QA - Basics: Outcomes of No. Total Outcomes Favourable of No. y Probabilit

QA – Basics
Introduction
Generally this chapter is considered as an extension of permutation and combination, since

it is as logical in nature as permutation and combination.
The literal meaning of probability is the chance of occurrence of an event. For example, if a
person goes to a theatre and there are 6 movies running. Thus he has total four alternatives
to proceed. Now if he wish to watch a particular movie then the probability of completing
his wish is since he can choose only one movie at a time out of four options.
Consider another example, A person has two TVs, Samsung and Sony, which he uses
randomly, then it can be said that the probability of using Samsung is since out of two TVs
he can use any one TV at a time. Similarly the probability of using Sony is also . So most
probably in 50% cases he will use Samsung and in other 50% cases he will use Sony.
No. of Favourable Outcomes

Therefore simply put Probability 
Total No. of Outcomes
Sample Space : All possible outcomes together is called a sample space
In tossing of a fair coin, there are two possible outcome, head (H) and tail (T). So, the sample
space is {H, T}
If two coins are tossed, then the possible outcomes are HH, HT, TH and TT. So the sample
space is {HH, HT, TH, TT}
When an unbiased die is rolled, there are 6 possible outcomes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. So, the
sample space is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Equally Likely Events : Events are said to be equally likely, if the chance of occurrence of any
of them is same.
If an unbiased die is rolled, then each outcome is equally likely to happen. Die may throw up
1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 and none of these occurrences are more likely to occur than the
other.
Complementary Events are events where only one of them can occur. For example if E is an
event then ̅ or Ee is called as “not E”.
Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 1

QA – Basics
Simple rules of probability

(i) 0 ≤ P (E) ≤ 1 i.e. probability of an event is always more than 0 and less than 1
(ii) P (S) = 1 i.e. probabilities of all events added together is 1 or 100%
(iii) ( ̅ ) ( ) ( ) ( ̅)
Mutually Exclusive Events : If 2 events have no common outcome they are called mutually
exclusive events. For example when we roll a die then the event of getting an even number
and the event of getting an odd number don’t have any outcome in common
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE & EXHAUSTIVE SYSTEM OF EVENTS

These are vents which are mutually excusive but taken together include all possible
outcomes. For example when we roll a die then the event of getting an even number and
the event of getting an odd number don’t have any outcome in common but together they
cover all possibilities.
In a dice,
{1, 3, 5} and {2, 4, 6} form the mutually exclusive and exhaustive system of events.
{1, 2, 3} and {4, 5} do not form the mutually exclusive and exhaustive system of events since
6 is left out
{1, 2, 3, 6} and E6 = { 4, 5, 6}, do not form mutually exclusive and exhaustive system of
events since 6 is a common element.
Theorems
If A and B are two events with respective probabilities of P(A) and P(B)
P (A ∪ B) = P (A or B) = Either A or B
P(A ∩ B) = P (A and B) = Both A and B
Therefore P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) – P(A ∩ B)

⇒ P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A and B)
If A and B are mutually exclusive event.

Then P (A ∩ B) = 0, therefore
P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B)
IMPORTANT RESULTS
If A and B are independent events then the following events are also independent.
(i) ̅ (ii) ̅ (iii) ̅ ̅

QA – Basics
Solved Examples:
1) Among all the four digits numbers that can be formed by using 0, 1, 2, 3,4 ,5, 6
numbers only once, what is the probability that 5 is at the last place if repetition is
allowed.
Answer: There are 7 digits so total numbers possible:
6x7x7x7
In numbers with 5 as last digit:
6x7x7x1
So probability = 1/7
2) Among all the four digits numbers that can be formed by using 0, 1, 2, 3,4 ,5, 6
numbers only once, what is the probability that 5 is at the last place if repetition is
not allowed.
Answer: There are 7 digits so total numbers possible:
6x6x5x4
In numbers with 5 as last digit both 0 and 5 cannot come in the first place so number of
ways:
5x5x4x1
So probability = 5/36

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QA – Basics

Generally this chapter is considered as an extension of permutation and combination, since

No. of Favourable Outcomes

Sample Space : All possible outcomes together is called a sample space

Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 1

Simple rules of probability

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE & EXHAUSTIVE SYSTEM OF EVENTS

Therefore P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) – P(A ∩ B)

If A and B are mutually exclusive event.

Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 2

Answer: There are 7 digits so total numbers possible:

In numbers with 5 as last digit:

Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 3

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