2. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.

(It may help to refer

back to section 5.1.1.)
DET N V
a) That glass broke.
DET N V P DET N P DET N
b) A jogger ran toward the end of the lane.
DET ADJ N AUX V DET N
c) These tall trees are blocking the road.
DET N V P DET N
d) The detective looked through the records.
DET N ADV V DEG ADJ
e) The peaches never appear quite ripe.
N T V DET N CONJ DET N P DET N
f) Jeremy will play the trumpet and the drums in the orchestra.

3. Each of the following phrases consists of a specifier and a head. For each example,
build a tree structure that complies with the X' Schema.

a) The zoo

NP

DET N’
The
N
zoo

b) Always try

VP

ADV V’
Always

V
try
c) So witty

AP

DEG A’
So
A
witty

d) Perhaps pass
VP

ADV V’
Perhaps

V
pass
e) Less bleak

AP

DEG A’
less

A
bleak
f) this house

NP

DET N’
This

N
house

g) Very competent

AP

DEG A’
Very

A
competent

h) Quite cheap

AP

DEG A’
quite

A
cheap

i) Never surrender

VP

ADV V’
never

V
surrender
j) Those books

NP

DET N’
those

N
books

4. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and (in some cases) a specifier.
For each example, build a tree structure that complies with the X' schema, following the
same abbreviator conventions adopted in the chapter.

a) Into the house

PP

P’

P NP
into

the house

b) Fixed the telephone

VP

V’

V NP
fixed

the telephone

C) full of mistakes
AP

A’

A PP
into

of mistakes
d) More towards the window

PP

DEG P’
more
P NP
toward

the window

e) A film about pollution

NP

DET P’
a
N PP
film

about pullution

f) Always study this material

VP

ADV V’
always
V NP
film

this material
g) Perhaps earn the money

VP

ADV V’
perhaps
V NP
film

the money
h) That argument with Owen

NP

DET N’
that
N PP
argument

about pullution
i) The success of the program

NP

DET N’
the
N PP
success

P NP
of

the program

5. Drawing on the X' Schema, create trees for each of the following sentences.

a) Those guests should leave.

TP

NP T VP
should
DET NP
those leave

N
guests

b) Maria never ate a brownie.

TP

NP VP NP

ADVP V D NP
N ate a
maria

ADV N
never brownie
c) That shelf will fall.

TP

NP T VP
will
DET NP
that V
fall
N
shelf

d) The glass broke.

TP

NP VP

D NP
the V
broke
N
glass

e) The student lost the debate.

TP

NP VP NP

DET NP V DET NP
The lost the

N N
Student debate

f) The manager may offer a raise.

TP

NP
NP T VP
may DET NP
a
DET NP
the V N
offer raise
N
manager
g) The judge never jails shoplifters.

TP

NP VP NP

DET NP ADVP V N
the jails shoplifters

N ADV
Judge never

h) The teacher often organized a discussion.

TP

NP VP NP

DET NP ADVP V DET NP

the organized a

N N
teacher ADV discussion
often

i) A psychic will speak to this group.

TP

PP
NP T VP
will P NP
to
DET NP V
a speak DET NP
this
N
psychic N
group
j) Marianne could become quite fond of Larry.
TP

NP T VP NP PP
could

V ADJP N P NP
N become fond of
Marianne ADJ
quite N
Larry
6. Apply the substitution test to determine which of the bracketed sequences in the
following sentences form constituents.

a) [The news] upset the entire family.

b) They hid [in the cave].
c) The [computer was very] expensive.
d) [The houses] will be rebuilt.
e) Jane will [leave town].
f) The goslings [swam across] the lake.