Physical Chemistry 1 (CHM 471) : Faculty of Applied Sciences Laboratory Report

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
LABORATORY REPORT
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 1
(CHM 471)
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT KINETICS: ORDER OF REACTION

NO OF EXPERIMENT 4
NAME HUSNA INSYIRAH BT SAMAD
STUDENT ID NUMBER 2017411714
PROGRAMME CODE AS202
DATE OF EXPERIMENT 26 MARCH 2018
DATE OF LAB REPORT SUBMITTED 2 APRIL 2018
LECTURER’S NAME MADAM HAIRUL AMANI BT
ABDUL HAMID
OBJECTIVE
To determine the order of reaction
INTRODUCTION
The sum of the powers of the concentration of reactants in the rate equation can be
defined as the order of reaction by a rate law. The rate law is an expression for the rate of
reaction in the terms of concentration of chemical substances involved in the reaction. Order
of reaction could be formed as zero, one, two and three. The rate law can be written as the
following form:
Rate = k[A]X[B]Y[C]Z
where k is the rate constant, x, y and z are the order of reaction with respect to reactant A, B
and C and [ ] as the concentrations in moles per litre. The overall order of reaction are the
sum of x, y and z.The order of reaction can be determined by several methods which are
initial rate method, plotting graph method, integrated rate law and half life method. We
cannot determined the rate of reaction through the balanced chemical equation. Hence, it
should be determined experimentally.
In this experiment, we are investigated the reaction between potassium permanganate

and oxalic acid. The colour of potassium permanganate will change from deep purple colour
to a light brown colour. The expression for this rate of reaction is written as:
Rate = k[KMnO4]X[H2C2O4]Y
We are going to use the initial rates method to find the exponents of x and y. Through
this method, we have to measure and compare the initial rates of reaction when the initial
concentration used are different. The initial rate of reaction obtained when the potassium
permanganate concentration are divided by time.
APPARATUS
1. Burette
2. Conical flask
3. Test tube
4. Stop watch
CHEMICALS
1. 0.020M Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)

2. 0.50M Oxalic acid, (H2C2O4)
PROCEDURE
1. Three burettes has been set up, one contained KMnO4 (̴ 0.02M), one contained
H2C2O4 (̴ 0.5M) and one with distilled water. A label was placed on each to avoid
confusion. The exact molarities of the KMnO4 and H2C2O4 were recorded.
2. The required amount of H2C2O4 and water (if any) according to Table 4.1 were placed
in the conical flask that has been thoroughly washed and dried.
Reagents Expt 1 (cm3) Expt 2 (cm3) Expt 3 (cm3)

H2C2O4 20.00 20.00 10.00
KMnO4 10.00 5.00 10.00
H2 O 0.00 5.00 10.00
3. The required amount of KMnO4 was placed in a test tube.

4. The permanganate was added to the oxalic acid and the time was started when you
have emptied the permanganate tube. The conical flask was swirled to mix thoroughly
and the swirling was continued until the solution turns to light yellow/brown colour.
The timing was stop and the time it actually took for the reaction take place was
recorded.
5. This steps were repeated with a second and third trial, the average of these three was
took as the reaction time.
6. Steps 3 to 5 were repeated for Experiment 2 and 3.
7. The rate for each of the three experiments were determined. Only for [KMnO4]/taverage.
8. The values of k, x and y.
9. The full rate equation for the reaction were written out. Note that
Rate : k[KMnO4]X[H2C2O4]Y
RESULTS
CALCULATIONS
1. Initial rate of Experiment 1
Final molarity of KMnO4 = 0.0067M

Average time 194.0 s
= 3.454 x 10-5 M/s

= 1.264 x 10-5 M/s

= 1.901 x 10-5 M/s
Order of Reactions
Rate : k[KMnO4]X[H2C2O4]Y
To find x:
Rate 2 = k[KMnO4]2X [H2C2O4]2Y

Rate 1 k[KMnO4]1X [H2C2O4]1Y
1.264 x 10^-4 = k[0.033]2X [0.33]2Y

3.454 x 10^-5 k[0.0067]1X [0.33]1Y
3.66 = (4.93)X
x = ln 3.66
ln 4.93
x = 0.81 ~ 1
To find y:
Rate 3 = k[KMnO4]3X [H2C2O4]3Y
Rate 1 k[KMnO4]1X [H2C2O4]1Y
1.901 x 10^-5 = k[0.167]3X [0.0067]3Y

3.454 x 10^-5 k[0.33]1X [0.0067]1Y
0.55 = (0.51)X
y = ln 0.55
ln 0.51
y = 0.89 ~ 1
Overall order of reaction = 2
Rate : k[KMnO4]1 [H2C2O4]1
To find k:
Consider experiment 1
[A] = [A]0e^-kt
[KMnO4] = [KMnO4]0e^-kt
0.0067 = 0.02e^-k(194)
0.0067 = 0.02e^-k(194)
0.02 0.02
0.0067 = e^-k(194)
ln (0.0067) = -k(194)
k = 0.0258 s-1
DISCUSSION
In this experiment, we want to determine the order of reaction between potassium

permanganate and oxalic acid. We have recorded the time taken for the solution to form light
yellow/brown colour 3 times on the three different volume of water in each solution. The
higher volume of water added lead to a higher time taken for the solution to react. It means
that when the solution is dilute or decrease in concentration, the rate of reaction also
decreases.
The order of reaction can be determined by using the method of initial rates. By this
method, we have to measure and compare the initial rates of reaction as we use different
initial concentrations. By dividing the initial rate 2 over rate 1, the exponent x or the order of
reaction with respect to KMnO4 is one. Exponent y or the order of reaction with respect to
H2C2O4 is also one when initial rate 3 is divide with rate 1. Thus, the overall order of reaction
is two. Based on the rate law, the value of rate constant, k is 0.0258 s -1.
There are some factors that may affect the results when handling this experiment. The
apparatus used may have the remaining chemical solution as they are not properly clean and
dry. Besides, there will be parallax error when we measure the volume of solutions as the
eyes of the observer are not in the correct position. After that, the time taken for the
appearance of the solution to change are not recorded accurately. The solutions are not
swirled properly to be mixed thoroughly. To overcome all these errors that may affect the
results, the apparatus used must cleaned first so that it would not be mixed with another
balance solutions used before. The eyes of the observer should be perpendicular to the
reading scale of the apparatus. The time taken to record the changes of solution’s appearance
should be accurate. The solutions has to be swirled properly so that the solution mixed
thoroughly to completely react.
CONCLUSION
The order of reaction with respect to KMnO4 is one while the order of reaction with respect to
H2C2O4 is also one. Thus, the overall order of reaction is two.
REFERENCES
1. Arther Adamson (1970). A Textbook of Physical Chemistry, 2th Edition, Academic

Press.
2. Shoemaker, D.P. (1989). Experiments in Physical Chemistry, International Edition.
McGraw-Hill.
3. Laidler, Keith (1993). The World of Physical Chemistry, 2th Edition, Oxford
University Press.
4. http://www.webassign.net/labsgraceperiod/ucscgencheml1/lab_7/manual.html
QUESTIONS
1. In this experiment the orders of reaction x and y are obtained by taking ratios of rates
for two trials or experiments.
a) Explain how this experiment can be modified so that the orders of reaction can be
obtained by plotting appropriate graphs.
We can modify this experiment by obtaining the integrated law. By plotting the
tangent of the graph, we can obtained the slope which indicates the rate of reaction.
b) What plots must be done and explain how the orders of reaction can be determined
from the plots?
Plotting a straight line graph of concentration against time taken. The order of
reaction can be determined from the slope obtained from the graph.
c) Would this method (graphically) be more accurate than what has been done
experimentally?
Yes it is more accurate because the order of reaction obtained from the slope of the
graph is more accurate.
2. Orders of reaction are normally integers. Is it possible to have non-integers e.g

fractions as orders of reaction? If yes, give an example of such reaction.
Yes, it is possible. However, the reaction order of 0.5 is observed very rare. For
example, the reaction of decomposition reaction, CHCl3 (g) + Cl2(g) → CCl4(g) +
HCl(g). The fractional order appears in the rate law, Rate = k*[CHCl3]*[Cl2]^1/2.
JOTTER

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FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT KINETICS: ORDER OF REACTION

In this experiment, we are investigated the reaction between potassium permanganate

1. 0.020M Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)

Reagents Expt 1 (cm3) Expt 2 (cm3) Expt 3 (cm3)

3. The required amount of KMnO4 was placed in a test tube.

1. Initial rate of Experiment 1

Final molarity of KMnO4 = 0.0067M

2. Initial rate of Experiment 2

Final molarity of KMnO4 = 0.0330M

3. Initial rate of Experiment 3

Final molarity of KMnO4 = 0.0067M

Rate 2 = k[KMnO4]2X [H2C2O4]2Y

1.264 x 10^-4 = k[0.033]2X [0.33]2Y

1.901 x 10^-5 = k[0.167]3X [0.0067]3Y

Overall order of reaction = 2

Rate : k[KMnO4]1 [H2C2O4]1

In this experiment, we want to determine the order of reaction between potassium

1. Arther Adamson (1970). A Textbook of Physical Chemistry, 2th Edition, Academic

2. Orders of reaction are normally integers. Is it possible to have non-integers e.g

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