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    Lab Report 2.0

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    Husna Insyirah Bt Samad

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    Lab Report 2.0

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    119 views6 pages

    Lab Report 2.0

    Uploaded by

    Husna Insyirah Bt Samad

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    GENERAL CHEMISTRY

    (CHM420)
    LABORATORY REPORT
    (AS202)

    NAME: HUSNA INSYIRAH BT SAMAD


    STUDENT ID: 2017411714
    EXPERIMENT 2: WATER OF HYDRATION
    LECTURER’S NAME: SHARIL FADLI MOHAMAD ZAMRI
    PARTNER’S NAME: NUR SYAHIRA AQIELAH BT HASNI
    DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 22/11/2017
    DATE OF SUBMISSION: 28/11/2017
    TITLE
    Water of Hydration

    PURPOSE
    To determine the percentage of water in an unknown hydrate qualitatively and
    quantitatively.

    INTRODUCTION
    Solid chemical compounds that have been exposed to the atmosphere for any length of
    time will mostly contain some water. In most cases the water is present in quite small
    amounts and is only absorbed on the surface of the crystals. This absorbed water can
    usually be removed by gentle heating. Other solid compounds will contain larger amounts of
    water that is bound to the compound more strongly. These compounds are called hydrates
    and they are usually ionic salts. The water present in these salts, called the water of
    hydration is generally bound to the cation in the compound. Examples of hydrates are

    CaSO4 ∙ 2H2O Calcium sulphate dehydrate


    CoCl2 ∙ 6H2O Cobalt(ll) chloride hexahydrate
    Na2CO3 ∙ H2O Sodium carbonate monohydrate

    The word hexahydrate in cobalt(ll) chloride hexahydrate for example indicates that six water
    molecules are bound in the substance. The dot is used to separate water molecules from
    the anhydrous compound (without water). Most anhydrous compound s have a strong
    tendency to absorb water vapour from the air, thus becoming hydrated compounds. In this
    experiment, the amount of water in the hydrated compound will be determined qualitative
    and quantitatively. In the qualitative part, the behaviour of a hydrate will be observed when
    the sample is heated. For quantitative part, amount of water driven off can be determined
    by heating the sample to constant weight. From the amount of mass lost, the percentage of
    water in the sample can be determined. This information can be used to calculate the
    formula of the hydrate.

    CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS


    Finely ground copper(ll) sulphate pentahydrate CuSO4 ∙ 5H2O
    Unknown hydrated compounds:
    MgSO4 ∙ xH2O
    BaCl2 ∙ xH2O
    NiCl2 ∙ xH2O
    Analytical balance Bunsen burner
    Crucible and cover Tile
    Clay triangle Test tube
    Tripod stand
    PROCEDURE

    A. Qualitative determination of water


    1. A clean and dry test tube was prepared and hold with a clamp that mouth within 15-
    20 degrees above the horizontal.
    2. The test tube was filled with a scoop of copper(ll) sulphate pentahydrate. The
    bottom of the test tube was heated gently to avoid spattering. Any changes were
    observed and recorded in the datasheet.
    3. The test tube and its content was allowed to cool to room temperature.
    4. A few drops of water was added into the test tube. The observation was recorded.

    B. Quantitative determination of water in a hydrate.


    1. The name of salt analysed was recorded.
    2. A crucible and a cover were cleaned by tap water and rinsed by distilled water. Then,
    the crucible and cover was placed on the clay triangle. The cover was slightly opened
    to allow the moisture to escape when the crucible was heated. The crucible and
    cover was heated using a Bunsen burner for five minutes. Then, the crucible was
    allow to cool to room temperature and its mass was determined. Avoid touching the
    crucible or cover with hand because the moisture from skin will add to the crucible
    weight. The same balance was used for the successive weighing of the same sample.
    3. 1000 to 1500 g of hydrated compound was placed into the weighed crucible. The
    crucible and content were covered and weighed. The crucible with sample and cover
    were placed onto the clay triangle. The cover was adjusted to be slightly ajar. the
    crucible was begin to be heated gently to avoid spattering and the intensity of the
    flame increased after five minutes and heated to redness for about five minutes.
    4. The crucible was closed after heating and allowed to be cooled for five minutes and
    the mass was determined. The heating and weighing were repeated until the results
    of two successive weighing agree to be within 0.05g to ensure all water was
    completely driven out of the compound.
    DATA
    QUESTIONS
    1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of copper(ll) sulphate
    pentahydrate.
    CuSO4 ∙ 5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O

    2. Calculate the percentage of water in your sample based on the final weighing .
    % of water = mass of water lost (g) x 100%
    mass of hydrated salt (g)
    = 0.4778g x 100%
    1.0252g
    = 46.61%
    3. Determine the formula of your hydrate.
    Mw NiCl2 = 129.67 g/mol
    Mw H2O = 18.02 g/mol
    Mass (g) Mole (mol) ratio
    NiCl2 ∙ nH2O 1.0252
    NiCl2 0.5474 0.0042 1
    nH2O 0.4778 0.0265 6

    NiCl2 ∙ 6H2O

    DISCUSSION
    In this experiment, we are going to determine the percentage of water in copper(ll) sulphate
    pentahydrate and nickel(ll) chloride qualitatively and quantitatively. In part A, copper(ll)
    sulphate pentahydrate is blue in colour in crystal solid form before heating. Then, it turns to
    light blue in the form of powder during the heating as water is being removed. After
    heating, the colour fades to white in solid powder. When we add a few drops of distilled
    water into the test tube, the colour of the solid becomes dark blue.

    In part B, we are heating NiCl2 ∙ nH2O in a crucible for three time to record the total mass
    lost by sample. The mass of original sample is 1.0252 g and the total mass lost is 0.4778 g
    due to the evaporation of water during heating. Thus, the percentage of water in sample
    that we have calculated is 46.61%.

    The result may not be very accurate due to some of the mistakes happened during the
    experiment. The test tube used may not be cleaned and dried properly and thus it affected
    the reaction. Then, the cover of the crucible was not slightly opened to allow moisture
    escape when heated. Besides, the observers may touch the crucible or the cover and thus it
    will increase the mass of the crucible. All these mistakes can contribute to the inaccurate
    results.
    CONCLUSION
    The percentage of water in nickel(ll) chloride is 46.61% and the ratio is 1:6.
    Thus, the formula for the unknown hydrate is NiCl2 ∙ 6H2O.

    REFERENCE
    1. Basic Chemistry, 9th edition International Students Version Leo J Malone (Saint Louis
    Urov, Southwestern Illinois College)
    2. Chemistry for Matriculations College semester 1, 5 th Edition, Oxford Fajar
    Publications.
    3. Raymond Chang and Kenneth A. Goldsby, chemistry, eleventh edition published by
    Mc Graw Hill copyright 2013.

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