Node.

js
Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform, JavaScript runtime
environment that executes JavaScript code outside of a web browser. Node.js
Node.js lets developers use JavaScript to write command line tools
and for server-side scripting—running scripts server-side to produce
dynamic web page content before the page is sent to the user's web
browser. Consequently, Node.js represents a "JavaScript
everywhere" paradigm,[6] unifying web-application development
around a single programming language, rather than different
languages for server- and client-side scripts.
Original author(s) Ryan Dahl
Though .js is the standard filename extension for JavaScript code,
the name "Node.js" doesn't refer to a particular file in this context Developer(s) Various
and is merely the name of the product. Node.js has an event-driven Initial release May 27, 2009[1]
architecture capable of asynchronous I/O. These design choices aim
Stable release 14.2.0 / May 5,
to optimize throughput and scalability in web applications with
2020[2]
many input/output operations, as well as for real-time Web
applications (e.g., real-time communication programs and browser Repository github.com
games).[7] /nodejs/node (h
ttps://github.co
The Node.js distributed development project was previously
m/nodejs/node)
governed by the Node.js Foundation,[8] and has now merged with
the JS Foundation to form the OpenJS Foundation, which is
facilitated by the Linux Foundation's Collaborative Projects Written in C, C++,
program.[9] JavaScript
Operating system Linux, macOS,
Corporate users of Node.js software include GoDaddy,[10]
Microsoft
Groupon,[11] IBM,[12] LinkedIn,[13][14] Microsoft,[15][16] Netflix,[17]
PayPal,[18][19] Rakuten, SAP,[20] Voxer,[21] Walmart,[22] and Windows,
Yahoo!.[23] SmartOS,
FreeBSD,
OpenBSD, IBM
AIX[3]
Contents
Type Runtime
History environment
Overview License MIT license[4][5]
Platform architecture
Website nodejs.org (http
Industry support s://nodejs.org)
Releases
Technical details
Threading
V8
Package management
Unified API
Event loop
 WebAssembly
Project governance
See also
References
Further reading
External links

History
Node.js was written initially by Ryan Dahl in 2009,[24] about
thirteen years after the introduction of the first server-side JavaScript
environment, Netscape's LiveWire Pro Web.[25] The initial release
supported only Linux and Mac OS X. Its development and
maintenance was led by Dahl and later sponsored by Joyent.[26]

Dahl criticized the limited possibilities of the most popular web

server in 2009, Apache HTTP Server, to handle a lot of concurrent
connections (up to 10,000 and more) and the most common way of
creating code (sequential programming), when code either blocked
the entire process or implied multiple execution stacks in the case of
simultaneous connections.[27]

Dahl demonstrated the project at the inaugural European JSConf on

8 November 2009.[28][29][30] Node.js combined Google's V8
JavaScript engine, an event loop, and a low-level I/O API.[31]

In January 2010, a package manager was introduced for the Node.js

environment called npm.[32] The package manager makes it easier Ryan Dahl, creator of Node.js, in
2010
for programmers to publish and share source code of Node.js
packages and is designed to simplify installation, updating, and
uninstallation of packages.[31]

In June 2011, Microsoft and Joyent implemented a native Windows version of Node.js.[33] The first Node.js
build supporting Windows was released in July 2011.

In January 2012, Dahl stepped aside, promoting coworker and npm creator Isaac Schlueter to manage the
project.[34] In January 2014, Schlueter announced that Timothy J. Fontaine would lead the project.[35]

In December 2014, Fedor Indutny started io.js, a fork of Node.js. Due to the internal conflict over Joyent's
governance, io.js was created as an open governance alternative with a separate technical committee.[36][37]
Unlike Node.js,[38] the authors planned to keep io.js up-to-date with the latest releases of the Google V8
JavaScript engine.[39]

In February 2015, the intent to form a neutral Node.js Foundation was announced. By June 2015, the
Node.js and io.js communities voted to work together under the Node.js Foundation.[40]

In September 2015, Node.js v0.12 and io.js v3.3 were merged back together into Node v4.0.[41] This merge
brought V8 ES6 features into Node.js and a long-term support release cycle.[42] As of 2016, the io.js website
recommends that developers switch back to Node.js and that no further releases of io.js are planned due to
the merge.[43]

In May 2018, one of the original authors of Node.js, Ryan Dahl, released the first version of Deno, a new
TypeScript based Node.js alternative. Deno, written in Rust, was designed to address Dahl's perceived
shortcomings of Node.js.[44]

In 2019, the JS Foundation and Node.js Foundation merged to form the OpenJS Foundation.

Overview
Node.js allows the creation of Web servers and networking tools using JavaScript and a collection of
"modules" that handle various core functionalities.[28][31][45][46][47] Modules are provided for file system
I/O, networking (DNS, HTTP, TCP, TLS/SSL, or UDP), binary data (buffers), cryptography functions, data
streams, and other core functions.[31][46][48] Node.js's modules use an API designed to reduce the
complexity of writing server applications.[31][46]

JavaScript is the only language that Node.js supports natively, but many compile-to-JS languages are
available.[49] As a result, Node.js applications can be written in CoffeeScript,[50] Dart, TypeScript,
ClojureScript and others.

Node.js is primarily used to build network programs such as Web servers.[45] The most significant
difference between Node.js and PHP is that most functions in PHP block until completion (commands only
execute after previous commands finish), while Node.js functions are non-blocking (commands execute
concurrently or even in parallel,[51][52] and use callbacks to signal completion or failure).[45]

Node.js is officially supported on Linux, macOS and Microsoft Windows 8.1 and Server 2012 (and later),[3]
with tier 2 support for SmartOS and IBM AIX and experimental support for FreeBSD. OpenBSD also
works, and LTS versions available for IBM i (AS/400).[53] The provided source code may also be built on
similar operating systems to those officially supported or be modified by third parties to support others such
as NonStop OS[54] and Unix servers.

Platform architecture

Node.js brings event-driven programming to web servers, enabling development of fast web servers in
JavaScript.[31] Developers can create scalable servers without using threading, by using a simplified model
of event-driven programming that uses callbacks to signal the completion of a task.[31] Node.js connects the
ease of a scripting language (JavaScript) with the power of Unix network programming.[31]

Node.js was built on the Google V8 JavaScript engine since it was open-sourced under the BSD license. It is
proficient with internet fundamentals such as HTTP, DNS, TCP.[28] JavaScript was also a well-known
language, making Node.js accessible to the web development community.[28]

Industry support

There are thousands of open-source libraries for Node.js, most of them hosted on the npm website. The
Node.js developer community has two main mailing lists and the IRC channel #node.js on freenode. There
are multiple developer conferences and events that support the Node.js community, including NodeConf (htt
p://nodeconf.com/), Node Interactive (https://web.archive.org/web/20171123024622/http://events.linuxfoun
dation.org/events/node-interactive), and Node Summit (http://www.nodesummit.com/) as well as a number
of regional events.
The open-source community has developed web frameworks to accelerate the development of applications.
Such frameworks include Connect, Express.js, Socket.IO, Feathers.js, Koa.js, Hapi.js, Sails.js, Meteor,
Derby, and many others.[31][55] Various packages have also been created for interfacing with other
languages or runtime environments such as Microsoft .NET.[56]

Modern desktop IDEs provide editing and debugging features specifically for Node.js applications. Such
IDEs include Atom, Brackets, JetBrains WebStorm,[57][58] Microsoft Visual Studio (with Node.js Tools for
Visual Studio,[59] or TypeScript with Node definitions,[60][61][62][63]) NetBeans,[64] Nodeclipse Enide
Studio[65] (Eclipse-based), and Visual Studio Code.[66][67] Certain online web-based IDEs also support
Node.js, such as Codeanywhere, Codenvy, Cloud9 IDE, Koding, and the visual flow editor in Node-RED.

Node.js is supported across a number of cloud hosting platforms like Jelastic, Google Cloud Platform, AWS
Elastic Beanstalk, Joyent and others.

Releases
Release Active LTS Maintenance Maintenance
Release Status Code name
date start start end
End-of-
v0.10.x 2013-03-11 - 2015-10-01 2016-10-31
Life
End-of-
v0.12.x 2015-02-06 - 2016-04-01 2016-12-31
Life
End-of-
4.x Argon[68] 2015-09-08 2015-10-01 2017-04-01 2018-04-30
Life
End-of-
5.x 2015-10-29 N/A 2016-06-30
Life
End-of-
6.x Boron[68] 2016-04-26 2016-10-18 2018-04-30 2019-04-30
Life
End-of-
7.x 2016-10-25 N/A 2017-06-30
Life
End-of-
8.x Carbon[68] 2017-05-30 2017-10-31 2019-01-01[69] 2019-12-31
Life
End-of-
9.x 2017-10-01 N/A 2018-06-30
Life

10.x Active LTS Dubnium[68] 2018-04-24 2018-10-30 2020-05-19 2021-04-01

End-of-
11.x 2018-10-23 N/A 2019-06-01
Life

12.x Active LTS Erbium[68] 2019-04-23 2019-10-22 2020-10-20 2022-04-01

13.x Current 2019-10-22 N/A 2020-04-01 2020-06-01

14.x Current Fermium[68] 2020-04-21 2020-10-20 2021-10-20 2023-04-30

15.x Pending 2020-10-21 N/A 2021-04-01 2021-06-01

New major releases of Node.js are cut from the GitHub master branch every six months. Even-numbered
versions are cut in April and odd-numbered versions are cut in October. When a new odd version is released,
the previous even version undergoes transition to Long Term Support (LTS), which gives that version 18
months of active support from the date it is designated LTS. After these 18 months expire, an LTS release
receives an additional 12 months of maintenance support. An active version receives non-breaking
backports of changes a few weeks after they land in the current release. A maintenance release only receives
critical fixes and documentation updates.[68] The LTS Working Group manages strategy and policy in
collaboration with the Technical Steering Committee of the Node.js Foundation.

Technical details
Node.js is a JavaScript runtime environment that processes incoming requests in a loop, called the event
loop.

Threading

Node.js operates on a single-thread event loop, using non-blocking I/O calls, allowing it to support tens of
thousands of concurrent connections without incurring the cost of thread context switching.[70] The design
of sharing a single thread among all the requests that use the observer pattern is intended for building highly
concurrent applications, where any function performing I/O must use a callback. To accommodate the
single-threaded event loop, Node.js uses the libuv library—which, in turn, uses a fixed-sized thread pool
that handles some of the non-blocking asynchronous I/O operations.[7]

A thread pool handles the execution of parallel tasks in Node.js. The main thread function call posts tasks to
the shared task queue, which threads in the thread pool pull and execute. Inherently non-blocking system
functions such as networking translate to kernel-side non-blocking sockets, while inherently blocking
system functions such as file I/O run in a blocking way on their own threads. When a thread in the thread
pool completes a task, it informs the main thread of this, which in turn, wakes up and executes the registered
callback.

A downside of this single-threaded approach is that Node.js doesn't allow vertical scaling by increasing the
number of CPU cores of the machine it is running on without using an additional module, such as cluster,[51]
StrongLoop Process Manager,[71] or pm2.[72] However, developers can increase the default number of
threads in the libuv thread pool. The server operating system (OS) is likely to distribute these threads across
multiple cores.[73] Another problem is that long-lasting computations and other CPU-bound tasks freeze the
entire event-loop until completion.

Node.js uses libuv to handle asynchronous events. Libuv is an abstraction layer for network and file system
functionality on both Windows and POSIX-based systems such as Linux, macOS, OSS on NonStop, and
Unix.

The core functionality of Node.js resides in a JavaScript library. The Node.js bindings, written in C++,
connect these technologies to each other and to the operating system.

V8

V8 is the JavaScript execution engine which was initially built for Google Chrome. It was then open-
sourced by Google in 2008. Written in C++, V8 compiles JavaScript source code to native machine code at
runtime. [7] As of 2016, it also includes Ignition, a bytecode interpreter.

Package management
npm is the pre-installed package manager for the Node.js server platform. It installs Node.js programs from
the npm registry (https://www.npmjs.com/), organizing the installation and management of third-party
Node.js programs. Packages in the npm registry can range from simple helper libraries such as Lodash to
task runners such as Grunt.

Unified API

Node.js can be combined with a browser, a database that supports JSON data (such as Postgres,[74]
MongoDB, or CouchDB) and JSON for a unified JavaScript development stack. With the adaptation of what
were essentially server-side development patterns such as MVC, MVP, MVVM, etc., Node.js allows the
reuse of the same model and service interface between client side and server side.

Event loop

Node.js registers with the operating system so the OS notifies it of connections and issues a callback. Within
the Node.js runtime, each connection is a small heap allocation. Traditionally, relatively heavyweight OS
processes or threads handled each connection. Node.js uses an event loop for scalability, instead of
processes or threads.[75] In contrast to other event-driven servers, Node.js's event loop does not need to be
called explicitly. Instead, callbacks are defined, and the server automatically enters the event loop at the end
of the callback definition. Node.js exits the event loop when there are no further callbacks to be performed.

WebAssembly

Node.js supports WebAssembly and as of version 14.x has an experimental support of WASI, the
WebAssembly System Interface.

Project governance
In 2015, various branches of the greater Node.js community began working under the vendor-neutral
Node.js Foundation. The stated purpose of the organization "is to enable widespread adoption and help
accelerate development of Node.js and other related modules through an open governance model that
encourages participation, technical contribution, and a framework for long-term stewardship by an
ecosystem invested in Node.js' success."[76]

The Node.js Foundation Technical Steering Committee (TSC) is the technical governing body of the Node.js
Foundation. The TSC is responsible for the core Node.js repo as well as dependent and adjacent projects.
Generally the TSC delegates the administration of these projects to working groups or committees.[77] The
LTS group that manages long term supported releases is one such group. Other current groups include
Website, Streams, Build, Diagnostics, i18n, Evangelism, Docker, Addon API, Benchmarking, Post-mortem,
Intl, Documentation, and Testing.[78]

In August 2017, a third of the TSC members resigned due to a dispute related to the project's code of
conduct.[79]

See also
List of server-side JavaScript implementations
List of JavaScript libraries
 MEAN (software bundle)
Online JavaScript IDE
Rhino (JavaScript engine)
Deno (software) - a 'replacement' for Node.js written by one of the original authors
Application server

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Further reading
Hughes-Croucher, Tom; Wilson, Mike (April 2012), Up and Running with Node.js, O'Reilly
Media, ISBN 978-1-4493-9858-3
Ornbo, George (September 2012), Sams Teach Yourself Node.js in 24 Hours, SAMS
Publishing, ISBN 978-0-672-33595-2
Teixeira, Pedro (October 2012), Professional Node.js (http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/
productCd-1118185463,descCd-authorInfo.html), John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-118-22754-
1
Randal L. Schwartz and Aaron Newcomb (9 January 2013). "Episode 237: Node.js" (http://twit.
tv/show/floss-weekly/237). twit.tv/show/floss-weekly (Podcast). TWiT.tv. Event occurs at
1:08:13. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
Gackenheimer, Cory (October 2013), Node.js Recipes: A Problem-Solution Approach, Apress,
ISBN 978-1-4302-6058-5

External links
Official website (https://nodejs.org)
GitHub Repository (https://github.com/nodejs/node)
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