∈‪∀n‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪; A n = (A1 + A 2 ) n = ∑C nk A1k A 2n − k‬‬
‫‪k =1‬‬

‫‪= C n0 A10 A2n + C n1 A1 A2n −1 + C n2 A12 + A2n −2 +‬‬

‫‪= C n0 A10 A2n + C n1 A1 A2n −1 + 0 2 +‬‬ ‫‪+ 02‬‬
‫‪⎛a‬‬‫‪n‬‬
‫‪0 ⎞ ⎛ 0 0 ⎞⎛ a n−1‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪0‬‬
‫⎜⎜ = ‪= A + nA1 A‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎟‪n‬‬
‫⎜⎜‪⎟ + n‬‬ ‫⎜⎜⎟⎟‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎟ ‪n −1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0 a ⎠ ⎝ 0 0 ⎠⎝ 0 0‬‬
‫‪⎛an 0 ⎞ ⎛ 0‬‬ ‫⎞‪0‬‬
‫⎜⎜ =‬ ‫⎜⎜ ‪⎟ +‬‬
‫⎟‪n‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫⎟⎟‬
‫⎝‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫‪nba‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪⎛ an‬‬ ‫⎞‪0‬‬
‫⎜⎜ =‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎝ nba‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫⎠⎟ ‪a n‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛ a2 0‬‬
‫⎜⎜ = ‪A 2‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ‪ n = 2‬ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ⎟‬
‫⎟‬
‫⎝‬ ‫‪2‬‬‫‪ba‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫⎠‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬
‫‪⎛0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫⎞‪… 0‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫⎟‪… 0‬‬
‫‪J = ⎜0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ‪… 0 ⎟ Jordan Matrix‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜0‬‬ ‫⎠⎟ ‪1 0‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫∈ ‪.n‬‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ‪ J 2‬ﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ‪ J n‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬

‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﺏ‬

‫⎞‪⎛ 1 1 3‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎟‪A = ⎜ 2 1 0‬‬
‫⎟‪⎜1 1 1‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ‬

‫∈ ‪ λ‬ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ‪ A‬ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﺏ‬ ‫∈ ) ‪ ( i , j‬ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻥ ‪ A = I + λ E lk‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪⎛1‬‬ ‫⎞‪0‬‬ ‫⎞‪⎛0 0‬‬
‫⎜ = ‪ B‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫⎜ = ‪⎟,A‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺘﻴﻥ ⎟‬
‫⎠‪⎝ 0 −1‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝1 0‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ‬

‫ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺘﻴﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﻭﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﺘﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺘﻴﻥ ‪ A , B‬ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﻭﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪24‬‬