HOW COMPUTER SYSTEM WORKS

Reporter: Banalan,Radsan L.

INPUT

- The computer needs input data and commands in order to work

- Keyboard and mouse

- Typing letter and numbers is called input

- the data and command entered into the computer

PROCESS

The computer then works on these data and command entered into the computer.

OUTPUT

- the result displayed on the monitor or heard on the speaker after the data is processed is called output

- the processed data is now called information

HOW INPUT OUTPUT DEVICES WORK

The computer needs the following parts to function properly:

 CPU - processor chip, buses, ports (plugs), controllers, BIOS ROM

 RAM - short term or temporary memory storage called main memory

 Input devices - allow the user to input data into the computer like keyboard and mouse.

 Output devices - allow the user to see the results like monitor, printer and modem

 Secondary storage - permanent storage like CD-ROM, hard disk drive, and floppy disk

CPU

- Central Processing Unit or chip or microprocessor is the train of every computer, may it be a desktop or laptop
computer

- makes all things happen inside the computer

- computational engine in one small chip

Common use of microprocessor are the following:

Embedded Micro Contollers

- microprocessors found inside many household electronic appliances, cars, calculators and others.

Common Desktop or Laptop Processors

- can perform a wide array of tasks

- they are normally integrated into a larger system with would include motherboards, memories, and hard disks
Powerful Processors

- most powerful microprocessors for high-end servers

- used for powerful computer applications requiring computations and manipulations of very high volume of data and
information

PARTS OF THE CPU CHIP

Reporter: Barameda, Frithzie Mae

CPU - is a highly complex, extensive set of electronic circuitry that executes stored program instruction.

INSIDE THE CPU CHIP

1. CONTROL UNIT

- It handles all processor control signals.

- It directs all input and output flow, fetches code for instructions from microprograms and directs other units and
models by providing control and timing signals.

2. ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic operations like calculations and comparisons.

3. REGISTERS

- Small but high –speed data storage

- Work under control unit to accept, hold, and transfer instruction or data and perform arithmetic/logical
comparison at high speed

4. MEMORY OR RAM

- is the primary internal storage that holds data and instructions for processing.

- It allow fast access but stores them only when the computer is turned on and loses data when computer.

5. CACHE

- Stores memory data and speeds up operation its memory comes 2-3 level depending on the microprocessor chip.

- Used to read data coming in from external memory.

6. INPUT/OUTPUT

- Connection of the microprocessors to the outside world.

- Allow the processor to communicate with the RAM, Hard Disk, and other components inside the computer
system.

7. SYSTEM CLOCK

- A QUARTZ CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR THAT SUPPLIES A TIMING SIGNAL AT FIXED RATE. IT COULD BE LIKENED TO
SOMEONE CLICKING THEIR FINGERS, EVERYTHING HAPPENS AT THIS RATE.

- THE NUMBER OF TICKS IN ONE CYCLE IS CALLED THE CLOCK RATE.

8. BUS
 Three sets of wires used to connect the CPU or microprocessor to CPU cache memory and input/output device.

1. CONTROL BUS is used by the CPU to communicate with devices that are contained within the computer

2. ADDRESS BUS helps to identify the particular location in the memory. Assume that the CPU needs to read data
from memory.

3. DATA BUS helps to transfer data between various components. It includes the related hardware components such
as wires and optical fiber.

HOW CPU WORKS

CPU executes a step-by-step instruction in its memory called PROGRAM.

MACHINE CYCLE

STEP 1 : FETCH is the process of getting instruction or data from program memory.

STEP 2: DECODE is the process of translating these instruction or data that the CPU can understand and execute upon.

STEP 3: EXECUTE is the process of carrying out the command. Performed either in arithmetic logic or floating point.

STEP 4: STORE is the process of writing the result to the memory. This memory is in the CPU itself and they called
register.

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY(RAM)

- Essential components of a computer system.

- It is the primary storage for programs and data fetch from cd or hard disk

- This memory connected to the CPU usually located in a motherboard.

HOW RAM WORKS

Reporter: Beran, Mechaela

The size of RAM to your computer is important since it will help speed up your computer operations.
The reason for this is that your computer will be able to handle many open programs and data and
store them in the RAM for faster access and operation.

HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD)

The HDD is usually located at the bottom inside the computer case.

The parts of the hard disk are as follows:

Platter, spindle, read/write head, actuator arm, actuator axis, power connector, SATA connector, and
jumper.

HOW HDD WORKS

Hard disks are computers memory workhorse located inside the desktop computer or a laptop, where
the operating system program, application software and all other data files are stored even when the
power is turned off. HDD stores data and all other files as 1s and 0s since everything inside is digital;
and this is accomplished by the principle of magnetism. A simple way of storing data is to magnetize a
bit (binary digit) corresponding to 1 and to store 0 is to demagnetize that area.

Inside the hard disk is a platter made of aluminum or glass coated with magnetic material. The platter
which is constantly rotating, is where data are stored. It is accessed by a read-write head connected
and held by an electrically controlled actuator arm. One HDD may hold 3 to 4 platters with two read-
write heads, one to read or write on the top surface and the other one to read the bottom for each
platter, so a 4-platter hard disk would require 8 separate heads.

Data inside the hard disk are stored in an orderly fashion on each platter. Data are arranged in circular
concentric path called tracks; and tracks are broken into smaller areas called sectors. The hard disk
contains the map of each sectors and writes data on vacant positions or retrieves data from the
sectors for data to be worked on. The actuator arm positions the read-write head to the correct
position where data will be written or read on.

THE EXTERNAL SYSTEM UNIT

Reporter: Barnigo, Josephine

SYSTEM CASE

Hold all the components together and protect the sensitive electronic parts of the computer
hardware.

Front Case Back Case

1. Drive bay- is a standard- size area for adding hardware to a computer. Most drive bays are fixed to
the inside of a case, but some can be removed.

2. Power Supply- is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to the computer.

3. Ports- refer to the female part of connection that are used to connect a monitor, webcam, speakers
or another peripheral devices.

The Ports and Their functions

1. Serial Port- for mouse and older camera

2. Parallel Port- called as printer port

3. Video Graphic Array (VGA)- found in many computers, projectors, video cards and High Definition
TVs. 

4. Universal Serial Bus (USB) - high speed serial interface that is used with almost all devices.

5. PS/2 Port- commonly dedicated to a keyboard and mouse

6. Power Port - intended for power cord

7. S-Video Port- S-Video or Separate Video connector is used for transmitting only video signals. 

8. Audio Port- for plugging in the speaker or headset

9. LAN/ Local Area Network- ethernet Rj-45 connector

CONNECTORS- is a wire that joins electrical circuits together.

Ethernet Cable

This cable connects wired devices together to the local network for file sharing and Internet
access.

Parallel Printer-Cable

-refer to any of a wide range of cables that connected a computer and a printer.

COMPUTER CONNECTION AND POWER

Banalan, Radsan L.

Barameda, Frithzie Mae

Barnigo, Josephine

Beran, Mechaela